($RCSfile: noun.communication,v $ $Revision: 9.0 $ $Date: 2011/02/06 21:16:43 $ $Name:  $ $State: Rel $)
(Copyright (c) 1988-2011 by Princeton University)

(noun.communication)

{ [ transmission, verb.motion:transmit,+ verb.communication:transmit,+ ] communication1,@ (communication by means of transmitted signals) }
{ [ communication1, adj.all:communicative^communicational,+ verb.communication:communicate2,+ verb.communication:communicate1,+ verb.communication:communicate,+ ] [ communicating, verb.communication:communicate2,+ verb.communication:communicate1,+ verb.communication:communicate,+ ] noun.Tops:act,@ (the activity of communicating; the activity of conveying information; "they could not act without official communication from Moscow") }
{ [ intercommunication, verb.communication:intercommunicate,+ ] communication1,@ (mutual communication; communication with each other; "they intercepted intercommunication between enemy ships") }
{ [ conveyance, verb.communication:convey,+ ] [ imparting, verb.possession:impart,+ ] [ impartation, verb.possession:impart,+ ] transmission,@ (the transmission of information) }
{ [ dissemination, verb.communication:disseminate,+ ] airing, public_exposure, [ spreading, verb.communication:spread,+ ] transmission,@ (the opening of a subject to widespread discussion and debate) }
{ [ circulation, verb.motion:circulate3,+ ] dissemination,@ (the dissemination of copies of periodicals (as newspapers or magazines)) }
{ [ propagation, verb.contact:propagate1,+ verb.communication:propagate,+ ] extension1, dissemination,@ (the spreading of something (a belief or practice) into new regions) }
{ message1, noun.Tops:communication,@ (a communication (usually brief) that is written or spoken or signaled; "he sent a three-word message") }
{ [ broadcast, verb.communication:broadcast1,+ verb.communication:broadcast,+ ] message1,@ (message that is transmitted by radio or television) }
{ [ cipher1, verb.communication:cipher,+ ] [ cypher1, verb.communication:cypher,+ ] message1,@ (a message written in a secret code) }
{ heliogram, message1,@ (a message transmitted by means of the sun's rays) }
{ medium, communication1,@ (an intervening substance through which signals can travel as a means for communication) }
{ medium1, noun.artifact:instrumentality,@ (a means or instrumentality for storing or communicating information) }
{ cool_medium, cold_medium,  medium1,@ (a medium that usually, but not always, provides little involvement together with substantial stimulus; includes speech, television, cartoons) }
{ hot_medium, medium1,@ (a medium that usually, but not always, provides complete involvement together without considerable stimulus; includes radio, film, photography) }
{ ether, aether, medium,@ (a medium that was once supposed to fill all space and to support the propagation of electromagnetic waves) }
{ vehicle, medium1,@ (a medium for the expression or achievement of something; "his editorials provided a vehicle for his political views"; "a congregation is a vehicle of group identity"; "the play was just a vehicle to display her talents") }
{ [ air2, verb.communication:air2,+ verb.communication:air1,+ ] airwave, medium,@ (medium for radio and television broadcasting; "the program was on the air from 9 til midnight"; "the president used the airwaves to take his message to the people") }
{ paper, medium1,@ page,#s (a medium for written communication; "the notion of an office running without paper is absurd") }
{ sheet, piece_of_paper, sheet_of_paper, noun.substance:paper,@ (paper used for writing or printing) }
{ signature1, sheet,@ book,#p (a sheet with several pages printed on it; it folds to page size and is bound with other signatures to form a book) }
{ [ leaf, noun.communication:leaflet,+ verb.motion:leaf,+ verb.perception:leaf10,+ ] folio, sheet,@ written_communication,#p (a sheet of any written or printed material (especially in a manuscript or book)) }
{ flyleaf, leaf,@ (a blank leaf in the front or back of a book) }
{ interleaf, leaf,@ (a blank leaf inserted between the leaves of a book) }
{ [ page, verb.communication:page1,+ verb.communication:paginate,+ ] leaf,@ (one side of one leaf (of a book or magazine or newspaper or letter etc.) or the written or pictorial matter it contains) }
{ tear_sheet, sheet,@ (a sheet that can be easily torn out of a publication) }
{ full_page, page,@ (something that covers an entire page; "the ad took up a full page") }
{ half_page, page,@ (something that covers (the top or bottom) half of a page) }
{ [ recto, verso,!] page,@ (right-hand page) }
{ [ verso, recto,!] page,@ (left-hand page) }
{ title_page, page,@ (a page of a book displaying the title and author and publisher) }
{ half_title, bastard_title, page,@ (a first page of some books displaying only the title of the book) }
{ sports_page, page,@ sports_section,#p (any page in the sports section of a newspaper) }
{ spread, spread_head, spreadhead, facing_pages, page,@ publication,#p (two facing pages of a book or other publication) }
{ center_spread, [ centre_spread, noun.location:Canada,;r noun.location:Britain,;r ] spread,@ magazine,#p (the spread at the center of a magazine) }
{ centerfold, [ centrefold, noun.location:Canada,;r noun.location:Britain,;r ] spread,@ foldout,@ (a magazine center spread; especially a foldout of a large photograph or map or other feature) }
{ foldout, gatefold, page,@ (an oversize page that is folded in to a book or magazine) }
{ [ pagination, verb.communication:paginate,+ ] folio1, page_number, [ paging1, verb.communication:page1,+ ] noun.quantity:number,@ page,#p (the system of numbering pages) }
{ stationery, letter_paper, noun.substance:writing_paper,@ (paper cut to an appropriate size for writing letters; usually with matching envelopes) }
{ letterhead, stationery,@ (a sheet of stationery with name and address of the organization printed at the top) }
{ notepaper, noun.substance:writing_paper,@ (writing paper intended for writing short notes or letters) }
{ Post-It, notepaper,@ (brand name for a slip of notepaper that has an adhesive that allows it to stick to a surface and be removed without damaging the surface) }
{ foolscap, sheet,@ (a size of paper used especially in Britain) }
{ style_sheet, sheet,@ (a sheet summarizing the editorial conventions to be followed in preparing text for publication) }
{ worksheet, sheet,@ (a sheet of paper with multiple columns; used by an accountant to assemble figures for financial statements) }

{ [ channel, verb.motion:channel1,+ verb.contact:channelize,+ ] transmission_channel, transmission,@ (a path over which electrical signals can pass; "a channel is typically what you rent from a telephone company") }
{ [ channel1, verb.motion:channel1,+ verb.motion:channel,+ verb.contact:channel,+ verb.contact:channelize,+ ] communication_channel, line5, communication1,@ noun.communication:plural,;u ((often plural) a means of communication or access; "it must go through official channels"; "lines of communication were set up between the two firms") }
{ band, noun.group:range,@ (a range of frequencies between two limits) }
{ frequency_band, waveband, band,@ noun.communication:television,;c (a band of adjacent radio frequencies (e.g., assigned for transmitting radio or television signals)) }
{ back_channel, channel1,@ (an alternative to the regular channels of communication that is used when agreements must be made secretly (especially in diplomacy or government); "they negotiated via a back channel") }
{ lens, channel1,@ figure_of_speech,;u ((metaphor) a channel through which something can be seen or understood; "the writer is the lens through which history can be seen") }
{ liaison, link, [ contact, verb.communication:contact,+ ] inter-group_communication, channel1,@ (a channel for communication between groups; "he provided a liaison with the guerrillas") }
{ channels, transmission,@ (official routes of communication; "you have to go through channels") }

{ medium2, mass_medium, transmission,@ ((usually plural) transmissions that are disseminated widely to the public) }
{ multimedia, multimedia_system, transmission,@ (transmission that combine media of communication (text and graphics and sound etc.)) }
{ hypermedia, hypermedia_system, interactive_multimedia, interactive_multimedia_system, multimedia,@ (a multimedia system in which related items of information are connected and can be presented together) }
{ hypertext, machine-readable_text,@ object-oriented_database,#p (machine-readable text that is not sequential but is organized so that related items of information are connected; "Let me introduce the word hypertext to mean a body of written or pictorial material interconnected in such a complex way that it could not conveniently be presented or represented on paper"--Ted Nelson) }
{ [ film, verb.creation:film,+ verb.communication:film,+ ] [ cinema, adj.pert:cinematic,+ ] celluloid, medium1,@ noun.act:art,;c noun.act:business1,;c (a medium that disseminates moving pictures; "theater pieces transferred to celluloid"; "this story would be good cinema"; "film coverage of sporting events") }
{ silver_screen, film,@ (the film industry) }
{ gutter_press, free_press,@ noun.location:Britain,;r (press that engages in sensational journalism (especially concerning the private lives of public figures)) }
{ free_press, press,@ (a press not restricted or controlled by government censorship regarding politics or ideology) }
{ press, public_press, print_media,@ (the print media responsible for gathering and publishing news in the form of newspapers or magazines) }
{ print_media, medium1,@ (a medium that disseminates printed matter) }
{ storage_medium, data-storage_medium, medium1,@ (a medium for storing information) }
{ magnetic_storage_medium, magnetic_medium, magnetic_storage, storage_medium,@ (any storage medium in which different patterns of magnetization are used to represent stored bits or bytes of information; "the hard disk in you computer is magnetic storage") }
{ broadcast_medium, broadcasting1, medium2,@ (a medium that disseminates via telecommunications) }

{ [ mail, verb.communication:mail,+ verb.contact:mail,+ ] mail_service, postal_service, [ post, adj.pert:postal,+ verb.communication:post2,+ ] communication1,@ (the system whereby messages are transmitted via the post office; "the mail handles billions of items every day"; "he works for the United States mail service"; "in England they call mail `the post'") }
{ [ airmail, verb.communication:airmail,+ ] airpost, mail,@ (a system of conveying mail by aircraft) }
{ [ snail_mail, electronic_mail,! e-mail,! email,! ] mail,@ (any mail that is physically delivered by the postal service; "email is much faster than snail mail") }
{ rural_free_delivery, RFD, mail,@ (free government delivery of mail in outlying country areas) }
{ first_class, 1st_class, first-class_mail, 1st-class_mail, mail1,@ (mail that includes letters and postcards and packages sealed against inspection) }
{ [ express, verb.communication:express9,+ ] express_mail, mail1,@ (mail that is distributed by a rapid and efficient system) }
{ poste_restante, note2,@ (a notation written on mail that is to be held at the post office until called for (not in the United States or Canada)) }
{ pony_express, express,@ (express mail carried by relays of riders on horseback; especially between Missouri and California around 1860) }
{ parcel_post, mail1,@ (postal service that handles packages) }
{ bulk_mail, mail1,@ (mail consisting of large numbers of identical items (circulars or advertisements) sent to individual addresses at less than 1st-class rates and paid for in one lot) }
{ direct_mail, ad,@ (advertising sent directly to prospective customers via the mail) }
{ [ journalism, adj.pert:journalistic,+ noun.person:journalist,+ ] news_media, print_media,@ (newspapers and magazines collectively) }
{ Fleet_Street, journalism,@ (British journalism) }
{ photojournalism, journalism,@ (journalism that presents a story primarily through the use of pictures) }
{ news_photography, photojournalism,@ (photography of newsworthy events) }
{ rotogravure1, photojournalism,@ newspaper,#p (printed material (text and pictures) produced by an intaglio printing process in a rotary press) }
{ newspaper, paper3, press,@ (a daily or weekly publication on folded sheets; contains news and articles and advertisements; "he read his newspaper at breakfast") }
{ daily, newspaper,@ (a newspaper that is published every day) }
{ [ gazette, verb.creation:gazette,+ ] newspaper,@ (a newspaper or official journal) }
{ school_newspaper, school_paper, newspaper,@ (a newspaper written and published by students in a school) }
{ tabloid, rag, sheet1, newspaper,@ (newspaper with half-size pages) }
{ yellow_journalism, tabloid1, tab1, journalism,@ (sensationalist journalism) }
{ article, nonfictional_prose,@ piece2,@ (nonfictional prose forming an independent part of a publication) }
{ column1, text,@ (a page or text that is vertically divided; "the newspaper devoted several columns to the subject"; "the bookkeeper used pages that were divided into columns") }
{ [ column, noun.person:columnist,+ ] [ editorial, noun.person:editorialist,+ verb.communication:editorialize,+ ] newspaper_column, article,@ newspaper,#p (an article giving opinions or perspectives) }
{ [ feature1, verb.stative:feature1,+ ] feature_article, article,@ newspaper,#p magazine,#p (a special or prominent article in a newspaper or magazine; "they ran a feature on retirement planning") }
{ magazine_article, article,@ magazine,#p (an article published in a magazine) }
{ news_article, news_story, newspaper_article, article,@ newspaper,#p (an article reporting news) }
{ piece2, noun.artifact:creation,@ (an artistic or literary composition; "he wrote an interesting piece on Iran"; "the children acted out a comic piece to amuse the guests") }
{ morceau, piece2,@ musical_composition,@ (a short literary or musical composition) }
{ offprint, [ reprint, verb.creation:reprint,+ ] separate, article,@ (a separately printed article that originally appeared in a larger publication) }
{ paper2, article,@ (a scholarly article describing the results of observations or stating hypotheses; "he has written many scientific papers") }
{ think_piece, article,@ (an article in a newspaper or magazine or journal that represents opinions and ideas and discussion rather than bare facts) }
{ [ reissue, verb.creation:reissue,+ ] [ reprint1, verb.creation:reprint,+ ] [ reprinting, verb.creation:reprint,+ ] publication,@ (a publication (such as a book) that is reprinted without changes or editing and offered again for sale) }
{ new_edition, publication,@ (a publication (such as a book) that has been modified or updated and offered again for sale) }
{ article_of_faith, credendum, dogma,@ noun.cognition:Christianity,;c ((Christianity) any of the sections into which a creed or other statement of doctrine is divided) }
{ lead1, lead-in, lede, section,@ news_article,#p (the introductory section of a story; "it was an amusing lead-in to a very serious matter") }
{ opening_line, line2,@ news_article,#p (the first line of a piece of writing (as a newspaper story)) }
{ lead, lead_story, news_article,@ (a news story of major importance) }
{ personal, news_article,@ (a short newspaper article about a particular person or group) }
{ sidebar1, news_article,@ (a short news story presenting sidelights on a major story) }
{ agony_column, column,@ (a newspaper column devoted to personal problems) }

{ samizdat, underground_press, print_media,@ (a system of clandestine printing and distribution of dissident or banned literature) }

{ [ telecommunication, verb.communication:telecommunicate,+ ] telecom, medium1,@ noun.communication:plural,;u ((often plural) systems used in transmitting messages over a distance electronically) }
{ [ telephone, verb.communication:telephone,+ ] [ telephony, adj.pert:telephonic,+ noun.person:telephonist,+ ] telecommunication,@ (transmitting speech at a distance) }
{ voice_mail, voicemail, telephone,@ (a computerized system for answering and routing telephone calls; telephone messages can be recorded and stored and relayed) }
{ [ call1, verb.communication:call1,+ ] phone_call, telephone_call, telephony,@ (a telephone connection; "she reported several anonymous calls"; "he placed a phone call to London"; "he heard the phone ringing but didn't want to take the call") }
{ [ call-back, verb.communication:call_back9,+ ] call1,@ (a return call) }
{ collect_call, call1,@ (a telephone call that the receiving party is asked to pay for) }
{ call_forwarding, telephony,@ (lets you transfer your incoming calls to any telephone that you can dial direct) }
{ [ call-in, verb.communication:call_in,+ ] call1,@ (a telephone call to a radio station or a television station in which the caller participates in the on-going program) }
{ call_waiting, telephony,@ (a way of letting you know that someone else is calling when you are using your telephone) }
{ crank_call, call1,@ (a hostile telephone call (from a crank)) }
{ local_call, call1,@ (a telephone call made within a local calling area) }
{ long_distance, long-distance_call, trunk_call, call1,@ (a telephone call made outside the local calling area; "I talked to her by long distance") }
{ toll_call, long-distance_call,@ (a long-distance telephone call at charges above a local rate) }
{ conference_call, call1,@ (a telephone call in which more than two people participate) }
{ wake-up_call, call1,@ (a telephone call that you request be made a specific time in order to wake you up at that time (especially in hotels); "she left a wake-up call for 7 a.m.") }
{ three-way_calling, conference_call,@ (a way of adding a third party to your conversation without the assistance of a telephone operator) }
{ [ telegraphy, noun.person:telegraphist,+ noun.person:telegrapher,+ ] telecommunication,@ (communicating at a distance by electric transmission over wire) }
{ [ cable, verb.communication:cable,+ ] cablegram, overseas_telegram, telegram,@ (a telegram sent abroad) }
{ letter_telegram, telegram,@ (a cheaper form of telegram that is sent abroad for delivery the next day) }
{ wireless, telecommunication,@ (transmission by radio waves) }
{ radiotelegraph, radiotelegraphy, wireless_telegraphy, wireless,@ (telegraphy that uses transmission by radio rather than by wire) }
{ [ mail1, verb.contact:mail,+ ] message1,@ (the bags of letters and packages that are transported by the postal service) }
{ third-class_mail, third_class, mail1,@ (mail consisting of printed matter qualifying for reduced postal rates) }
{ junk_mail, third-class_mail,@ (third-class mail consisting of advertising and often addressed to `resident' or `occupant') }
{ phone_message, telephone_message, message1,@ (a message transmitted by telephone) }
{ radiogram, message1,@ (a message transmitted by wireless telegraphy) }
{ [ radiotelephone, adj.pert:radiotelephonic,+ ] [ radiotelephony, adj.pert:radiotelephonic,+ ] wireless_telephone, wireless,@ (telephony that uses transmission by radio rather than by wire) }
{ broadcasting, telecommunication,@ (taking part in a radio or tv program) }
{ Rediffusion, broadcasting,@ noun.location:Britain,;r (a system for distributing radio or tv programs) }
{ multiplex, telecommunication,@ (communicates two or more signals over a common channel) }
{ [ radio, verb.communication:radio,+ ] radiocommunication, wireless1, broadcasting,@ (medium for communication) }
{ [ television, verb.communication:televise,+ ] [ telecasting, verb.communication:telecast,+ ] TV, video1, broadcasting,@ (broadcasting visual images of stationary or moving objects; "she is a star of screen and video"; "Television is a medium because it is neither rare nor well done" - Ernie Kovacs) }
{ video, picture1, visual_communication,@ television,#p (the visible part of a television transmission; "they could still receive the sound but the picture was gone") }
{ video2, visual_communication,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) the appearance of text and graphics on a video display) }
{ audio, [ sound, verb.perception:sound2,+ verb.perception:sound,+ ] auditory_communication,@ television,#p (the audible part of a transmitted signal; "they always raise the audio for commercials") }
{ cable_television, cable1, television,@ (television that is transmitted over cable directly to the receiver) }
{ high-definition_television, HDTV, television,@ (a television system that has more than the usual number of lines per frame so its pictures show more detail) }
{ electronic_communication, transmission,@ (communication by computer) }
{ digital_communication, data_communication, electronic_communication,@ noun.artifact:computer,;c (electronic transmission of information that has been encoded digitally (as for storage and processing by computers)) }
{ asynchronous_transfer_mode, ATM, digital_communication,@ (a means of digital communications that is capable of very high speeds; suitable for transmission of images or voice or video as well as data; "ATM is used for both LAN and WAN") }
{ [ electronic_mail, snail_mail,! ] [ e-mail, snail_mail,! verb.communication:e-mail,+ ] [ email, snail_mail,! verb.communication:email,+ ] electronic_communication,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) a system of world-wide electronic communication in which a computer user can compose a message at one terminal that can be regenerated at the recipient's terminal when the recipient logs in; "you cannot send packages by electronic mail") }
{ freemail, electronic_mail,@ (a service providing free email delivery in exchange for exposure to advertising) }
{ emoticon, facial_expression,@ (a representation of a facial expression (as a smile or frown) created by typing a sequence of characters in sending email; ":-( and :-) are emoticons") }
{ smiley, emoticon,@ (an emoticon of a smiling face) }
{ smoking_gun, evidence1,@ (indisputable evidence (especially of a crime)) }
{ spam, junk_e-mail, electronic_mail,@ (unwanted e-mail (usually of a commercial nature sent out in bulk)) }
{ messaging, electronic_messaging, electronic_communication,@ (the sending and processing of e-mail by computer) }
{ prompt1, command_prompt, electronic_communication,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) a symbol that appears on the computer screen to indicate that the computer is ready to receive a command) }
{ [ fiber_optics, adj.pert:fibre-optic,+ adj.pert:fiber-optic,+ ] [ fiberoptics, adj.pert:fiberoptic,+ ] fibre_optics, [ fibreoptics, adj.pert:fibreoptic,+ ] transmission,@ (the transmission of light signals via glass fibers) }
{ reception, broadcasting,@ (quality or fidelity of a received broadcast) }
{ signal_detection, detection, reception,@ (the detection that a signal is being received) }
{ [ modulation, verb.change:modulate5,+ ] transmission,@ noun.cognition:electronics,;c ((electronics) the transmission of a signal by using it to vary a carrier wave; changing the carrier's amplitude or frequency or phase) }
{ amplitude_modulation, AM, modulation,@ (modulation of the amplitude of the (radio) carrier wave) }
{ frequency_modulation, FM, modulation,@ (modulation of the frequency of the (radio) carrier wave) }
{ phase_modulation, PM, modulation,@ (modulation of the phase of the carrier wave) }
{ pulse_modulation, modulation,@ (modulation that imposes a signal on a train of pulses) }
{ pulse-time_modulation, pulse_modulation,@ (modulation of the time between successive pulses) }
{ [ demodulation, verb.contact:demodulate,+ ] reception,@ noun.cognition:electronics,;c ((electronics) the reception of a signal by extracting it from the carrier wave) }
{ [ contagion, adj.all:infectious^contagious2,+ ] [ infection, adj.all:infectious,+ verb.cognition:infect1,+ ] noun.Tops:communication,@ (the communication of an attitude or emotional state among a number of people; "a contagion of mirth"; "the infection of his enthusiasm for poetry") }
{ language, linguistic_communication, noun.Tops:communication,@ (a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols; "he taught foreign languages"; "the language introduced is standard throughout the text"; "the speed with which a program can be executed depends on the language in which it is written") }
{ usage, language,@ (the customary manner in which a language (or a form of a language) is spoken or written; "English usage"; "a usage borrowed from French") }
{ dead_language, language,@ (a language that is no longer learned as a native language) }
{ words4, language,@ (language that is spoken or written; "he has a gift for words"; "she put her thoughts into words") }
{ source_language, language,@ (a language that is to be translated into another language) }
{ object_language1, target_language1, language,@ (the language into which a text written in another language is to be translated) }
{ language_unit, linguistic_unit, noun.relation:part,@ string,#p (one of the natural units into which linguistic messages can be analyzed) }
{ slot, noun.attribute:position,@ (a position in a grammatical linguistic construction in which a variety of alternative units are interchangeable; "he developed a version of slot grammar") }
{ discourse1, language_unit,@ (extended verbal expression in speech or writing) }
{ [ context, adj.pert:contextual,+ ] linguistic_context, context_of_use, discourse1,@ (discourse that surrounds a language unit and helps to determine its interpretation) }
{ [ sentence, adj.pert:sentential,+ ] string_of_words,@ (a string of words satisfying the grammatical rules of a language; "he always spoke in grammatical sentences") }
{ simple_sentence, sentence,@ (a sentence having no coordinate clauses or subordinate clauses) }
{ complex_sentence, sentence,@ (a sentence composed of at least one main clause and one subordinate clause) }
{ loose_sentence, complex_sentence,@ (a complex sentence in which the main clause comes first and the subordinate clause follows) }
{ periodic_sentence, complex_sentence,@ (a complex sentence in which the main clause comes last and is preceded by the subordinate clause) }
{ compound_sentence, sentence,@ (a sentence composed of at least two coordinate independent clauses) }
{ sentential_function, formula,@ (formal expression containing variables; becomes a sentence when variables are replaced by constants) }
{ [ word, verb.communication:word,+ ] language_unit,@ (a unit of language that native speakers can identify; "words are the blocks from which sentences are made"; "he hardly said ten words all morning") }
{ [ anagram, adj.pert:anagrammatic,+ adj.pert:anagrammatical,+ verb.cognition:anagrammatize,+ verb.cognition:anagrammatise,+ verb.cognition:anagram,+ ] word,@ (a word or phrase spelled by rearranging the letters of another word or phrase) }
{ anaphor, word,@ (a word (such as a pronoun) used to avoid repetition; the referent of an anaphor is determined by its antecedent) }
{ [ antonym, synonym,! adj.all:antonymous,+ ] opposite_word, opposite, word,@ (a word that expresses a meaning opposed to the meaning of another word, in which case the two words are antonyms of each other; "to him the antonym of `gay' was `depressed'") }
{ paronym, word,@ (a word that strongly resembles another word in spelling)}
{ back-formation, word,@ (a word invented (usually unwittingly by subtracting an affix) on the assumption that a familiar word derives from it) }
{ blend, portmanteau_word, portmanteau, neologism,@ (a new word formed by joining two others and combining their meanings; "`smog' is a blend of `smoke' and `fog'"; "`motel' is a portmanteau word made by combining `motor' and `hotel'"; "`brunch' is a well-known portmanteau") }
{ charade, word,@ noun.act:charades,#p (a word acted out in an episode of the game of charades) }
{ [ cognate, adj.all:related2^cognate1,+ ] cognate_word, word,@ (a word is cognate with another if both derive from the same word in an ancestral language) }
{ content_word, open-class_word, word,@ (a word to which an independent meaning can be assigned) }
{ contraction, word,@ (a word formed from two or more words by omitting or combining some sounds; "`won't' is a contraction of `will not'"; "`o'clock' is a contraction of `of the clock'") }
{ [ deictic, adj.pert:deictic,+ ] deictic_word, word,@ (a word specifying identity or spatial or temporal location from the perspective of a speaker or hearer in the context in which the communication occurs; "words that introduce particulars of the speaker's and hearer's shared cognitive field into the message"- R.Rommetveit) }
{ [ derivative, adj.all:derived^derivative,+ ] word,@ noun.cognition:linguistics,;c ((linguistics) a word that is derived from another word; "`electricity' is a derivative of `electric'") }
{ [ diminutive, adj.all:small^diminutive,+ ] word,@ (a word that is formed with a suffix (such as -let or -kin) to indicate smallness) }
{ dirty_word1, word,@ (a word that is considered to be unmentionable; "`failure' is a dirty word to him") }
{ disyllable, dissyllable, word,@ (a word having two syllables) }
{ form, word_form, [ signifier, verb.communication:signify2,+ ] descriptor, word,@ noun.cognition:linguistics,;c (the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something; "the inflected forms of a word can be represented by a stem and a list of inflections to be attached") }
{ four-letter_word, four-letter_Anglo-Saxon_word, word,@ (any of several short English words (often having 4 letters) generally regarded as obscene or offensive) }
{ function_word, closed-class_word, word,@ (a word that is uninflected and serves a grammatical function but has little identifiable meaning) }
{ guide_word, guideword, catchword1, word,@ (a word printed at the top of the page of a dictionary or other reference book to indicate the first or last item on that page) }
{ head3, head_word1, word,@ noun.cognition:grammar,;c ((grammar) the word in a grammatical constituent that plays the same grammatical role as the whole constituent) }
{ headword, word,@ lexical_entry,#p (a word placed at the beginning of a line or paragraph (as in a dictionary entry)) }
{ headword2, head_word2, content_word,@ phrase,#p (a content word that can be qualified by a modifier) }
{ heteronym, word,@ (two words are heteronyms if they are spelled the same way but differ in pronunciation; "the word `bow' is an example of a heteronym") }
{ holonym, whole_name, word,@ (a word that names the whole of which a given word is a part; "`hat' is a holonym for `brim' and `crown'") }
{ homonym, word,@ (two words are homonyms if they are pronounced and spelled the same way but have different meanings) }
{ hypernym, superordinate, superordinate_word, word,@ (a word that is more generic than a given word) }
{ hyponym, subordinate, subordinate_word, word,@ (a word that is more specific than a given word) }
{ key_word, word,@ index,#p (a significant word used in indexing or cataloging) }
{ loanblend, loan-blend, hybrid, word,@ noun.location:Greece,;r noun.communication:Latin,;c (a word that is composed of parts from different languages (e.g., `monolingual' has a Greek prefix and a Latin root)) }
{ loanword, loan, word,@ (a word borrowed from another language; e.g. `blitz' is a German word borrowed into modern English) }
{ Latinism, loanword,@ (a word or phrase borrowed from Latin) }
{ meronym, part_name, word,@ (a word that names a part of a larger whole; "`brim' and `crown' are meronyms of `hat'") }
{ [ metonym, adj.all:figurative^metonymic,+ adj.all:figurative^metonymical,+ ] word,@ (a word that denotes one thing but refers to a related thing; "Washington is a metonym for the United States government"; "plastic is a metonym for credit card") }
{ antigram, anagram,@ (an anagram that means the opposite of the original word or phrase; "`restful' is the antigram of `fluster'") }
{ [ monosyllable, adj.all:syllabic^monosyllabic,+ ] monosyllabic_word, word,@ (a word or utterance of one syllable) }
{ neologism, neology, [ coinage, verb.creation:coin1,+ ] word,@ (a newly invented word or phrase) }
{ nonce_word, hapax_legomenon, word,@ (a word with a special meaning used for a special occasion) }
{ oxytone, word,@ (word having stress or an acute accent on the last syllable) }
{ palindrome, word,@ (a word or phrase that reads the same backward as forward) }
{ primitive, word,@ (a word serving as the basis for inflected or derived forms; "`pick' is the primitive from which `picket' is derived") }
{ primitive1, formula,@ (a mathematical expression from which another expression is derived) }
{ [ plural, singular,! ] plural_form, form,@ (the form of a word that is used to denote more than one) }
{ [ singular, plural,! ] singular_form, form,@ (the form of a word that is used to denote a singleton) }
{ ghost_word, form,@ (a word form that has entered the language through the perpetuation of an error) }
{ root, root_word, base, [ stem1, verb.change:stem1,+ verb.stative:stem,+ ] theme3, radical2, form,@ noun.cognition:linguistics,;c ((linguistics) the form of a word after all affixes are removed; "thematic vowels are part of the stem") }
{ etymon, root1, form,@ (a simple form inferred as the common basis from which related words in several languages can be derived by linguistic processes) }
{ citation_form, main_entry_word, entry_word, form,@ lexical_entry,#p (the form of a word that heads a lexical entry and is alphabetized in a dictionary) }
{ lexical_entry, dictionary_entry, entry1,@ dictionary,#p (the entry in a dictionary of information about a word) }
{ Beatitude, saying,@ Sermon_on_the_Mount,#p (one of the eight sayings of Jesus at the beginning of the Sermon on the Mount; in Latin each saying begins with `beatus' (blessed); "her favorite Beatitude is `Blessed are the meek for they shall inherit the earth'") }
{ logion, saying,@ (a saying of Jesus that is regarded as authentic although it is not recorded in the Gospels) }
{ calque, calque_formation, loan_translation, saying,@ (an expression introduced into one language by translating it from another language; "`superman' is a calque for the German `Ubermensch'") }
{ paroxytone, word,@ (word having stress or acute accent on the next to last syllable) }
{ [ partitive, adj.pert:partitive,+ ] word,@ (word (such a `some' or `less') that is used to indicate a part as distinct from a whole) }
{ polysemant, polysemantic_word, polysemous_word, word,@ (a word having more than one meaning) }
{ [ polysyllable, adj.all:syllabic^polysyllabic,+ adj.all:long1^polysyllabic,+ ] polysyllabic_word, word,@ (a word of more than three syllables) }
{ proparoxytone, word,@ (word having stress or acute accent on the antepenult) }
{ quantifier, word,@ noun.cognition:grammar,;c ((grammar) a word that expresses a quantity (as `fifteen' or `many')) }
{ quantifier1, logical_quantifier, word,@ noun.cognition:logic,;c ((logic) a word (such as `some' or `all' or `no') that binds the variables in a logical proposition) }
{ existential_quantifier, existential_operator, quantifier1,@ (a logical quantifier of a proposition that asserts the existence of at least one thing for which the proposition is true) }
{ universal_quantifier, quantifier,@ (a logical quantifier of a proposition that asserts that the proposition is true for all members of a class of things) }
{ reduplication, word,@ (a word formed by or containing a repeated syllable or speech sound (usually at the beginning of the word)) }
{ retronym, word,@ (a word introduced because an existing term has become inadequate; "Nobody ever heard of analog clocks until digital clocks became common, so `analog clock' is a retronym") }
{ [ substantive, adj.pert:substantival,+ ] word,@ (any word or group of words functioning as a noun) }
{ [ synonym, antonym,! adj.all:synonymous,+ ] equivalent_word, word,@ (two words that can be interchanged in a context are said to be synonymous relative to that context) }
{ [ term, verb.communication:term,+ ] word,@ (a word or expression used for some particular thing; "he learned many medical terms") }
{ [ terminology, adj.pert:terminological,+ ] nomenclature, language3, word,@ (a system of words used to name things in a particular discipline; "legal terminology"; "biological nomenclature"; "the language of sociology") }
{ trisyllable, word,@ (a word having three syllables) }
{ troponym, manner_name, word,@ (a word that denotes a manner of doing something; "`march' is a troponym of `walk'") }
{ vocable, spoken_word, word,@ (a word that is spoken aloud) }
{ [ syllable, adj.pert:syllabic1,+ adj.all:syllabic,+ verb.contact:syllabicate,+ verb.contact:syllabize,+ verb.communication:syllabize,+ verb.contact:syllabify,+ ] language_unit,@ word,#p (a unit of spoken language larger than a phoneme; "the word `pocket' has two syllables") }
{ ultima, syllable,@ (the last syllable in a word) }
{ penult, penultima, penultimate, syllable,@ (the next to last syllable in a word) }
{ antepenult, antepenultima, antepenultimate, syllable,@ (the 3rd syllable of a word counting back from the end) }
{ jawbreaker, polysyllable,@ (a word that is hard to pronounce) }
{ [ sesquipedalian, adj.all:long1^sesquipedalian,+ ] sesquipedalia, polysyllable,@ (a very long word (a foot and a half long)) }
{ reduplication1, syllable,@ (the syllable added in a reduplicated word form) }
{ direct_antonym, antonym,@ (antonyms that are commonly associated (e.g., `wet' and `dry')) }
{ indirect_antonym, antonym,@ (antonyms whose opposition is mediated (e.g., the antonymy of `wet' and `parched' is mediated by the similarity of `parched' to `dry')) }
{ lexeme, language_unit,@ (a minimal unit (as a word or stem) in the lexicon of a language; `go' and `went' and `gone' and `going' are all members of the English lexeme `go') }
{ [ morpheme, adj.pert:morphemic,+ ] language_unit,@ (minimal meaningful language unit; it cannot be divided into smaller meaningful units) }
{ formative, language_unit,@ (minimal language unit that has a syntactic (or morphological) function) }
{ allomorph, morpheme,@ (a variant phonological representation of a morpheme; "the final sounds of `bets' and `beds' and `horses' and `oxen' are allomorphs of the English plural morpheme") }
{ free_morpheme, free_form, morpheme,@ (a morpheme that can occur alone) }
{ bound_morpheme, bound_form, morpheme,@ (a morpheme that occurs only as part of a larger construction; eg an -s at the end of plural nouns) }
{ combining_form, bound_morpheme,@ (a bound form used only in compounds; "`hemato-' is a combining form in words like `hematology'") }
{ [ affix, adj.pert:affixial,+ adj.pert:affixal,+ verb.contact:affix2,+ ] bound_morpheme,@ word,#p (a linguistic element added to a word to produce an inflected or derived form) }
{ [ prefix, verb.contact:prefix,+ ] affix,@ (an affix that is added in front of the word) }
{ [ classifier, verb.cognition:classify1,+ ] word,@ morpheme,@ (a word or morpheme used in some languages in certain contexts (such as counting) to indicate the semantic class to which the counted item belongs) }
{ alpha_privative, prefix,@ (the negative prefix a- or un-) }
{ ending, termination, morpheme,@ (the end of a word (a suffix or inflectional ending or final morpheme); "I don't like words that have -ism as an ending") }
{ [ suffix, verb.contact:suffix,+ ] postfix, affix,@ ending,@ (an affix that is added at the end of the word) }
{ inflectional_ending, inflectional_suffix, ending,@ (an inflection that is added at the end of a root word) }
{ [ infix, verb.contact:infix,+ ] affix,@ (an affix that is inserted inside the word) }
{ grammatical_category, syntactic_category, noun.group:class,@ noun.cognition:grammar,;c ((grammar) a category of words having the same grammatical properties) }
{ substitution_class, [ paradigm, adj.pert:paradigmatic2,+ ] noun.group:class,@ (the class of all items that can be substituted into the same position (or slot) in a grammatical sentence (are in paradigmatic relation with one another)) }
{ subject1, constituent,@ noun.cognition:grammar,;c ((grammar) one of the two main constituents of a sentence; the grammatical constituent about which something is predicated) }
{ subject2, term1,@ noun.cognition:logic,;c ((logic) the first term of a proposition) }
{ object, constituent,@ noun.cognition:grammar,;c ((grammar) a constituent that is acted upon; "the object of the verb") }
{ prepositional_object, object_of_a_preposition, object,@ (the object governed by a preposition) }
{ direct_object, object_of_the_verb, object,@ (the object that receives the direct action of the verb) }
{ indirect_object, object,@ (the object that is the recipient or beneficiary of the action of the verb) }
{ retained_object, object,@ (an object in a passive construction) }
{ case, grammatical_case, grammatical_category,@ (nouns or pronouns or adjectives (often marked by inflection) related in some way to other words in a sentence) }
{ [ nominative, oblique,! ] nominative_case, subject_case, case,@ (the category of nouns serving as the grammatical subject of a verb) }
{ [ oblique, nominative,! ] oblique_case, case,@ (any grammatical case other than the nominative) }
{ [ accusative, adj.all:inculpatory^accusative,+ ] accusative_case, objective_case, oblique_case,@ (the case of nouns serving as the direct object of a verb) }
{ dative, dative_case, oblique_case,@ (the category of nouns serving as the indirect object of a verb) }
{ genitive, genitive_case, possessive, possessive_case, oblique_case,@ (the case expressing ownership) }
{ attributive_genitive, attributive_genitive_case, genitive,@ (a word in the genitive case that is used as an attributive adjective; "an example of the attributive genetive is `John's' in `John's mother'") }
{ [ vocative, adj.pert:vocative,+ ] vocative_case, oblique_case,@ (the case (in some inflected languages) used when the referent of the noun is being addressed) }
{ ablative, ablative_case, oblique_case,@ (the case indicating the agent in passive sentences or the instrument or manner or place of the action described by the verb) }
{ ablative_absolute, constituent,@ (a constituent in Latin grammar; a noun and its modifier can function as a sentence modifier) }
{ adjunct, construction1,@ (a construction that can be used to extend the meaning of a word or phrase but is not one of the main constituents of a sentence) }
{ constituent, grammatical_constituent, syntagma,@ sentence,#p noun.cognition:grammar,;c ((grammar) a word or phrase or clause forming part of a larger grammatical construction) }
{ immediate_constituent, constituent,@ (a constituent of a sentence at the first step in an analysis: e.g., subject and predicate) }
{ [ syntagma, adj.pert:syntagmatic,+ ] [ syntagm, adj.pert:syntagmatic,+ ] string_of_words,@ (a syntactic string of words that forms a part of some larger syntactic unit) }
{ [ construction1, misconstruction,! ] grammatical_construction, expression5, constituent,@ (a group of words that form a constituent of a sentence and are considered as a single unit; "I concluded from his awkward constructions that he was a foreigner") }
{ [ misconstruction, construction1,! ] constituent,@ (an ungrammatical constituent) }
{ [ clause, adj.pert:clausal,+ ] construction1,@ sentence,#p noun.cognition:grammar,;c ((grammar) an expression including a subject and predicate functioning as a part of a complex sentence) }
{ main_clause, independent_clause, clause,@ complex_sentence,#p (a clause in a complex sentence that can stand alone as a complete sentence) }
{ coordinate_clause, clause,@ complex_sentence,#p (a clause in a complex sentence that is grammatically equivalent to the main clause and that performs the same grammatical function) }
{ subordinate_clause, dependent_clause, clause,@ complex_sentence,#p (a clause in a complex sentence that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and that functions within the sentence as a noun or adjective or adverb) }
{ relative_clause, clause,@ (a clause introduced by a relative pronoun; "`who visits frequently' is a relative clause in the sentence `John, who visits frequently, is ill'") }
{ restrictive_clause, subordinate_clause,@ (a subordinate clause that limits or restricts the meaning of the noun phrase it modifies) }
{ nonrestrictive_clause, descriptive_clause, subordinate_clause,@ (a subordinate clause that does not limit or restrict the meaning of the noun phrase it modifies) }
{ complement, construction1,@ (a word or phrase used to complete a grammatical construction) }
{ involution, construction1,@ (a long and intricate and complicated grammatical construction) }
{ parenthetical_expression, [ parenthetical, adj.all:incidental^parenthetical,+ ] adjunct,@ (an expression in parentheses; "his writing was full of parentheticals") }
{ [ phrase, adj.pert:phrasal,+ verb.communication:phrase,+ ] construction1,@ (an expression consisting of one or more words forming a grammatical constituent of a sentence) }
{ [ predicator, verb.communication:predicate2,+ ] construction1,@ (an expression that predicates) }
{ noun_phrase, nominal_phrase, nominal, phrase,@ (a phrase that can function as the subject or object of a verb) }
{ [ predicate, verb.communication:predicate2,+ ] verb_phrase, phrase,@ (one of the two main constituents of a sentence; the predicate contains the verb and its complements) }
{ [ predicate1, verb.communication:predicate2,+ ] term1,@ noun.cognition:logic,;c ((logic) what is predicated of the subject of a proposition; the second term in a proposition is predicated of the first term by means of the copula; "`Socrates is a man' predicates manhood of Socrates") }
{ split_infinitive, infinitive,@ (an infinitive with an adverb between `to' and the verb (e.g., `to boldly go')) }
{ prepositional_phrase, phrase,@ (a phrase beginning with a preposition) }
{ pronominal_phrase, pronominal, phrase,@ (a phrase that functions as a pronoun) }
{ part_of_speech, form_class, word_class, grammatical_category,@ (one of the traditional categories of words intended to reflect their functions in a grammatical context) }
{ major_form_class, part_of_speech,@ (any of the major parts of speech of traditional grammar) }
{ noun1, major_form_class,@ noun,#p noun.relation:declension,#m (the word class that can serve as the subject or object of a verb, the object of a preposition, or in apposition) }
{ [ verb1, adj.pert:verbal,+ verb.change:verbify,+ ] major_form_class,@ verb,#p noun.relation:conjugation,#m (the word class that serves as the predicate of a sentence) }
{ [ gerund, adj.pert:gerundial,+ ] verbal_noun,@ (a noun formed from a verb (such as the `-ing' form of an English verb when used as a noun)) }
{ auxiliary_verb, verb1,@ (a verb that combines with another verb in a verb phrase to help form tense, mood, voice, or condition of the verb it combines with) }
{ modal_auxiliary_verb, modal_auxiliary, modal_verb, modal, auxiliary_verb,@ (an auxiliary verb (such as `can' or `will') that is used to express modality) }
{ [ infinitive, adj.pert:infinitival,+ ] verb1,@ (the uninflected form of the verb) }
{ [ adjective1, adj.pert:adjectival,+ ] major_form_class,@ adjective,#p (the word class that qualifies nouns) }
{ [ adverb1, adj.pert:adverbial,+ ] major_form_class,@ adverb,#p (the word class that qualifies verbs or clauses) }
{ noun, content_word,@ substantive,@ (a content word that can be used to refer to a person, place, thing, quality, or action) }
{ collective_noun, noun,@ (a noun that is singular in form but refers to a group of people or things) }
{ mass_noun, noun,@ (a noun that does not form plurals) }
{ count_noun, noun,@ (a noun that forms plurals) }
{ generic_noun, noun,@ (a noun that does not specify either masculine or feminine gender) }
{ [ proper_noun, common_noun,! ] proper_name, noun,@ (a noun that denotes a particular thing; usually capitalized) }
{ [ common_noun, proper_noun,! ] noun,@ (a noun that denotes any or all members of a class) }
{ verbal_noun, deverbal_noun, common_noun,@ (a noun that is derived from a verb) }
{ adnoun, common_noun,@ (an adjective used as a noun; "`meek' in `blessed are the meek' is an adnoun") }
{ [ verb, adj.pert:verbal,+ verb.change:verbify,+ ] content_word,@ (a content word that denotes an action, occurrence, or state of existence) }
{ [ modifier, verb.change:modify1,+ ] [ qualifier, verb.change:qualify1,+ ] content_word,@ phrase,#p (a content word that qualifies the meaning of a noun or verb) }
{ [ intensifier, verb.change:intensify1,+ ] intensive, modifier,@ (a modifier that has little meaning except to intensify the meaning it modifies; "`up' in `finished up' is an intensifier"; "`honestly' in `I honestly don't know' is an intensifier") }
{ [ adjective, adj.pert:adjectival,+ ] modifier,@ (a word that expresses an attribute of something) }
{ descriptive_adjective, qualifying_adjective, adjective,@ (an adjective that ascribes to its noun the value of an attribute of that noun (e.g., `a nervous person' or `a musical speaking voice')) }
{ relational_adjective, classifying_adjective, adjective,@ (an adjective that classifies its noun (e.g., `a nervous disease' or `a musical instrument')) }
{ pertainym, relational_adjective,@ noun.communication:colloquialism,;u (meaning relating to or pertaining to) }
{ positive, positive_degree, adjective,@ adverb,@ (the primary form of an adjective or adverb; denotes a quality without qualification, comparison, or relation to increase or diminution) }
{ [ comparative, adj.pert:comparative,+ ] comparative_degree, adjective,@ adverb,@ (the comparative form of an adjective or adverb; "`faster' is the comparative of the adjective `fast'"; "`less famous' is the comparative degree of the adjective `famous'"; "`more surely' is the comparative of the adverb `surely'") }
{ superlative1, superlative_degree, adjective,@ adverb,@ (the superlative form of an adjective or adverb; "`fastest' is the superlative of the adjective `fast'"; "`least famous' is the superlative degree of the adjective `famous'"; "`most surely' is the superlative of the adverb `surely'") }
{ [ adverb, adj.pert:adverbial,+ ] modifier,@ (a word that modifies something other than a noun) }
{ dangling_modifier, misplaced_modifier, modifier,@ (a word or phrase apparently modifying an unintended word because of its placement in a sentence: e.g., `when young' in `when young, circuses appeal to all of us') }
{ dangling_participle, dangling_modifier,@ (a participle (usually at the beginning of a sentence) apparently modifying a word other than the word intended: e.g., `flying across the country' in `flying across the country the Rockies came into view') }
{ [ adverbial, adj.pert:adverbial,+ ] adverb,@ (a word or group of words function as an adverb) }
{ [ determiner, verb.communication:determine3,+ ] determinative, function_word,@ (one of a limited class of noun modifiers that determine the referents of noun phrases) }
{ article1, determiner,@ noun.cognition:grammar,;c ((grammar) a determiner that may indicate the specificity of reference of a noun phrase) }
{ definite_article, article1,@ (a determiner (as `the' in English) that indicates specificity of reference) }
{ indefinite_article, article1,@ (a determiner (as `a' or `some' in English) that indicates nonspecific reference) }
{ preposition, function_word,@ (a function word that combines with a noun or pronoun or noun phrase to form a prepositional phrase that can have an adverbial or adjectival relation to some other word) }
{ pronoun, function_word,@ (a function word that is used in place of a noun or noun phrase) }
{ anaphoric_pronoun, pronoun,@ (a pronoun that refers to an antecedent) }
{ demonstrative_pronoun, [ demonstrative, adj.all:instructive^demonstrative,+ ] pronoun,@ (a pronoun that points out an intended referent) }
{ conjunction, conjunctive, connective, continuative, function_word,@ (an uninflected function word that serves to conjoin words or phrases or clauses or sentences) }
{ coordinating_conjunction, conjunction,@ (a conjunction (like `and' or `or') that connects two identically constructed grammatical constituents) }
{ subordinating_conjunction, subordinate_conjunction, conjunction,@ (a conjunction (like `since' or `that' or `who') that introduces a dependent clause) }
{ particle, function_word,@ (a function word that can be used in English to form phrasal verbs) }
{ number5, grammatical_category,@ (the grammatical category for the forms of nouns and pronouns and verbs that are used depending on the number of entities involved (singular or dual or plural); "in English the subject and the verb must agree in number") }
{ person, grammatical_category,@ (a grammatical category used in the classification of pronouns, possessive determiners, and verb forms according to whether they indicate the speaker, the addressee, or a third party; "stop talking about yourself in the third person") }
{ personal_pronoun, pronoun,@ (a pronoun expressing a distinction of person) }
{ reciprocal_pronoun, pronoun,@ (a pronoun or pronominal phrase (as `each other') that expresses a mutual action or relationship between the individuals indicated in the plural subject; "The sentence `They cared for each other' contains a reciprocal pronoun") }
{ relative_pronoun, pronoun,@ (a pronoun (as `that' or `which' or `who') that introduces a relative clause referring to some antecedent) }
{ first_person, person,@ (pronouns and verbs used to refer to the speaker or writer of the language in which they occur) }
{ second_person, person,@ (pronouns and verbs used to refer to the person addressed by the language in which they occur) }
{ third_person, person,@ (pronouns and verbs that are used to refer to something other than the speaker or addressee of the language in which they occur) }
{ reflexive_pronoun, [ reflexive, adj.all:backward1^reflexive,+ ] personal_pronoun,@ (a personal pronoun compounded with -self to show the agent's action affects the agent) }
{ reflexive_verb, verb,@ (a verb whose agent performs an action that is directed at the agent; "the sentence `he washed' has a reflexive verb"; "`perjure' is a reflexive verb because you cannot perjure anyone but yourself") }
{ gender, grammatical_gender, grammatical_category,@ (a grammatical category in inflected languages governing the agreement between nouns and pronouns and adjectives; in some languages it is quite arbitrary but in Indo-European languages it is usually based on sex or animateness) }
{ [ feminine, adj.all:feminine2,+ ] gender,@ (a gender that refers chiefly (but not exclusively) to females or to objects classified as female) }
{ masculine, gender,@ (a gender that refers chiefly (but not exclusively) to males or to objects classified as male) }
{ [ neuter, adj.all:neuter,+ verb.body:neuter,+ ] gender,@ (a gender that refers chiefly (but not exclusively) to inanimate objects (neither masculine nor feminine)) }
{ tense, grammatical_category,@ (a grammatical category of verbs used to express distinctions of time) }
{ [ present, adj.all:present1,+ ] present_tense, tense,@ (a verb tense that expresses actions or states at the time of speaking) }
{ historical_present, present,@ (the use of the present tense to describe past actions or states) }
{ [ aorist, adj.pert:aoristic,+ ] tense,@ (a verb tense in some languages (classical Greek and Sanskrit) expressing action (especially past action) without indicating its completion or continuation) }
{ past, past_tense, tense,@ (a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the past) }
{ future, future_tense, tense,@ (a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the future) }
{ [ participle, adj.pert:participial,+ ] [ participial, adj.pert:participial,+ ] verb1,@ (a non-finite form of the verb; in English it is used adjectivally and to form compound tenses) }
{ phrasal_verb, verb1,@ (an English verb followed by one or more particles where the combination behaves as a syntactic and semantic unit; "`turn out' is a phrasal verb in the question `how many turned out to vote?'") }
{ present_participle, participle,@ (a participle expressing present action; in English is formed by adding -ing) }
{ past_participle, perfect_participle, participle,@ (a participle that expresses completed action) }
{ transitive_verb, transitive_verb_form, transitive, verb1,@ (a verb (or verb construction) that requires an object in order to be grammatical) }
{ doubly_transitive_verb, doubly_transitive_verb_form, transitive_verb,@ (a transitive verb that takes both a direct and an indirect object) }
{ intransitive_verb, intransitive_verb_form, intransitive, verb1,@ (a verb (or verb construction) that does not take an object) }

{ semantic_role, participant_role, grammatical_category,@ noun.cognition:linguistics,;c ((linguistics) the underlying relation that a constituent has with the main verb in a clause) }
{ affected_role, patient_role, patient, semantic_role,@ (the semantic role of an entity that is not the agent but is directly involved in or affected by the happening denoted by the verb in the clause) }
{ agentive_role, agent, semantic_role,@ (the semantic role of the animate entity that instigates or causes the happening denoted by the verb in the clause) }
{ benefactive_role, beneficiary, semantic_role,@ (the semantic role of the intended recipient who benefits from the happening denoted by the verb in the clause) }
{ instrumental_role, instrument1, semantic_role,@ (the semantic role of the entity (usually inanimate) that the agent uses to perform an action or start a process) }
{ locative_role, locative, semantic_role,@ (the semantic role of the noun phrase that designates the place of the state or action denoted by the verb) }
{ recipient_role, recipient, semantic_role,@ (the semantic role of the animate entity that is passively involved in the happening denoted by the verb in the clause) }
{ resultant_role, result1, semantic_role,@ (the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause) }
{ temporal_role, temporal, semantic_role,@ (the semantic role of the noun phrase that designates the time of the state or action denoted by the verb) }

{ [ name, verb.communication:name4,+ verb.cognition:name1,+ verb.communication:name7,+ verb.communication:name3,+ ] language_unit,@ (a language unit by which a person or thing is known; "his name really is George Washington"; "those are two names for the same thing") }
{ agnomen, name,@ (an additional name or an epithet appended to a name (as in `Ferdinand the Great')) }
{ assumed_name1, fictitious_name, Doing_Business_As, DBA, name,@ noun.group:law,;c ((law) a name under which a corporation conducts business that is not the legal name of the corporation as shown in its articles of incorporation) }
{ [ eponym, adj.pert:eponymic,+ adj.pert:eponymous,+ ] name,@ (the name derived from a person (real or imaginary); "Down's syndrome is an eponym for the English physician John Down") }
{ [ eponym1, adj.pert:eponymic,+ adj.pert:eponymous,+ ] name,@ (the person for whom something is named; "Constantine I is the eponym for Constantinople") }
{ extension, filename_extension, file_name_extension, string,@ filename,#p (a string of characters beginning with a period and followed by one or more letters; the optional second part of a PC computer filename; "most applications provide extensions for the files they create"; "most BASIC files use the filename extension .BAS") }
{ filename, file_name, computer_filename, computer_file_name, name,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) the name given to a computer file in order to distinguish it from other files; may contain an extension that indicates the type of file) }
{ geographical_indication, GI, name,@ noun.group:law,;c ((law) a name or sign used on certain products which corresponds to a specific geographical location or origin) }
{ appellation1, geographical_indication,@ (a geographical indication used to identify where the grapes for a wine are grown) }
{ [ patronymic, adj.pert:patronymic,+ ] [ patronym, adj.pert:patronymic,+ ] name,@ noun.location:Ireland,;r (a family name derived from name of your father or a paternal ancestor (especially with an affix (such as -son in English or O'- in Irish) added to the name of your father or a paternal ancestor)) }
{ matronymic, metronymic, name,@ (a name derived from the name of your mother or a maternal ancestor) }
{ street_name, name,@ (the name of a street) }
{ street_name1, name,@ (the name of a brokerage firm in which stock is held on behalf of a customer; "all my stocks are held in street name") }
{ street_name2, name,@ slang,@ (slang for something (especially for an illegal drug); "`smack' is a street name for heroin") }
{ street_name3, appellation,@ (an alternative name that a person chooses or is given (especially in inner city neighborhoods); "her street name is Bonbon") }
{ surname, family_name, cognomen, last_name, name,@ (the name used to identify the members of a family (as distinguished from each member's given name)) }
{ maiden_name, surname,@ (a woman's surname before marriage) }
{ middle_name, name,@ (a name between your first name and your surname) }
{ first_name, given_name, forename, name,@ (the name that precedes the surname) }
{ Christian_name, baptismal_name, first_name,@ (the first name given to Christians at birth or christening) }
{ praenomen, first_name,@ (the first name of a citizen of ancient Rome) }
{ [ nickname, verb.communication:nickname,+ ] moniker, cognomen1, sobriquet, soubriquet, byname, appellation,@ (a familiar name for a person (often a shortened version of a person's given name); "Joe's mother would not use his nickname and always called him Joseph"; "Henry's nickname was Slim") }
{ nickname1, name,@ (a descriptive name for a place or thing; "the nickname for the U.S. Constitution is `Old Ironsides'") }
{ alias, assumed_name, false_name, name,@ (a name that has been assumed temporarily) }
{ [ pseudonym, adj.all:onymous^pseudonymous,+ ] anonym, nom_de_guerre, name,@ (a fictitious name used when the person performs a particular social role) }
{ misnomer, name,@ (an incorrect or unsuitable name) }
{ stage_name, pseudonym,@ (the pseudonym of an actor) }
{ pen_name, nom_de_plume, pseudonym,@ (an author's pseudonym) }
{ writer's_name, author's_name, name,@ by-line,#p (the name that appears on the by-line to identify the author of a work) }
{ appellation, [ denomination, verb.communication:denominate,+ ] [ designation, verb.communication:designate,+ ] [ appellative, adj.all:denotative^appellative,+ ] name,@ (identifying word or words by which someone or something is called and classified or distinguished from others) }
{ pet_name, hypocorism, name,@ (a name of endearment (especially one using a diminutive suffix); "`Billy' is a hypocorism for `William'") }
{ [ title2, adj.pert:titular2,+ ] title_of_respect, form_of_address, appellation,@ (an identifying appellation signifying status or function: e.g. `Mr.' or `General'; "the professor didn't like his friends to use his formal title") }
{ Aga, Agha, title2,@ noun.location:Turkey,;r (title for a civil or military leader (especially in Turkey)) }
{ Defender_of_the_Faith, title2,@ (a title that Leo X bestowed on Henry VIII and later withdrew; parliament restored the title and it has been used by English sovereigns ever since) }
{ Don, title2,@ noun.communication:Spanish,;c (a Spanish courtesy title or form of address for men that is prefixed to the forename; "Don Roberto") }
{ Dona, title2,@ noun.communication:Spanish,;c (a Spanish courtesy title or form of address for a woman; "Dona Marguerita") }
{ Frau, title2,@ noun.communication:German,;c (a German courtesy title or form of address for an adult woman) }
{ Fraulein, title2,@ noun.communication:German,;c (a German courtesy title or form of address for an unmarried woman) }
{ Hakham, title2,@ noun.person:sage,@ Hebrew,;c (a Hebrew title of respect for a wise and highly educated man) }
{ Herr, title2,@ German,;c (a German courtesy title or form of address for a man) }
{ Miss, title2,@ (a form of address for an unmarried woman) }
{ Mister, Mr, Mr., title2,@ (a form of address for a man) }
{ Mrs, Mrs., title2,@ (a form of address for a married woman) }
{ Ms2, Ms., title2,@ (a form of address for a woman) }
{ [ Rabbi, adj.pert:rabbinical,+ adj.pert:rabbinic,+ ] title2,@ Hebrew,;c (a Hebrew title of respect for a Jewish scholar or teacher) }
{ Reverend, title2,@ (a title of respect for a clergyman) }
{ Senor, title2,@ noun.communication:Spanish,;c (a Spanish title or form of address for a man; similar to the English `Mr' or `sir') }
{ Senora, title2,@ noun.communication:Spanish,;c (a Spanish title or form of address for a married woman; similar to the English `Mrs' or `madam') }
{ Senorita, title2,@ noun.communication:Spanish,;c (a Spanish title or form of address used to or of an unmarried girl or woman; similar to the English `Miss') }
{ Signora, title2,@ noun.communication:Italian,;c (an Italian title or form of address for a married woman) }
{ Signorina, title2,@ Italian,;c (an Italian title or form of address for an unmarried woman) }
{ Very_Reverend, title2,@ (a title of respect for various ecclesiastical officials (as cathedral deans and canons and others)) }
{ [ Lordship, noun.person:lord,+ ] title3,@ (a title used to address any British peer except a duke and extended to a bishop or a judge; "Your Lordship"; "His Lordship") }
{ Ladyship, title3,@ (a title used to address any peeress except a duchess; "Your Ladyship"; "Her Ladyship") }
{ [ title3, adj.pert:titular,+ ] appellation,@ (an appellation signifying nobility; "`your majesty' is the appropriate title to use in addressing a king") }
{ baronetcy, title3,@ (the title of a baron) }
{ viscountcy, title3,@ (the title of a viscount) }
{ [ title, adj.pert:titular1,+ verb.communication:title,+ ] name,@ (the name of a work of art or literary composition etc.; "he looked for books with the word `jazz' in the title"; "he refused to give titles to his paintings"; "I can never remember movie titles") }
{ place_name, toponym, name,@ noun.group:troponymy,#p (the name by which a geographical place is known) }
{ [ heading, verb.stative:head,+ ] [ header, verb.stative:head,+ ] head, line2,@ (a line of text serving to indicate what the passage below it is about; "the heading seemed to have little to do with the text") }
{ crossheading, crosshead, heading,@ (a heading of a subsection printed within the body of the text) }
{ [ headline, verb.possession:headline,+ verb.communication:headline,+ ] newspaper_headline, heading,@ newspaper,#p (the heading or caption of a newspaper article) }
{ lemma1, heading,@ (the heading that indicates the subject of an annotation or a literary composition or a dictionary entry) }
{ masthead, title,@ (the title of a newspaper or magazine; usually printed on the front page and on the editorial page) }
{ rubric, heading,@ title,@ (a title or heading that is printed in red or in a special type) }
{ running_head, running_headline, heading,@ book,#p (a heading printed at the top of every page (or every other page) of a book) }
{ subheading, subhead1, heading,@ (a heading of a subdivision of a text) }
{ running_title, running_head,@ (the title (or a shortened title) of a book used as a running head) }
{ dropline, drop_line, stepped_line, stagger_head, staggered_head, stephead, headline,@ (a headline with the top line flush left and succeeding lines indented to the right) }
{ [ screamer, verb.communication:scream8,+ ] headline,@ (a sensational newspaper headline) }
{ streamer, banner, headline,@ (a newspaper headline that runs across the full page) }
{ title5, statute_title, rubric4, heading,@ (a heading that names a statute or legislative bill; may give a brief summary of the matters it deals with; "Title 8 provided federal help for schools") }
{ title6, writing,@ noun.communication:plural,;u ((usually plural) written material introduced into a movie or TV show to give credits or represent dialogue or explain an action; "the titles go by faster than I can read") }
{ [ title1, verb.communication:title2,+ ] subheading,@ (a general or descriptive heading for a section of a written work; "the novel had chapter titles") }
{ [ credit1, verb.cognition:credit12,+ ] title1,@ movie,#p (an entry on a list of persons who contributed to a film or written work; "the credits were given at the end of the film") }
{ [ caption, verb.possession:caption,+ ] legend, title1,@ illustration,#p (brief description accompanying an illustration) }
{ subtitle, title1,@ (secondary or explanatory title) }
{ [ mistranslation, verb.communication:mistranslate,+ ] translation,@ (an incorrect translation) }
{ pony, trot, [ crib, verb.social:crib,+ ] translation,@ (a literal translation used in studying a foreign language (often used illicitly)) }
{ retroversion, translation,@ (translation back into the original language; "the teacher translated Latin texts into English which he gave to his students for retroversion") }
{ [ subtitle1, verb.possession:subtitle,+ ] [ caption1, verb.possession:caption,+ ] translation,@ movie,#p (translation of foreign dialogue of a movie or TV program; usually displayed at the bottom of the screen) }
{ supertitle, surtitle, translation,@ opera,#p (translation of the words of a foreign opera (or choral work) projected on a screen above the stage) }
{ line_of_poetry, line_of_verse, line2,@ poem,#p couplet,#p (a single line of words in a poem) }
{ [ acatalectic, adj.all:acatalectic,+ ] line_of_poetry,@ noun.cognition:prosody,;c ((prosody) a line of verse that has the full number of syllables) }
{ Alexandrine, line_of_poetry,@ noun.cognition:prosody,;c ((prosody) a line of verse that has six iambic feet) }
{ [ catalectic, catalexis,+ adj.all:catalectic,+ ] line_of_poetry,@ noun.cognition:prosody,;c ((prosody) a line of verse that lacks a syllable in the last metrical foot) }
{ [ hypercatalectic, adj.all:hypercatalectic,+ ] line_of_poetry,@ noun.cognition:prosody,;c ((prosody) a line of poetry having an extra syllable or syllables at the end of the last metrical foot) }
{ by-line, credit_line, line2,@ (a line giving the name of the writer of a story or article) }
{ [ dateline, verb.cognition:dateline,+ ] line2,@ dispatch,#p (a line at the beginning of a news article giving the date and place of origin of the news dispatch) }

{ written_communication, written_language, black_and_white, noun.Tops:communication,@ (communication by means of written symbols (either printed or handwritten)) }
{ [ transcription, verb.communication:transcribe1,+ ] written_text, written_communication,@ (something written, especially copied from one medium to another, as a typewritten version of dictation) }
{ [ transliteration, verb.communication:transliterate,+ ] transcription,@ (a transcription from one alphabet to another) }
{ phonetic_transcription, transcription,@ (a transcription intended to represent each distinct speech sound with a separate symbol) }
{ shorthand, [ stenography, adj.pert:stenographical,+ noun.person:stenographer,+ ] tachygraphy, handwriting,@ (a method of writing rapidly using an abbreviated symbolic system) }
{ longhand, running_hand, cursive, cursive_script, handwriting,@ (rapid handwriting in which letters are set down in full and are cursively connected within words without lifting the writing implement from the paper) }
{ [ minuscule, adj.all:minuscular,+ ] longhand,@ (a small cursive script developed from uncial between the 7th and 9th centuries and used in medieval manuscripts) }
{ copperplate, longhand,@ (a graceful style of handwriting based on the writing used on copperplate engravings) }
{ [ italic2, adj.pert:italic1,+ verb.creation:italicize,+ verb.creation:italicise,+ ] longhand,@ (a style of handwriting with the letters slanting to the right) }
{ round_hand, longhand,@ (a clearly written style of longhand with large round curves) }
{ [ orthography, adj.pert:orthographic,+ ] writing_system, writing1,@ (a method of representing the sounds of a language by written or printed symbols) }
{ script1, orthography,@ (a particular orthography or writing system) }
{ Aramaic1, Aramaic_script, script1,@ (an alphabetical (or perhaps syllabic) script used since the 9th century BC to write the Aramaic language; many other scripts were subsequently derived from it) }
{ [ Armenian1, adj.pert:armenian,+ ] Armenian_alphabet, alphabet,@ (a writing system having an alphabet of 38 letters in which the Armenian language is written) }
{ [ Avestan1, adj.pert:avestan,+ ] script1,@ (the script in which the ancient Persian language of the Avesta is written) }
{ Babylonian1, cuneiform,@ noun.location:Babylon,;r (the ideographic and syllabic writing system in which the ancient Babylonian language was written) }
{ Brahmi, script1,@ (a script (probably adapted from the Aramaic about the 7th century BC) from which later Indian scripts developed) } 
{ Devanagari, Devanagari_script, Nagari, Nagari_script, syllabary,@ script1,@ (a syllabic script used in writing Sanskrit and Hindi) }
{ Pahlavi1, script1,@ (the script (derived from the Aramaic alphabet) used to write the Pahlavi language) }
{ Uighur1, Uigur1, Uygur1, script1,@ (the script (derived from Aramaic) used to write the Uighur language) }
{ [ uncial, adj.pert:uncial,+ ] script1,@ (a style of orthography characterized by somewhat rounded capital letters; found especially in Greek and Latin manuscripts of the 4th to 8th centuries) }
{ [ spelling, verb.creation:spell,+ verb.communication:spell,+ ] orthography,@ (forming words with letters according to the principles underlying accepted usage) }
{ [ misspelling, verb.communication:misspell,+ ] spelling,@ (a spelling that is incorrect) }

{ coding_system, writing1,@ (a system of signals used to represent letters or numbers in transmitting messages) }
{ [ code, verb.communication:code,+ ] coding_system,@ (a coding system used for transmitting messages requiring brevity or secrecy) }
{ access, access_code, code,@ (a code (a series of characters or digits) that must be entered in some way (typed or dialed or spoken) to get the use of something (a telephone line or a computer or a local area network etc.)) }
{ back_door, backdoor, access,@ (an undocumented way to get access to a computer system or the data it contains) }
{ area_code, code,@ (a number usually of 3 digits assigned to a telephone area as in the United States and Canada) }
{ bar_code, Universal_Product_Code, code,@ (code consisting of a series of vertical bars of variable width that are scanned by a laser; printed on consumer product packages to identify the item for a computer that provides the price and registers inventory information) }
{ color_code, code,@ (system using colors to designate classifications) }
{ cryptogram, cryptograph1, secret_writing, writing,@ (a piece of writing in code or cipher) }
{ [ cipher, verb.communication:cipher,+ ] [ cypher, verb.communication:cypher,+ ] cryptograph2, secret_code, code,@ (a secret method of writing) }
{ Morse, Morse_code, international_Morse_code, code,@ (a telegraph code in which letters and numbers are represented by strings of dots and dashes (short and long signals)) }
{ ZIP_code, ZIP, postcode, postal_code, code,@ address2,#p (a code of letters and digits added to a postal address to aid in the sorting of mail) }
{ [ code2, verb.communication:code,+ ] computer_code, coding_system,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) the symbolic arrangement of data or instructions in a computer program or the set of such instructions) }
{ argument4, parameter, reference8,@ noun.cognition:value,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) a reference or value that is passed to a function, procedure, subroutine, command, or program) }
{ [ address4, verb.possession:address,+ ] computer_address, reference8, code2,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) the code that identifies where a piece of information is stored) }
{ American_Standard_Code_for_Information_Interchange, ASCII, code2,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) a code for information exchange between computers made by different companies; a string of 7 binary digits represents each character; used in most microcomputers) }
{ ASCII_character_set, character_set,@i noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) 128 characters that make up the ASCII coding scheme; "the ASCII character set is the most universal character coding set") }
{ binary_code, code2,@ (code using a string of 8 binary digits to represent characters) }
{ error_correction_code, ECC, code2,@ noun.cognition:telecommunication,;c ((telecommunication) a coding system that incorporates extra parity bits in order to detect errors) }
{ cyclic_redundancy_check, error_correction_code,@ (an error correction code that is recorded in each sector of a magnetic disk and used to catch errors in the data) }
{ firmware, microcode, code2,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) coded instructions that are stored permanently in read-only memory) }
{ machine_code, machine_language, code2,@ (a set of instructions coded so that the computer can use it directly without further translation) }
{ object_code, code2,@ (the machine-language output of a compiler that is ready for execution on a particular computer) }
{ operation_code, order_code, code2,@ (the portion of a set of operation descriptions that specifies the operation to be performed; the set of operations in a computer) }
{ source_code, ASCII_text_file,@ (program instructions written as an ASCII text file; must be translated by a compiler or interpreter or assembler into the object code for a particular computer before execution) }
{ URL, uniform_resource_locator, universal_resource_locator, address4,@ (the address of a web page on the world wide web) }
{ web_page, webpage, text_file,@ (a document connected to the World Wide Web and viewable by anyone connected to the internet who has a web browser) }
{ home_page, homepage, web_page,@ (the opening page of a web site) }
{ web_site, website, internet_site, site, noun.artifact:computer,@ (a computer connected to the internet that maintains a series of web pages on the World Wide Web; "the Israeli web site was damaged by hostile hackers") }
{ chat_room, chatroom, web_site,@ (a site on the internet where a number of users can communicate in real time (typically one dedicated to a particular topic)) }
{ portal_site, portal, web_site,@ (a site that the owner positions as an entrance to other sites on the internet; "a portal typically has search engines and free email and chat rooms etc.") }

{ writing1, written_communication,@ (letters or symbols that are written or imprinted on a surface to represent the sounds or words of a language; "he turned the paper over so the writing wouldn't show"; "the doctor's writing was illegible") }
{ written_word, word,@ (the written form of a word; "while the spoken word stands for something, the written word stands for something that stands for something"; "a craftsman of the written word") }
{ bigram, written_word,@ (a word that is written with two letters in an alphabetic writing system) }
{ trigram, written_word,@ (a word that is written with three letters in an alphabetic writing system) }
{ tetragram, written_word,@ (a word that is written with four letters in an alphabetic writing system) }
{ Tetragrammaton, tetragram,@ (four Hebrew letters usually transliterated as YHWH (Yahweh) or JHVH (Jehovah) signifying the Hebrew name for God which the Jews regarded as too holy to pronounce) }
{ picture_writing, writing_system,@ (a writing system using pictographs) }
{ alphabetic_writing, alphabetic_script, writing_system,@ (a writing system based on alphabetic characters) }
{ [ boustrophedon, adj.pert:boustrophedonic,+ ] writing_system,@ (an ancient writing system: having alternate lines written in opposite directions; literally `as the ox ploughs') }
{ cuneiform, script1,@ (an ancient wedge-shaped script used in Mesopotamia and Persia) }
{ syllabary, syllabic_script, script1,@ (a writing system whose characters represent syllables) }
{ Linear_A, writing_system,@i (an undeciphered writing system used in Crete in the 17th century B.C.) }
{ Linear_B, syllabary,@i (a syllabic script used in Greece in the 13th century B.C.) }
{ ideography, writing_system,@ (the use of ideograms in writing) }
{ [ hieratic, adj.pert:hieratic,+ ] hieratic_script, hieroglyph,@ (a cursive form of Egyptian hieroglyphics; used especially by the priests) }
{ [ hieroglyph, adj.pert:hieroglyphical,+ ] [ hieroglyphic, adj.pert:hieroglyphic,+ ] writing_system,@ (a writing system using picture symbols; used in ancient Egypt) }
{ point_system, writing_system,@ (a system of writing or printing using patterns of raised dots that can be read by touch) }
{ [ braille, verb.communication:braille,+ ] point_system,@ (a point system of writing in which patterns of raised dots represent letters and numerals) }
{ writing, written_material, piece_of_writing, written_communication,@ (the work of a writer; anything expressed in letters of the alphabet (especially when considered from the point of view of style and effect); "the writing in her novels is excellent"; "that editorial was a fine piece of writing") }
{ writing2, written_communication,@ noun.artifact:oeuvre,@ noun.communication:plural,;u ((usually plural) the collected work of an author; "the idea occurs with increasing frequency in Hemingway's writings") }
{ [ patristics, adj.pert:patristic,+ adj.pert:patristical,+ ] patrology, writing2,@ (the writings of the early Church Fathers) }
{ [ rewrite, verb.creation:rewrite,+ verb.communication:rewrite,+ ] revision, rescript, writing,@ (something that has been written again; "the rewrite was much better") }
{ literary_composition, literary_work, writing,@ (imaginative or creative writing) }
{ [ literature, adj.pert:literary,+ ] writing,@ (creative writing of recognized artistic value) }
{ literature1, writing,@ noun.communication:literature,;c (published writings in a particular style on a particular subject; "the technical literature"; "one aspect of Waterloo has not yet been treated in the literature") }
{ [ historiography, noun.person:historiographer,+ ] literature1,@ (a body of historical literature) }
{ matter, writing,@ (written works (especially in books or magazines); "he always took some reading matter with him on the plane") }
{ prescription1, written_communication,@ (written instructions from a physician or dentist to a druggist concerning the form and dosage of a drug to be issued to a given patient) }
{ prescription2, written_communication,@ (written instructions for an optician on the lenses for a given person) }
{ acrostic1, literary_composition,@ (verse in which certain letters such as the first in each line form a word or message) }
{ belles-lettres, belles_lettres, literary_composition,@ (creative writing valued for esthetic content) }
{ dialogue2, dialog2, literary_composition,@ (a literary composition in the form of a conversation between two people; "he has read Plato's Dialogues in the original Greek") }
{ [ allegory1, adj.all:representative^allegoric,+ adj.all:representative^allegorical,+ verb.cognition:allegorize,+ verb.change:allegorize,+ verb.cognition:allegorise,+ verb.change:allegorise,+ ] expressive_style,@ (an expressive style that uses fictional characters and events to describe some subject by suggestive resemblances; an extended metaphor) }
{ euphuism, prose,@ (an elegant style of prose of the Elizabethan period; characterized by balance and antithesis and alliteration and extended similes with and allusions to nature and mythology) }
{ [ fiction, adj.pert:fictional,+ adj.all:unreal^fictitious,+ verb.creation:fictionalize,+ ] literary_composition,@ (a literary work based on the imagination and not necessarily on fact) }
{ [ fictionalization, verb.creation:fictionalize,+ ] [ fictionalisation, verb.change:fictionalise,+ ] literary_composition,@ (a literary work based partly or wholly on fact but written as if it were fiction) }
{ nonfiction, nonfictional_prose, prose,@ (prose writing that is not fictional) }
{ dystopia, fiction,@ (a work of fiction describing an imaginary place where life is extremely bad because of deprivation or oppression or terror) }
{ [ novel, noun.person:novelist,+ noun.communication:novelette,+ ] fiction,@ (an extended fictional work in prose; usually in the form of a story) }
{ manga, novel,@ (graphic novel that originated in Japan, usually intended for adults and characterized by highly stylized art)}
{ detective_novel, mystery_novel, novel,@ (novel in which the reader is challenged to solve a puzzle before the detective explains it at the end) }
{ dime_novel, penny_dreadful, novel,@ (a melodramatic paperback novel) }
{ [ fantasy, noun.person:fantasist,+ ] phantasy, fiction,@ (fiction with a large amount of imagination in it; "she made a lot of money writing romantic fantasies") }
{ science_fiction, fantasy,@ (literary fantasy involving the imagined impact of science on society) }
{ cyberpunk, science_fiction,@ (a genre of fast-paced science fiction involving oppressive futuristic computerized societies) }
{ [ novelette, noun.communication:novel,+ noun.artifact:novel,+ ] novella, novel,@ (a short novel) }
{ roman_a_clef, novel,@ (a novel in which actual persons and events are disguised as fictional characters) }
{ [ romance1, adj.all:impractical^romantic,+ verb.communication:romance,+ ] novel,@ (a novel dealing with idealized events remote from everyday life) }
{ [ Gothic_romance, noun.person:gothic_romancer,+ ] romance1,@ (a romance that deals with desolate and mysterious and grotesque events) }
{ bodice_ripper, romance1,@ (a romantic novel containing scenes in which the heroine is sexually violated) }
{ roman_fleuve, novel,@ (a French novel in the form of a long chronicle of a family or other social group) }
{ story, fiction,@ (a piece of fiction that narrates a chain of related events; "he writes stories for the magazines") }
{ utopia1, fiction,@ (a work of fiction describing a utopia) }
{ adventure_story, heroic_tale, story,@ (a story of an adventure) }
{ [ thriller, verb.perception:thrill,+ ] adventure_story,@ (a suspenseful adventure story or play or movie) }
{ saga, adventure_story,@ (a narrative telling the adventures of a hero or a family; originally (12th to 14th centuries) a story of the families that settled Iceland and their descendants but now any prose narrative that resembles such an account) }
{ mystery, mystery_story, whodunit, story,@ (a story about a crime (usually murder) presented as a novel or play or movie) }
{ detective_story, mystery,@ (a narrative about someone who investigates crimes and obtains evidence leading to their resolution) }
{ murder_mystery, mystery,@ (a narrative about a murder and how the murderer is discovered) }
{ love_story, [ romance2, verb.communication:romance1,+ verb.emotion:romance,+ verb.social:romance,+ ] story,@ (a story dealing with love) }
{ [ legend1, adj.all:unreal^legendary,+ ] [ fable1, adj.all:unreal^fabulous,+ noun.person:fabulist,+ ] story,@ (a story about mythical or supernatural beings or events) }
{ Arthurian_legend, legend1,@ (the legend of King Arthur and his court at Camelot) }
{ short_story, story,@ (a prose narrative shorter than a novel) }
{ [ fable, adj.all:unreal^fabulous,+ noun.person:fabulist,+ ] [ parable, adj.pert:parabolic,+ adj.pert:parabolical,+ ] [ allegory, adj.all:representative^allegorical,+ verb.cognition:allegorize,+ verb.change:allegorize,+ verb.cognition:allegorise,+ verb.change:allegorise,+ ] apologue, story,@ (a short moral story (often with animal characters)) }
{ Aesop's_fables, fable,@ (a collection of fables believed to have been written by the Greek storyteller Aesop) }
{ Pilgrim's_Progress, fable,@i (an allegory written by John Bunyan in 1678) }
{ [ myth, adj.all:unreal^mythic,+ adj.pert:mythic,+ adj.all:unreal^mythical,+ verb.change:mythologize,+ ] story,@ noun.group:mythology,#m (a traditional story accepted as history; serves to explain the world view of a people) }
{ Gotterdammerung, Ragnarok, Twilight_of_the_Gods, myth,@ (myth about the ultimate destruction of the gods in a battle with evil) }
{ [ parable1, adj.pert:parabolic,+ adj.pert:parabolical,+ ] story,@ noun.communication:New_Testament,;c ((New Testament) any of the stories told by Jesus to convey his religious message; "the parable of the prodigal son") }
{ plot, story,@ (the story that is told in a novel or play or movie etc.; "the characters were well drawn but the plot was banal") }
{ action, plot,@ (the series of events that form a plot; "his novels always have a lot of action") }
{ storyline, plot_line, plot,@ (the plot of a book or play or film) }
{ [ climax, adj.all:climactic,+ verb.change:climax,+ ] [ culmination, verb.social:culminate,+ verb.change:culminate,+ ] noun.time:moment,@ story,#p (the decisive moment in a novel or play; "the deathbed scene is the climax of the play") }
{ [ anticlimax, adj.pert:anticlimactic,+ ] bathos1, conclusion,@ story,#p (a change from a serious subject to a disappointing one) }
{ tearjerker, narrative,@ (an excessively sentimental narrative) }
{ interior_monologue, prose,@ (a literary genre that presents a fictional character's sequence of thoughts in the form of a monologue) }
{ stream_of_consciousness, prose,@ (a literary genre that reveals a character's thoughts and feeling as they develop by means of a long soliloquy) }
{ [ criticism1, adj.pert:critical,+ verb.communication:criticise,+ ] literary_criticism, writing,@ (a written evaluation of a work of literature) }
{ explication_de_texte, criticism1,@ (a method of literary criticism that analyzes details of a text in order to reveal its structure and meaning) }
{ textual_criticism, criticism1,@ (comparison of a particular text with related materials in order to establish authenticity) }
{ new_criticism, criticism1,@ (literary criticism based on close analysis of the text) }
{ higher_criticism, textual_criticism,@ (the scientific study of biblical writings to determine their origin and meaning) }
{ lower_criticism, textual_criticism,@ (the study of existing manuscripts of the Scriptures in order to determine the original text) }
{ [ Masorah, adj.pert:masoretic,+ ] Masora, textual_criticism,@ (a vast body of textual criticism of the Hebrew Scriptures including notes on features of writing and on the occurrence of certain words and on variant sources and instructions for pronunciation and other comments that were written between AD 600 and 900 by Jewish scribes in the margins or at the end of texts) }
{ analysis, criticism1,@ (a form of literary criticism in which the structure of a piece of writing is analyzed) }
{ [ drama, adj.pert:dramatic,+ noun.person:dramatist,+ verb.creation:dramatize,+ verb.communication:dramatize1,+ verb.creation:dramatise,+ verb.communication:dramatise1,+ ] writing_style,@ (the literary genre of works intended for the theater) }
{ prose, writing_style,@ (ordinary writing as distinguished from verse) }
{ prose_poem, prose,@ (prose that resembles poetry) }
{ polyphonic_prose, prose,@ (a rhythmical prose employing the poetic devices of alliteration and assonance) }
{ hagiology, literary_composition,@ noun.communication:legend1,;c (literature narrating the lives (and legends) of the saints) }
{ [ lucubration, verb.communication:lucubrate,+ ] literary_composition,@ (a solemn literary work that is the product of laborious cogitation) }
{ [ pastoral1, adj.all:rural^pastoral,+ ] literary_composition,@ (a literary work idealizing the rural life (especially the life of shepherds)) }
{ poem, verse_form, literary_composition,@ (a composition written in metrical feet forming rhythmical lines) }
{ abecedarius, poem,@ (a poem having lines beginning with letters of the alphabet in regular order) }
{ Alcaic, Alcaic_verse, poem,@ (verse in the meter used in Greek and Latin poetry consisting of strophes of 4 tetrametric lines; reputedly invented by Alcaeus) }
{ [ ballad, noun.person:balladeer,+ ] lay, poem,@ (a narrative poem of popular origin) }
{ ballade, poem,@ (a poem consisting of 3 stanzas and an envoy) }
{ blank_verse, poem,@ (unrhymed verse (usually in iambic pentameter)) }
{ clerihew, verse,@ (a witty satiric verse containing two rhymed couplets and mentioning a famous person; "`The president is George W. Bush, Who is happy to sit on his tush, While sending his armies to fight, For anything he thinks is right' is a clerihew") }
{ couplet, stanza,@ (a stanza consisting of two successive lines of verse; usually rhymed) }
{ dithyramb, hymn,@ noun.location:Greece,;r noun.time:antiquity,;c ((ancient Greece) a passionate hymn (usually in honor of Dionysus)) }
{ doggerel, doggerel_verse, jingle, verse,@ (a comic verse of irregular measure; "he had heard some silly doggerel that kept running through his mind") }
{ eclogue, bucolic, idyll, idyl, pastoral1,@ (a short poem descriptive of rural or pastoral life) }
{ [ elegy, noun.person:elegist,+ verb.creation:elegize,+ ] [ lament, verb.emotion:lament,+ ] poem,@ (a mournful poem; a lament for the dead) }
{ epic_poem, heroic_poem, [ epic, adj.pert:epic,+ adj.pert:epical,+ ] [ epos, adj.pert:epic,+ ] poem,@ (a long narrative poem telling of a hero's deeds) }
{ Aeneid, epic_poem,@i (an epic in Latin by Virgil; tells the adventures of Aeneas after the Trojan War; provides an illustrious historical background for the Roman Empire) }
{ Divine_Comedy, Divina_Commedia, epic_poem,@i (a narrative epic poem written by Dante) }
{ free_verse, vers_libre, poem,@ (unrhymed verse without a consistent metrical pattern) }
{ haiku, poem,@ (an epigrammatic Japanese verse form of three short lines) }
{ limerick, verse,@ (a humorous verse form of 5 anapestic lines with a rhyme scheme aabba) }
{ lyric, lyric_poem, poem,@ (a short poem of songlike quality) }
{ [ rondeau, noun.communication:rondelet,+ ] rondel, poem,@ (a French verse form of 10 or 13 lines running on two rhymes; the opening phrase is repeated as the refrain of the second and third stanzas) }
{ roundel, rondeau,@ (English form of rondeau having three triplets with a refrain after the first and third) }
{ [ rondelet, noun.communication:rondeau,+ ] rondeau,@ (a shorter form of rondeau) }
{ [ sonnet, noun.person:sonneteer,+ verb.creation:sonnet,+ verb.creation:sonnet1,+ ] poem,@ (a verse form consisting of 14 lines with a fixed rhyme scheme) }
{ tanka, poem,@ (a form of Japanese poetry; the 1st and 3rd lines have five syllables and the 2nd, 4th, and 5th have seven syllables) }
{ terza_rima, poem,@ (a verse form with a rhyme scheme: aba bcb cdc, etc.) }
{ [ verse, verb.creation:verse,+ verb.creation:versify,+ ] [ rhyme1, noun.person:rhymester,+ verb.creation:rhyme,+ ] poem,@ (a piece of poetry) }
{ Iliad, epic_poem,@i (a Greek epic poem (attributed to Homer) describing the siege of Troy) }
{ Odyssey, epic_poem,@i (a Greek epic poem (attributed to Homer) describing the journey of Odysseus after the fall of Troy) }
{ Nibelungenlied, epic_poem,@i (an epic poem written in Middle High German and based on the legends of Siegfried and Teutonic kings) }
{ chanson_de_geste, epic_poem,@ (Old French epic poems) }
{ [ rhapsody, verb.communication:rhapsodize1,+ verb.communication:rhapsodise1,+ ] epic_poem,@ ((in ancient Greece) an epic poem adapted for recitation) }
{ Petrarchan_sonnet, Italian_sonnet, sonnet,@ (a sonnet consisting of an octave with the rhyme pattern abbaabba, followed by a sestet with the rhyme pattern cdecde or cdcdcd) }
{ octave1, stanza,@ (a rhythmic group of eight lines of verse) }
{ sestet1, stanza,@ (a rhythmic group of six lines of verse) }
{ Shakespearean_sonnet, Elizabethan_sonnet, English_sonnet, sonnet,@ (a sonnet consisting three quatrains and a concluding couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg) }
{ Spenserian_sonnet, sonnet,@ (a sonnet consisting of three quatrains and a concluding couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab bcbd cdcd ee) }
{ epos1, poetry2,@ (a body of poetry that conveys the traditions of a society by treating some epic theme) }
{ ode, lyric,@ (a lyric poem with complex stanza forms) }
{ epithalamium, ode,@ (an ode honoring a bride and bridegroom) }
{ Horatian_ode, Sapphic_ode, ode,@ (an ode with several stanzas) }
{ Pindaric_ode, Pindaric, ode,@ (an ode form used by Pindar; has triple groups of triple units) }
{ choral_ode, ode,@ (ode sung by the chorus in classical Greek drama) }
{ canto, section,@ poem,#p (a major division of a long poem) }
{ envoy, envoi, stanza,@ (a brief stanza concluding certain forms of poetry) }
{ quatrain, stanza,@ (a stanza of four lines) }
{ elegiac_stanza, quatrain,@ (a quatrain in iambic pentameter with abab rhyme scheme) }
{ [ verse1, verb.creation:verse,+ verb.creation:versify,+ ] verse_line, line2,@ poem,#p (a line of metrical text) }
{ iambic, verse1,@ (a verse line consisting of iambs) }
{ Adonic, Adonic_line, verse1,@ (a verse line with a dactyl followed by a spondee or trochee; supposedly used in laments by Adonis) }
{ versicle, poem,@ (a short verse said or sung by a priest or minister in public worship and followed by a response from the congregation) }
{ sursum_corda, versicle,@ noun.group:Roman_Catholic,;c ((Roman Catholic Church) a Latin versicle meaning `lift up your hearts') }
{ response3, phrase,@ (a phrase recited or sung by the congregation following a versicle by the priest or minister) }
{ closed_couplet, couplet,@ (a rhymed couplet that forms a complete syntactic unit) }
{ heroic_couplet, couplet,@ (a couplet consisting of two rhymed lines of iambic pentameter and written in an elevated style) }
{ heroic_stanza, quatrain,@ (a quatrain consisting of two heroic couplets written in an elevated style; the rhyme scheme is abab) }
{ heroic_verse, heroic_meter, heroic, epic_poem,@ (a verse form suited to the treatment of heroic or elevated themes; dactylic hexameter or iambic pentameter) }
{ mock-heroic, caricature,@ (a satirical imitation of heroic verse) }
{ Spenserian_stanza, stanza,@ (a stanza with eight lines of iambic pentameter and a concluding Alexandrine with the rhyme pattern abab bcbc c; "the Spenserian stanza was introduced by Edmund Spenser in The Faerie Queene") }
{ strophe, stanza,@ lyric_poem,#p (one section of a lyric poem or choral ode in classical Greek drama) }
{ antistrophe, stanza,@ lyric_poem,#p (the section of a choral ode answering a previous strophe in classical Greek drama; the second of two metrically corresponding sections in a poem) }

{ potboiler, literary_composition,@ (a literary composition of poor quality that was written quickly to make money (to boil the pot)) }
{ tushery, literary_composition,@ (writing of poor quality; characterized by affected choice of archaic words) }
{ [ dictation2, verb.cognition:dictate,+ ] matter,@ (matter that has been dictated and transcribed; a dictated passage; "he signed and mailed his dictation without bothering to read it") }
{ cookie, text,@ (a short line of text that a web site puts on your computer's hard drive when you access the web site) }
{ session_cookie, cookie,@ (a cookie that is stored temporarily and is destroyed when you close the link) }
{ precision_cookie, cookie,@ (a cookie that is saved permanently on your hard drive) }
{ [ text, adj.pert:textual,+ ] textual_matter, matter,@ publication,#p (the words of something written; "there were more than a thousand words of text"; "they handed out the printed text of the mayor's speech"; "he wants to reconstruct the original text") }
{ [ text1, adj.pert:textual,+ ] matter,@ (the main body of a written work (as distinct from illustrations or footnotes etc.); "pictures made the text easier to understand") }
{ machine-displayable_text, electronic_text,@ (electronic text that is stored and used in the form of a digital image) }
{ machine-readable_text, electronic_text,@ (electronic text that is stored as strings of characters and that can be displayed in a variety of formats) }
{ typescript, matter,@ (typewritten matter especially a typewritten copy of a manuscript) }
{ [ erasure1, verb.contact:erase,+ ] noun.attribute:area,@ (a surface area where something has been erased; "another word had been written over the erasure") }
{ margin, space1,@ page,#p (the blank space that surrounds the text on a page; "he jotted a note in the margin") }
{ space1, blank_space, [ place1, verb.contact:place,+ ] noun.attribute:area,@ form1,#p (a blank area; "write your name in the space provided") }
{ [ indentation, verb.creation:indent,+ ] indention, [ indent1, verb.creation:indent,+ ] indenture3, space1,@ (the space left between the margin and the start of an indented line) }
{ word_order, noun.group:order,@ text,#p (the order of words in a text) }
{ core_dump, dump,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) dump of the contents of the chief registers in the CPU; usually used for debugging) }
{ dump, copy1,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) a copy of the contents of a computer storage device; sometimes used in debugging programs) }
{ fair_copy, copy1,@ (a clean copy of a corrected draft) }
{ copy1, written_matter, text,@ (matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials) }
{ front_matter, prelims, matter,@ (written matter preceding the main text of a book) }
{ back_matter, end_matter, matter,@ (written matter following the main text of a book) }
{ [ draft, verb.creation:draft,+ ] draft_copy, text,@ (any of the various versions in the development of a written work; "a preliminary draft"; "the final draft of the constitution") }
{ electronic_text, text,@ (text that is in a form that computer can store or display on a computer screen) }
{ soft_copy, matter,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) matter that is in a form that a computer can store or display it on a computer screen; "he sent them soft copy of the report") }
{ hard_copy, matter,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) matter that is held in a computer and is typed or printed on paper; "he ran off a hard copy of the report") }
{ installment1, instalment1, text,@ series,#p (a part of a published serial) }
{ fascicle, fascicule, installment1,@ (an installment of a printed work) }
{ section, subdivision, writing,@ music,@ music,;c (a self-contained part of a larger composition (written or musical); "he always turns first to the business section"; "the history of this work is discussed in the next section") }
{ above, section,@ (an earlier section of a written text; "for instructions refer to the above") }
{ sports_section, section,@ newspaper,#p (the section of a newspaper that reports on sports) }
{ [ article2, verb.communication:article,+ ] clause1, section,@ document,#p noun.communication:contract,;c (a separate section of a legal document (as a statute or contract or will)) }
{ arbitration_clause, article2,@ contract,#p (a clause in a contract providing for arbitration of disputes arising under the contract) }
{ [ deductible, adj.all:deductible,+ ] article2,@ (a clause in an insurance policy that relieves the insurer of responsibility to pay the initial loss up to a stated amount) }
{ double_indemnity, article2,@ (a clause in an insurance policy that provides for double the face value of the policy in the case of accidental death) }
{ escalator_clause, escalator, article2,@ (a clause in a contract that provides for an increase or a decrease in wages or prices or benefits etc. depending on certain conditions (as a change in the cost of living index)) }
{ joker, article2,@ (an inconspicuous clause in a document or bill that affects its meaning in a way that is not immediately apparent; "when I demanded my money he showed me the joker in the contract") }
{ reserve_clause, article2,@ contract,#p (a clause that used to be part of the contract with a professional athlete extending the contract for a year beyond its expiration; "the reserve clause was used to bind players to a particular ball club") }
{ rider, article2,@ bill4,#p legislative_act,#p (a clause that is appended to a legislative bill) }
{ body, message,@ narration,#p address,#p (the central message of a communication; "the body of the message was short") }
{ book3, section,@ text,#p (a major division of a long written composition; "the book of Isaiah") }
{ chapter, section,@ text,#p (a subdivision of a written work; usually numbered and titled; "he read a chapter every night before falling asleep") }
{ episode1, section,@ (a brief section of a literary or dramatic work that forms part of a connected series) }
{ spot, section,@ (a section of an entertainment that is assigned to a specific performer or performance; "they changed his spot on the program") }
{ spot1, section,@ (a short section or illustration (as between radio or tv programs or in a magazine) that is often used for advertising) }
{ insert, section,@ (a folded section placed between the leaves of another publication) }
{ introduction, section,@ narration,#p address,#p (the first section of a communication) }
{ exordium, introduction,@ noun.cognition:rhetoric,;c ((rhetoric) the introductory section of an oration or discourse) }
{ [ narration2, verb.communication:narrate,+ ] section,@ noun.cognition:rhetoric,;c ((rhetoric) the second section of an oration in which the facts are set forth) }
{ opening, introduction,@ (the initial part of the introduction; "the opening established the basic theme") }
{ teaser2, opening,@ noun.communication:colloquialism,;u (an attention-getting opening presented at the start of a television show) }
{ [ salutation2, verb.communication:salute,+ ] opening,@ (word of greeting used to begin a letter) }
{ foreword, [ preface, adj.all:preceding^prefatorial,+ verb.communication:preface,+ ] prolusion, introduction,@ text,#p (a short introductory essay preceding the text of a book) }
{ [ preamble, verb.communication:preamble,+ ] introduction,@ document,#p (a preliminary introduction to a statute or constitution (usually explaining its purpose)) }
{ prolegomenon, introduction,@ (a preliminary discussion inserted at the beginning of a book or treatise) }
{ conclusion, [ end, verb.stative:end1,+ verb.creation:end13,+ verb.stative:end,+ ] close, [ closing, verb.stative:close,+ ] ending1, section,@ narration,#p address,#p (the last section of a communication; "in conclusion I want to say...") }
{ epilogue, epilog, conclusion,@ writing,#p (a short passage added at the end of a literary work; "the epilogue told what eventually happened to the main characters") }
{ epilogue1, epilog1, conclusion,@ (a short speech (often in verse) addressed directly to the audience by an actor at the end of a play) }
{ [ peroration, verb.communication:perorate1,+ ] conclusion,@ oration,#p noun.cognition:rhetoric,;c ((rhetoric) the concluding section of an oration; "he summarized his main points in his peroration") }
{ appendix, addendum,@ (supplementary material that is collected and appended at the back of a book) }
{ sequel, continuation, addendum,@ (a part added to a book or play that continues and extends it) }
{ addendum, [ supplement, verb.contact:supplement,+ ] postscript1, matter,@ back_matter,#p (textual matter that is added onto a publication; usually at the end) }
{ shirttail, appendix,@ news_article,#p (a brief addendum at the end of a newspaper article) }
{ [ paragraph, noun.person:paragrapher,+ verb.creation:paragraph,+ verb.creation:paragraph1,+ verb.social:paragraph,+ ] writing,@ text,#p (one of several distinct subdivisions of a text intended to separate ideas; the beginning is usually marked by a new indented line) }

{ passage, section,@ text,#p (a section of text; particularly a section of medium length) }
{ [ excerpt, verb.cognition:excerpt,+ ] excerption, [ extract, verb.cognition:extract,+ ] selection, passage,@ (a passage selected from a larger work; "he presented excerpts from William James' philosophical writings") }
{ chrestomathy, excerpt,@ (a selection of passages from different authors that is compiled as an aid in learning a language) }
{ locus_classicus, passage,@ (an authoritative and often-quoted passage) }
{ place, passage,@ (the passage that is being read; "he lost his place on the page") }
{ purple_passage, passage,@ (a passage full of ornate and flowery language) }
{ transition, passage,@ (a passage that connects a topic to one that follows) }
{ [ flashback, flash-forward,! verb.motion:flash_back,+ ] transition,@ noun.communication:literature,;c (a transition (in literary or theatrical works or films) to an earlier event or scene that interrupts the normal chronological development of the story) }
{ [ flash-forward, flashback,! ] transition,@ noun.communication:literature,;c (a transition (in literary or theatrical works or films) to a later event or scene that interrupts the normal chronological development of the story) }
{ [ diary, noun.person:diarist,+ ] journal1, writing,@ (a daily written record of (usually personal) experiences and observations) }
{ web_log, blog, diary,@ (a shared on-line journal where people can post diary entries about their personal experiences and hobbies; "postings on a blog are usually in chronological order") }
{ [ capitalization, verb.creation:capitalize,+ ] [ capitalisation, verb.creation:capitalise,+ ] writing1,@ (writing in capital letters) }
{ [ typing, verb.communication:type,+ ] [ typewriting, verb.communication:typewrite,+ ] writing1,@ (writing done with a typewriter) }
{ double-spacing, typing,@ (typing that leaves alternate lines blank) }
{ single-spacing, typing,@ (typing that does not leave lines blank) }
{ [ triple-spacing, verb.communication:triple-space,+ ] typing,@ (typing that leaves two lines blank between lines of typing) }
{ touch_typing, touch_system, typing,@ (typewriting in which the fingers are trained to hit particular keys; typist can read and type at the same time) }
{ printing1, writing1,@ (text handwritten in the style of printed matter) }
{ [ handwriting, verb.communication:handwrite,+ ] hand, [ script2, adj.pert:scriptural2,+ ] writing1,@ noun.act:handwriting,;c (something written by hand; "she recognized his handwriting"; "his hand was illegible") }
{ [ hieroglyph1, adj.pert:hieroglyphical1,+ ] [ hieroglyphic1, adj.pert:hieroglyphic1,+ ] writing1,@ (writing that resembles hieroglyphics (usually by being illegible)) }
{ skywriting, writing1,@ (writing formed in the sky by smoke released from an airplane) }
{ [ calligraphy, adj.pert:calligraphical,+ noun.person:calligraphist,+ noun.person:calligrapher,+ ] [ penmanship, noun.person:penman,+ ] chirography, handwriting,@ (beautiful handwriting) }
{ [ scribble, verb.creation:scribble,+ ] scratch, [ scrawl, verb.creation:scrawl,+ ] cacography, handwriting,@ (poor handwriting) }
{ chicken_scratch, scribble,@ (cramped or illegible handwriting) }
{ [ squiggle1, adj.all:crooked1^squiggly,+ ] scribble,@ (an illegible scrawl; "his signature was just a squiggle but only he could make that squiggle") }
{ [ signature, verb.communication:sign2,+ ] name,@ (your name written in your own handwriting) }
{ allograph1, signature,@ (a signature written by one person for another) }
{ [ autograph2, verb.communication:autograph,+ ] John_Hancock, signature,@ (a person's own signature) }
{ [ countersignature, verb.communication:countersign,+ ] [ countersign, verb.communication:countersign,+ ] signature,@ (a second confirming signature endorsing a document already signed) }
{ [ endorsement4, verb.communication:endorse,+ ] [ indorsement4, verb.communication:indorse,+ ] signature,@ (a signature that validates something; "the cashier would not cash the check without an endorsement") }
{ blank_endorsement, endorsement_in_blank, endorsement4,@ (an endorsement on commercial paper naming no payee and so payable to the bearer) }
{ sign_manual, signature,@ (the signature of a sovereign on an official document) }
{ inscription, lettering, writing,@ (letters inscribed (especially words engraved or carved) on something) }
{ Rosetta_Stone, noun.artifact:stele,@i (a part of an inscribed granite stela that was originally about six feet tall and was set up in 196 BC; the inscriptions in hieroglyphics and Demotic and Greek gave the first clues to the decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphics) }
{ [ superscription, verb.creation:superscribe1,+ verb.creation:superscribe,+ ] inscription,@ (an inscription written above something else) }
{ [ dedication, verb.communication:dedicate1,+ ] inscription1, message1,@ music,;c noun.act:photography,;c (a short message (as in a book or musical work or on a photograph) dedicating it to someone or something) }
{ epigraph, inscription,@ (an engraved inscription) }
{ epitaph, inscription,@ (an inscription on a tombstone or monument in memory of the person buried there) }
{ epitaph1, memorial,@ (a summary statement of commemoration for a dead person) }
{ festschrift, memorial,@ (a collection of writings published in honor of a scholar) }
{ manuscript, ms1, writing,@ (the form of a literary work submitted for publication) }
{ [ autograph, verb.communication:autograph,+ ] writing,@ (something written by one's own hand) }
{ manuscript1, holograph, autograph,@ (handwritten book or document) }
{ codex, leaf-book, manuscript1,@ (an unbound manuscript of some ancient classic (as distinguished from a scroll)) }
{ palimpsest, manuscript1,@ (a manuscript (usually written on papyrus or parchment) on which more than one text has been written with the earlier writing incompletely erased and still visible) }
{ [ scroll, verb.change:scroll,+ ] roll1, manuscript1,@ (a document that can be rolled up (as for storage)) }
{ Dead_Sea_scrolls, scroll,@i noun.communication:Old_Testament,;c ((Old Testament) a collection of written scrolls (containing nearly all of the Old Testament) found in a cave near the Dead Sea in the late 1940s; "the Dead Sea Scrolls provide information about Judaism and the Bible around the time of Jesus") }
{ Megillah, scroll,@ noun.cognition:Judaism,;c ((Judaism) the scroll of parchment that contains the biblical story of Esther; traditionally read in synagogues to celebrate Purim) }
{ Torah2, scroll,@ noun.cognition:Judaism,;c ((Judaism) the scroll of parchment on which the first five books of the Hebrew Scripture is written; is used in a synagogue during services) }
{ treatise, writing,@ (a formal exposition) }
{ adaptation, version2, writing,@ (a written work (as a novel) that has been recast in a new form; "the play is an adaptation of a short novel") }
{ modernization, adaptation,@ (a modernized version (as of a play)) }
{ [ dissertation, verb.communication:dissertate,+ ] thesis1, treatise,@ (a treatise advancing a new point of view resulting from research; usually a requirement for an advanced academic degree) }
{ tract, [ pamphlet, noun.person:pamphleteer,+ ] treatise,@ (a brief treatise on a subject of interest; published in the form of a booklet) }
{ monograph, treatise,@ (a detailed and documented treatise on a particular subject) }
{ [ essay, noun.person:essayist,+ ] writing,@ (an analytic or interpretive literary composition) }
{ composition, paper1, report2, theme1, essay,@ (an essay (especially one written as an assignment); "he got an A on his composition") }
{ term_paper, composition,@ (a composition intended to indicate a student's progress during a school term) }
{ disquisition, essay,@ (an elaborate analytical or explanatory essay or discussion) }
{ memoir1, essay,@ (an essay on a scientific or scholarly topic) }
{ thanatopsis, essay,@ (an essay expressing a view on the subject of death) }
{ [ review1, verb.communication:review,+ ] [ critique, verb.communication:critique,+ ] critical_review, review_article, criticism1,@ (an essay or article that gives a critical evaluation (as of a book or play)) }
{ book_review, review1,@ (a critical review of a book (usually a recently published book)) }
{ [ notice4, verb.communication:notice,+ ] review1,@ (a short critical review; "the play received good notices") }
{ [ book, noun.communication:booklet,+ ] publication,@ (a written work or composition that has been published (printed on pages bound together); "I am reading a good book on economics") }
{ authority, book,@ (an authoritative written work; "this book is the final authority on the life of Milton") }
{ curiosa, book,@ plural,;u (books on strange or unusual subjects (especially erotica)) }
{ formulary, pharmacopeia, book,@ noun.cognition:pharmacology,;c ((pharmacology) a book containing a compilation of pharmaceutical products with their formulas and methods of preparation; "postexposure prophylaxis is an integral part of the pharmacopeia in preventing severe disease after acute infections") }
{ last_word1, authority,@ (an authoritative statement; "my doctor has the last word on the medicines I take") }
{ trade_book, [ trade_edition, text_edition,! ] book,@ (a book intended for general readership) }
{ best_seller, bestseller, trade_book,@ (a book that has had a large and rapid sale) }
{ bestiary, book,@ (a medieval book (usually illustrated) with allegorical and amusing descriptions of real and fabled animals) }
{ [ catechism, noun.person:catechist,+ adj.pert:catechistic,+ adj.pert:catechismal,+ verb.communication:catechize1,+ verb.communication:catechise1,+ ] book,@ (an elementary book summarizing the principles of a Christian religion; written as questions and answers) }
{ cookbook, cookery_book, reference_book,@ (a book of recipes and cooking directions) }
{ instruction_book, reference_book,@ (a book of directions for using or operating some piece of equipment) }
{ pop-up_book, pop-up, book,@ (a book (usually for children) that contains one or more pages such that a three-dimensional structure rises up when a page is opened) }
{ storybook, book,@ (a book containing a collection of stories (usually for children)) }
{ tome, book,@ (a (usually) large and scholarly book) }
{ volume, publication,@ noun.group:set,#m (a publication that is one of a set of several similar publications; "the third volume was missing"; "he asked for the 1989 volume of the Annual Review") }
{ [ booklet, noun.communication:book1,+ noun.communication:book,+ noun.artifact:book,+ ] brochure, folder, [ leaflet, noun.communication:leaf,+ ] [ pamphlet1, noun.person:pamphleteer,+ ] book,@ (a small book usually having a paper cover) }
{ blue_book2, booklet,@ (a blue booklet used in universities for writing examinations) }
{ ticket_book, booklet,@ (a book of tickets that can be torn out and used) }
{ textbook, text2, [ text_edition, trade_edition,! ] schoolbook, school_text, book,@ (a book prepared for use in schools or colleges; "his economics textbook is in its tenth edition"; "the professor wrote the text that he assigned students to buy") }
{ [ crammer, verb.cognition:cram,+ verb.change:cram,+ ] text2,@ (a textbook designed for cramming) }
{ introduction2, text2,@ (a basic or elementary instructional text) }
{ primer, text2,@ (an introductory textbook) }
{ reader, text2,@ (one of a series of texts for students learning to read) }
{ McGuffey_Eclectic_Readers, reader,@ (readers that combined lessons in reading with moralistic messages) }
{ speller, primer,@ (an introductory textbook to teach spelling) }
{ notebook, noun.artifact:book,@ (a book with blank pages for recording notes or memoranda) }
{ commonplace_book, notebook,@ (a notebook in which you enter memorabilia) }
{ [ jotter, verb.communication:jot,+ ] notebook,@ (a small notebook for rough notes) }
{ workbook, book,@ (a student's book or booklet containing problems with spaces for solving them) }
{ copybook, book,@ (a book containing models of good penmanship; used in teaching penmanship) }
{ appointment_book, appointment_calendar, book,@ (a book containing a calendar and space to keep a record of appointments) }
{ [ catalog, verb.creation:catalog,+ verb.cognition:catalog,+ ] [ catalogue, verb.creation:catalogue,+ verb.cognition:catalogue,+ ] book,@ (a book or pamphlet containing an enumeration of things; "he found it in the Sears catalog") }
{ phrase_book, book,@ (a book containing common expressions in a foreign language along with their translations) }
{ playbook, book,@ (a book containing the scripts of one or more dramatic plays; "the 1963 playbook leaves out the whole first scene") }
{ playbook1, notebook,@ (a notebook containing descriptions and diagrams of the plays that a team has practiced (especially an American football team)) }
{ prayer_book, prayerbook, book,@ (a book containing prayers) }
{ breviary, prayer_book,@ noun.group:Roman_Catholic,;c ((Roman Catholic Church) a book of prayers to be recited daily certain priests and members of religious orders) }
{ missal, prayer_book,@ noun.group:Roman_Catholic,;c ((Roman Catholic Church) a book containing all the prayers and responses needed to celebrate Mass throughout the year) }
{ Psalter, Book_of_Psalms1, prayer_book,@ Book_of_Common_Prayer,#p (a collection of Psalms for liturgical use) }
{ reference_book, [ reference4, verb.communication:refer12,+ ] reference_work, book_of_facts, book,@ (a book to which you can refer for authoritative facts; "he contributed articles to the basic reference work on that topic") }
{ review_copy, book,@ (a copy of a newly published book that is sent for review to a writer or periodical) }
{ songbook, book,@ (a book containing a collection of songs) }
{ hymnal, hymnbook, hymnary, songbook,@ (a songbook containing a collection of hymns) }
{ prayer_wheel, prayer2,@ (a cylinder with prayers written on it; each revolution counts as uttering the prayers; used especially by Buddhists in Tibet) }
{ source_book, reference_book,@ (a collection of historically important documents published together as a book) }

{ wordbook, reference_book,@ (a reference book containing words (usually with their meanings)) }
{ dictionary, [ lexicon, adj.pert:lexical1,+ ] wordbook,@ (a reference book containing an alphabetical list of words with information about them) }
{ bilingual_dictionary, dictionary,@ (a dictionary giving equivalent words in two languages) }
{ desk_dictionary, collegiate_dictionary, dictionary,@ (an abridged dictionary of a size convenient to hold in the hand) }
{ etymological_dictionary, dictionary,@ (a dictionary giving the historical origins of each word) }
{ gazetteer, dictionary,@ atlas,#p (a geographical dictionary (as at the back of an atlas)) }
{ learner's_dictionary, school_dictionary, dictionary,@ (a dictionary specially written for those learning a foreign language) }
{ pocket_dictionary, little_dictionary, dictionary,@ (a dictionary that is small enough to carry in your pocket) }
{ spell-checker, spelling_checker, dictionary,@ (an electronic dictionary in a word processor that can be used to catch misspelled words) }
{ unabridged_dictionary, unabridged, dictionary,@ (a dictionary that has not been shortened by the omitting terms or definitions; a comprehensive dictionary) }
{ Oxford_English_Dictionary, O.E.D., OED, unabridged_dictionary,@i (an unabridged dictionary constructed on historical principles) }
{ onomasticon, wordbook,@ (a list of proper nouns naming persons or places) }
{ vocabulary, wordbook,@ (a listing of the words used in some enterprise) }
{ glossary, [ gloss1, verb.communication:gloss,+ verb.communication:gloss1,+ ] wordbook,@ (an alphabetical list of technical terms in some specialized field of knowledge; usually published as an appendix to a text on that field) }
{ thesaurus, synonym_finder, wordbook,@ (a book containing a classified list of synonyms) }
{ word_finder, wordfinder, thesaurus,@ (a thesaurus organized to help you find the word you want but cannot think of) }
{ handbook, enchiridion, vade_mecum, reference_book,@ (a concise reference book providing specific information about a subject or location) }
{ hornbook, primer,@ (a primer that provides instruction in the rudiments or basic skills of a branch of knowledge) }
{ manual, handbook,@ (a small handbook) }
{ consuetudinary, consuetudinal, manual,@ (a manual describing the customs of a particular group (especially the ceremonial practices of a monastic order)) }
{ grimoire, manual,@ (a manual of black magic (for invoking spirits and demons)) }
{ instruction_manual, instructions, book_of_instructions, operating_instructions, manual,@ (a manual usually accompanying a technical device and explaining how to install or operate it) }
{ reference_manual, manual,@ (a manual containing information organized in a summary manner) }
{ sex_manual, manual,@ (a manual containing instruction in sexual techniques; intended to enhance the reader's sexual life) }
{ bible1, handbook,@ (a book regarded as authoritative in its field) }
{ guidebook, guide, handbook,@ (something that offers basic information or instruction) }
{ field_guide, guidebook,@ (a guidebook describing natural objects of some type that might be encountered in the field; "a field guide to mushrooms") }
{ roadbook, guidebook,@ (a guidebook describing the roads of a country; contains maps and (sometimes) a gazetteer) }
{ baedeker, travel_guidebook,@ (any of a series of travel guidebooks published by the German firm founded by Karl Baedeker) }
{ travel_guidebook, itinerary, guidebook,@ (a guidebook for travelers) }
{ reckoner, ready_reckoner, handbook,@ (a handbook of tables used to facilitate computation) }
{ directory, reference_book,@ (an alphabetical list of names and addresses) }
{ phonebook, phone_book, telephone_book, telephone_directory, directory,@ (a directory containing an alphabetical list of telephone subscribers and their telephone numbers) }
{ ballistic_identification, ballistic_fingerprinting, bullet_fingerprinting, identification1,@ (identification of the gun that fired a bullet from an analysis of the unique marks that every gun makes on the bullet it fires and on the shell ejected from it) }
{ biometric_identification, biometric_authentication, identity_verification, identification1,@ noun.act:terrorism,;c (the automatic identification of living individuals by using their physiological and behavioral characteristics; "negative identification can only be accomplished through biometric identification"; "if a pin or password is lost or forgotten it can be changed and reissued but a biometric identification cannot") }
{ key1, positive_identification,@ (a generic term for any device whose possession entitles the holder to a means of access; "a safe-deposit box usually requires two keys to open it") }
{ [ number2, verb.change:number,+ verb.communication:number,+ verb.communication:number1,+ verb.communication:number3,+ ] positive_identification,@ (a numeral or string of numerals that is used for identification and may be attached to accounts, memberships, etc.; "she refused to give them her Social Security number") }
{ business_card, card1,@ (a card on which are printed the person's name and business affiliation) }
{ bank_identification_number, BIN, ABA_transit_number, number2,@ (an identification number consisting of a two-part code assigned to banks and savings associations; the first part shows the location and the second identifies the bank itself) }
{ license_number, registration_number, number2,@ (the number on the license plate that identifies the car that bears it) }
{ Social_Security_number, number2,@ noun.location:United_States,;r (the number of a particular individual's Social Security account) }
{ phone_number, telephone_number, number3, signal,@ (the number is used in calling a particular telephone; "he has an unlisted number") }
{ almanac, annual,@ (an annual publication containing tabular information in a particular field or fields arranged according to the calendar of a given year) }
{ annual, yearly, yearbook, reference_book,@ (a reference book that is published regularly once every year) }
{ almanac1, farmer's_calendar, annual,@ (an annual publication including weather forecasts and other miscellaneous information arranged according to the calendar of a given year) }
{ ephemeris, annual,@ (an annual publication containing astronomical tables that give the positions of the celestial bodies throughout the year; "today computers calculate the ephemerides") }
{ atlas, book_of_maps, map_collection, reference_book,@ (a collection of maps in book form) }
{ dialect_atlas, linguistic_atlas, atlas,@ (an atlas showing the distribution of distinctive linguistic features) }
{ encyclopedia, cyclopedia, encyclopaedia, cyclopaedia, reference_book,@ (a reference work (often in several volumes) containing articles on various topics (often arranged in alphabetical order) dealing with the entire range of human knowledge or with some particular specialty) }
{ book_of_knowledge, encyclopedia,@ (an elementary encyclopedia dealing with general knowledge) }

{ [ editing, verb.change:edit,+ ] [ redaction, verb.change:redact,+ ] writing,@ noun.communication:literature,;c (putting something (as a literary work or a legislative bill) into acceptable form) }
{ copy_editing, editing,@ (putting something into a form suitable for a printer) }
{ [ deletion, verb.contact:delete,+ verb.change:delete,+ ] [ excision, verb.contact:excise,+ ] cut1, editing,@ (the omission that is made when an editorial change shortens a written passage; "an editor's deletions frequently upset young authors"; "both parties agreed on the excision of the proposed clause") }
{ correction1, editing,@ (something substituted for an error) }
{ [ erasure, verb.contact:erase,+ ] correction1,@ (a correction made by erasing; "there were many erasures in the typescript") }
{ [ rewriting, verb.communication:rewrite,+ ] [ revising, verb.communication:revise,+ ] editing,@ (editing that involves writing something again) }
{ [ revision1, verb.communication:revise,+ ] [ revisal, verb.communication:revise,+ ] [ revise, verb.communication:revise,+ ] rescript1, rewriting,@ (the act of rewriting something) }
{ [ rewording, verb.communication:reword,+ ] recasting, [ rephrasing, verb.communication:rephrase,+ ] rewriting,@ (changing a particular word or phrase) }
{ [ paraphrase, adj.all:altered^paraphrastic,+ verb.communication:paraphrase,+ ] paraphrasis, rewording,@ (rewording for the purpose of clarification) }
{ translation1, paraphrase,@ (rewording something in less technical terminology) }

{ sacred_text, sacred_writing, religious_writing, religious_text, writing,@ (writing that is venerated for the worship of a deity) }
{ screed, writing,@ (a long piece of writing) }
{ scripture1, sacred_scripture, sacred_text,@ (any writing that is regarded as sacred by a religious group) }
{ [ canon2, adj.pert:canonic2,+ adj.pert:canonical2,+ noun.person:canonist,+ ] scripture1,@ (a collection of books accepted as holy scripture especially the books of the Bible recognized by any Christian church as genuine and inspired) }
{ Adi_Granth, Granth, Granth_Sahib, sacred_text,@i noun.cognition:Sikhism,;c (the principal sacred text of Sikhism contains hymns and poetry as well as the teachings of the first five gurus) }
{ [ Avesta, adj.pert:avestan,+ ] Zend-Avesta, sacred_text,@i (a collection of Zoroastrian texts gathered during the 4th or 6th centuries) }
{ Bhagavad-Gita, Bhagavadgita, Gita, sacred_text,@i Mahabharata,#p noun.cognition:Hinduism,;c ((Hinduism) the sacred `song of God' composed about 200 BC and incorporated into the Mahabharata (a Sanskrit epic); contains a discussion between Krishna and the Indian hero Arjuna on human nature and the purpose of life) }
{ Mahabharata, Mahabharatam, Mahabharatum, sacred_text,@i noun.cognition:Hinduism,;c ((Hinduism) a sacred epic Sanskrit poem of India dealing in many episodes with the struggle between two rival families) }
{ [ Bible, adj.pert:biblical2,+ adj.pert:biblical,+ ] Christian_Bible, Book4, Good_Book, Holy_Scripture, Holy_Writ, [ Scripture, adj.pert:scriptural,+ ] Word_of_God, Word7, sacred_text,@ (the sacred writings of the Christian religions; "he went to carry the Word to the heathen") }
{ Genesis, Book_of_Genesis, book3,@i Torah,#p Old_Testament,#p (the first book of the Old Testament: tells of Creation; Adam and Eve; the Fall of Man; Cain and Abel; Noah and the flood; God's covenant with Abraham; Abraham and Isaac; Jacob and Esau; Joseph and his brothers) }
{ Exodus, Book_of_Exodus, book3,@i Torah,#p Old_Testament,#p (the second book of the Old Testament: tells of the departure of the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt led by Moses; God gave them the Ten Commandments and the rest of Mosaic law on Mount Sinai during the Exodus) }
{ [ Leviticus, adj.pert:levitical,+ ] Book_of_Leviticus, book3,@i Torah,#p Old_Testament,#p (the third book of the Old Testament; contains Levitical law and ritual precedents) }
{ Numbers, Book_of_Numbers, book3,@i Torah,#p Old_Testament,#p (the fourth book of the Old Testament; contains a record of the number of Israelites who followed Moses out of Egypt) }
{ Deuteronomy, Book_of_Deuteronomy, book3,@i Torah,#p (the fifth book of the Old Testament; contains a second statement of Mosaic law) }
{ mezuzah, mezuza, section,@ Deuteronomy,#p (religious texts from Deuteronomy inscribed on parchment and rolled up in a case that is attached to the doorframe of many Jewish households in accordance with Jewish law) }
{ Joshua, Josue, Book_of_Joshua, book3,@i Prophets,#p Old_Testament,#p (a book in the Old Testament describing how Joshua led the Israelites into Canaan (the Promised Land) after the death of Moses) }
{ Judges, Book_of_Judges, book3,@i Prophets,#p Old_Testament,#p (a book of the Old Testament that tells the history of Israel under the leaders known as judges) }
{ Ruth, Book_of_Ruth, book3,@i Hagiographa,#p Old_Testament,#p (a book of the Old Testament that tells the story of Ruth who was not an Israelite but who married an Israelite and who stayed with her mother-in-law Naomi after her husband died) }
{ I_Samuel, 1_Samuel, book3,@i Prophets,#p Old_Testament,#p (the first of two books in the Old Testament that tell of Saul and David) }
{ II_Samuel, 2_Samuel, book3,@i Prophets,#p Old_Testament,#p (the second of two books of the Old Testament that tell of Saul and David) }
{ I_Kings, 1_Kings, book3,@i Prophets,#p Old_Testament,#p (the first of two Old Testament books telling the histories of the kings of Judah and Israel) }
{ II_Kings, 2_Kings, book3,@i Prophets,#p Old_Testament,#p (the second of two Old Testament books telling the histories of the kings of Judah and Israel) }
{ Paralipomenon, sacred_text,@ Old_Testament,;c ((Old Testament) an obsolete name for the Old Testament books of I Chronicles and II Chronicles which were regarded as supplementary to Kings) }
{ I_Chronicles, 1_Chronicles, book3,@i Writings1,#p Old_Testament,#p Paralipomenon,#p (the first of two Old Testament books telling the history of Judah and Israel until the return from the Babylonian Captivity in 536 BC) }
{ II_Chronicles, 2_Chronicles, book3,@i Writings1,#p Old_Testament,#p Paralipomenon,#p (the second of two Old Testament books telling the history of Judah and Israel until the return from the Babylonian Captivity in 536 BC) }
{ Ezra, Book_of_Ezra, book3,@i Writings1,#p Old_Testament,#p (an Old Testament book telling of a rabbi's efforts in the 5th century BC to reconstitute Jewish law and worship in Jerusalem after the Babylonian Captivity) }
{ Nehemiah, Book_of_Nehemiah, book3,@i Writings1,#p Old_Testament,#p (an Old Testament book telling how a Jewish official at the court of Artaxerxes I in 444 BC became a leader in rebuilding Jerusalem after the Babylonian Captivity) }
{ Esther, Book_of_Esther, book3,@i Writings1,#p Old_Testament,#p (an Old Testament book telling of a beautiful Jewess who became queen of Persia and saved her people from massacre) }
{ Job, Book_of_Job, book3,@i Writings1,#p Old_Testament,#p (a book in the Old Testament containing Job's pleas to God about his afflictions and God's reply) }
{ Psalms, Book_of_Psalms, book3,@i Writings1,#p Old_Testament,#p (an Old Testament book consisting of a collection of 150 Psalms) }
{ Proverbs, Book_of_Proverbs, book3,@i Writings1,#p sapiential_book,#p Old_Testament,#p (an Old Testament book consisting of proverbs from various Israeli sages (including Solomon)) }
{ Ecclesiastes, Book_of_Ecclesiastes, book3,@i Writings1,#p sapiential_book,#p Old_Testament,#p (an Old Testament book consisting of reflections on the vanity of human life; is traditionally attributed to Solomon but probably was written about 250 BC) }
{ Song_of_Songs, Song_of_Solomon, Canticle_of_Canticles, Canticles, book3,@i Writings1,#p sapiential_book,#p Old_Testament,#p (an Old Testament book consisting of a collection of love poems traditionally attributed to Solomon but actually written much later) }
{ Isaiah, Book_of_Isaiah, book3,@i Prophets,#p Old_Testament,#p (an Old Testament book consisting of Isaiah's prophecies) }
{ Jeremiah, Book_of_Jeremiah, book3,@i Prophets,#p Old_Testament,#p (a book in the Old Testament containing the oracles of the prophet Jeremiah) }
{ Lamentations, Book_of_Lamentations, book3,@i Writings1,#p Old_Testament,#p (an Old Testament book lamenting the desolation of Judah after the destruction of Jerusalem in 586 BC; traditionally attributed to the prophet Jeremiah) }
{ Ezekiel, Ezechiel, Book_of_Ezekiel, book3,@i Prophets,#p Old_Testament,#p (an Old Testament book containing Ezekiel's prophecies of the downfall of Jerusalem and Judah and their subsequent restoration) }
{ Daniel, Book_of_Daniel, Book_of_the_Prophet_Daniel, book3,@i Writings1,#p Old_Testament,#p (an Old Testament book that tells of the apocalyptic visions and the experiences of Daniel in the court of Nebuchadnezzar) }
{ Hosea, Book_of_Hosea, book3,@i Prophets,#p Old_Testament,#p (an Old Testament book telling Hosea's prophecies) }
{ Joel, Book_of_Joel, book3,@i Prophets,#p Old_Testament,#p (an Old Testament book telling Joel's prophecies) }
{ Amos, Book_of_Amos, book3,@i Prophets,#p Old_Testament,#p (an Old Testament book telling Amos's prophecies) }
{ Obadiah, Abdias, Book_of_Obadiah, book3,@i Prophets,#p Old_Testament,#p (an Old Testament book telling Obadiah's prophecies; the shortest book in the Christian Bible) }
{ Jonah, Book_of_Jonah, book3,@i Prophets,#p Old_Testament,#p (a book in the Old Testament that tells the story of Jonah and the whale) }
{ Micah, Micheas, Book_of_Micah, book3,@i Prophets,#p Old_Testament,#p (an Old Testament book telling the prophecies of Micah foretelling the destruction of Jerusalem) }
{ Nahum, Book_of_Nahum, book3,@i Prophets,#p Old_Testament,#p (an Old Testament book telling Nahum's prophecy of the fall of Nineveh) }
{ Habakkuk, Habacuc, Book_of_Habakkuk, book3,@i Prophets,#p Old_Testament,#p (an Old Testament book telling Habakkuk's prophecies) }
{ Zephaniah, Sophonias, Book_of_Zephaniah, book3,@i Prophets,#p Old_Testament,#p (an Old Testament book telling the prophecies of Zephaniah which are concerned mainly with the approaching judgment by God upon the sinners of Judah) }
{ Haggai, Aggeus, Book_of_Haggai, book3,@i Prophets,#p Old_Testament,#p (an Old Testament book telling the prophecies of Haggai which are concerned mainly with rebuilding the temples after the Babylonian Captivity) }
{ Zechariah, Zacharias, Book_of_Zachariah, book3,@i Prophets,#p Old_Testament,#p (an Old Testament book telling the prophecies of Zechariah which are concerned mainly with the renewal of Israel after the Babylonian Captivity) }
{ Malachi, Malachias, Book_of_Malachi, book3,@i (an Old Testament book containing the prophecies of Malachi) }

{ Matthew, Gospel_According_to_Matthew, Gospel,@i book3,@i New_Testament,#p (one of the Gospels in the New Testament; includes the Sermon on the Mount) }
{ Mark6, Gospel_According_to_Mark, Gospel,@i book3,@i New_Testament,#p (the shortest of the four Gospels in the New Testament) }
{ Luke, Gospel_of_Luke, Gospel_According_to_Luke, Gospel,@i book3,@i New_Testament,#p (one of the four Gospels in the New Testament; contains details of Jesus's birth and early life) }
{ John, Gospel_According_to_John, Gospel,@i book3,@i New_Testament,#p (the last of the four Gospels in the New Testament) }
{ Acts_of_the_Apostles, Acts, book3,@i New_Testament,#p (a New Testament book describing the development of the early church from Christ's Ascension to Paul's sojourn at Rome) }
{ Epistle, book3,@ New_Testament,#p (a book of the New Testament written in the form of a letter from an Apostle) }
{ Epistle_of_Paul_the_Apostle_to_the_Romans, Epistle_to_the_Romans, Romans, Epistle,@i New_Testament,#p (a New Testament book containing an exposition of the doctrines of Saint Paul; written in AD 58) }
{ First_Epistle_of_Paul_the_Apostle_to_the_Corinthians, First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians, I_Corinthians, Epistle,@i New_Testament,#p (a New Testament book containing the first epistle from Saint Paul to the church at Corinth) }
{ Second_Epistle_of_Paul_the_Apostle_to_the_Corinthians, Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians, II_Corinthians, Epistle,@i New_Testament,#p (a New Testament book containing the second epistle from Saint Paul to the church at Corinth) }
{ Epistle_of_Paul_the_Apostle_to_the_Galatians, Epistle_to_the_Galatians, Galatians, Epistle,@i New_Testament,#p (a New Testament book containing the epistle from Saint Paul to the Galatians) }
{ Epistle_of_Paul_the_Apostle_to_the_Ephesians, Epistle_to_the_Ephesians, Ephesians, Epistle,@i New_Testament,#p (a New Testament book containing the epistle from Saint Paul to the Ephesians which explains the divine plan for the world and the consummation of this in Christ) }
{ Epistle_of_Paul_the_Apostle_to_the_Philippians, Epistle_to_the_Philippians, Philippians, Epistle,@i New_Testament,#p (a New Testament book containing an epistle from Saint Paul to the church at Philippi in Macedonia) } 
{ Epistle_of_Paul_the_Apostle_to_the_Colossians, Epistle_to_the_Colossians, Colossians, Epistle,@i New_Testament,#p (a New Testament book containing an epistle from Saint Paul to the Colossians in ancient Phrygia) }
{ First_Epistle_of_Paul_the_Apostle_to_the_Thessalonians, First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians, I_Thessalonians, Epistle,@i New_Testament,#p (a New Testament book containing Saint Paul's first epistle to the Thessalonians) }
{ Second_Epistle_of_Paul_the_Apostle_to_the_Thessalonians, Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians, II_Thessalonians, Epistle,@i New_Testament,#p (a New Testament book containing Saint Paul's second epistle to the Thessalonians) }
{ First_Epistle_of_Paul_the_Apostle_to_Timothy, First_Epistle_to_Timothy, I_Timothy, Epistle,@i New_Testament,#p (a New Testament book containing Saint Paul's first epistle to Timothy; contains advice on pastoral matters) }
{ Second_Epistle_of_Paul_the_Apostle_to_Timothy, Second_Epistle_to_Timothy, II_Timothy, Epistle,@i New_Testament,#p (a New Testament book containing Saint Paul's second epistle to Timothy; contains advice on pastoral matters) }
{ Epistle_of_Paul_the_Apostle_to_Titus, Epistle_to_Titus, Titus, Epistle,@i New_Testament,#p (a New Testament book containing Saint Paul's epistle to Titus; contains advice on pastoral matters) }
{ Epistle_of_Paul_the_Apostle_to_Philemon, Epistle_to_Philemon, Philemon, Epistle,@i New_Testament,@i (a New Testament book containing an epistle from Saint Paul to Philemon asking Philemon to forgive the slave for escaping) }
{ Epistle_to_the_Hebrews, Hebrews, Epistle,@i New_Testament,#p (a New Testament book traditionally included among the epistle of Saint Paul but now generally considered not to have been written by him) }
{ Epistle_of_James, James, Epistle,@i New_Testament,#p (a New Testament book attributed to Saint James the Apostle) }
{ First_Epistle_of_Peter, I_Peter, Epistle,@i New_Testament,#p (the first New Testament book traditionally attributed to Saint Peter the Apostle) }
{ Second_Epistle_of_Peter, II_Peter, Epistle,@i New_Testament,#p (the second New Testament book traditionally attributed to Saint Peter the Apostle) }
{ First_Epistle_of_John, I_John, Epistle,@i New_Testament,#p (the first New Testament epistle traditionally attributed to Saint John the Apostle) } 
{ Second_Epistel_of_John, II_John, Epistle,@i New_Testament,#p (the second New Testament epistle traditionally attributed to Saint John the Apostle) }
{ Third_Epistel_of_John, III_John, Epistle,@i New_Testament,#p (the third New Testament epistle traditionally attributed to Saint John the Apostle) }
{ Epistle_of_Jude, Jude, Epistle,@i New_Testament,#p (a New Testament book attributed to Saint Jude) }
{ Revelation, Revelation_of_Saint_John_the_Divine, [ Apocalypse, adj.all:prophetic^apocalyptic,+ ] Book_of_Revelation, book3,@i New_Testament,#p (the last book of the New Testament; contains visionary descriptions of heaven and of conflicts between good and evil and of the end of the world; attributed to Saint John the Apostle) }

{ family_Bible, Bible,@ (a large Bible with pages to record marriages and births) }
{ Septuagint, Old_Testament,@i (the oldest Greek version of the Old Testament; said to have been translated from the Hebrew by Jewish scholars at the request of Ptolemy II) }
{ Vulgate, Bible,@i noun.group:Roman_Catholic_Church,;c (the Latin edition of the Bible translated from Hebrew and Greek mainly by St. Jerome at the end of the 4th century; as revised in 1592 it was adopted as the official text for the Roman Catholic Church) }
{ Douay_Bible, Douay_Version, Douay-Rheims_Bible, Douay-Rheims_Version, Rheims-Douay_Bible, Rheims-Douay_Version, Bible,@i (an English translation of the Vulgate by Roman Catholic scholars) }
{ Authorized_Version, King_James_Version, King_James_Bible, Bible,@i (an English translation of the Bible published in 1611) }
{ Revised_Version, Bible,@i (a British revision of the Authorized Version) }
{ New_English_Bible, Bible,@i (a modern English version of the Bible and Apocrypha) }
{ American_Standard_Version, American_Revised_Version, Bible,@i (a revised version of the King James Version) }
{ Revised_Standard_Version, Bible,@i (a revision of the American Standard Version) }
{ Old_Testament, Testament,@ Bible,#p (the collection of books comprising the sacred scripture of the Hebrews and recording their history as the chosen people; the first half of the Christian Bible) }
{ Torah, Pentateuch, Laws, sacred_text,@i Tanakh,#p Old_Testament,#p (the first of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures comprising the first five books of the Hebrew Bible considered as a unit) }
{ Torah1, sacred_text,@i (the whole body of the Jewish sacred writings and tradition including the oral tradition) }
{ Tanakh, Tanach, Hebrew_Scripture, sacred_text,@i (the Jewish scriptures which consist of three divisions--the Torah and the Prophets and the Writings) }
{ Prophets, Nebiim, sacred_text,@i Tanakh,#p (the second of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures) }
{ Haftorah, Haftarah, Haphtorah, Haphtarah, excerpt,@i (a short selection from the Prophets read on every Sabbath in a Jewish synagogue following a reading from the Torah) }
{ Hagiographa, Ketubim, Writings1, sacred_text,@i Tanakh,#p (the third of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures) }
{ Testament1, sacred_text,@ Bible,#p (either of the two main parts of the Christian Bible) }
{ New_Testament, Testament,@ Bible,#p (the collection of books of the Gospels, Acts of the Apostles, the Pauline and other epistles, and Revelation; composed soon after Christ's death; the second half of the Christian Bible) }
{ Gospel, Gospels, [ evangel, adj.pert:evangelical1,+ adj.pert:evangelical,+ ] sacred_text,@ New_Testament,#p (the four books in the New Testament (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John) that tell the story of Christ's life and teachings) }
{ Synoptic_Gospels, Synoptics, sacred_text,@ Gospel,#p (the first three Gospels which describe events in Christ's life from a similar point of view) }
{ Word_of_God1, Gospel,@ (the message of the Gospel of Christ) }
{ Book_of_Mormon, sacred_text,@i (a sacred text revealed to Joseph Smith in 1830 by an ancient prophet Mormon; supposedly a record of ancient peoples of America translated by Joseph Smith) }
{ [ prayer1, verb.communication:pray,+ ] sacred_text,@ (a fixed text used in praying) }
{ Agnus_Dei1, prayer1,@ (a liturgical prayer beginning with these Latin words) }
{ Angelus, prayer1,@i (a prayer said 3 times a day by Roman Catholics in memory of the Annunciation) }
{ Ave_Maria, Hail_Mary, prayer1,@i (a salutation to the Virgin Mary now used in prayers to her) }
{ Canticle_of_Simeon, Nunc_dimittis, prayer1,@i (the prayer of Simeon (Luke 2:29-32)) }
{ Evening_Prayer, evensong, prayer1,@i noun.group:Anglican_Church,;c ((Anglican Church) a daily evening service with prayers prescribed in the Book of Common Prayer) }
{ Kol_Nidre, prayer1,@i (the opening prayer on the eve of Yom Kippur) }
{ service_book, sacred_text,@ (a book setting forth the forms of church service) }
{ Book_of_Common_Prayer, service_book,@i (the Anglican service book of the Church of England; has had several revisions since the Reformation and is widely admired for the dignity and beauty of its language) }
{ Litany, prayer1,@i Book_of_Common_Prayer,#p (a prayer consisting of a series of invocations by the priest with responses from the congregation) }
{ Lord's_Prayer, prayer1,@i Sermon_on_the_Mount,#p (the prayer that Christ gave his disciples in the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 6:9-13)) }
{ Paternoster, Lord's_Prayer,@i noun.group:Roman_Catholic,;c ((Roman Catholic Church) the Lord's Prayer in Latin; translates as `our father') }

{ [ Apocrypha, adj.pert:apocryphal,+ ] sacred_text,@ Old_Testament,#p (14 books of the Old Testament included in the Vulgate (except for II Esdras) but omitted in Jewish and Protestant versions of the Bible; eastern Christian churches (except the Coptic Church) accept all these books as canonical; the Russian Orthodox Church accepts these texts as divinely inspired but does not grant them the same status) }
{ Additions_to_Esther, book3,@i Apocrypha,#p (an Apocryphal book consisting of text added to the Book of Esther) }
{ Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Children, book3,@i Apocrypha,#p (an Apocryphal book consisting of text added to the Book of Daniel) }
{ Susanna, Book_of_Susanna, book3,@i Apocrypha,#p (an Apocryphal book consisting of text added to the Book of Daniel) }
{ Bel_and_the_Dragon, book3,@i Apocrypha,#p (an Apocryphal book consisting of text added to the Book of Daniel) }
{ Baruch, Book_of_Baruch, book3,@i Apocrypha,#p (an Apocryphal book ascribed to Baruch) }
{ Letter_of_Jeremiah, Epistle_of_Jeremiah, book3,@i Apocrypha,#p (an Apocryphal book consisting of a letter ascribed to Jeremiah to the Jews in exile in Babylon warning them against idolatry) }
{ Tobit, Book_of_Tobit, book3,@i Apocrypha,#p (an Apocryphal book that was a popular novel for several centuries) }
{ Judith, Book_of_Judith, book3,@i Apocrypha,#p (an Apocryphal book telling how Judith saved her people) }
{ I_Esdra, 1_Esdras, book3,@i Apocrypha,#p (an Apocryphal book consisting of a compilation from I Chronicles and II Chronicles and Ezra and Nehemiah) }
{ II_Esdras, 2_Esdras, book3,@i Apocrypha,#p (an Apocryphal book of angelic revelations) }
{ Ben_Sira, Sirach, Ecclesiasticus, Wisdom_of_Jesus_the_Son_of_Sirach, book3,@i sapiential_book,#p Apocrypha,#p (an Apocryphal book mainly of maxims (resembling Proverbs in that respect)) }
{ Wisdom_of_Solomon, Wisdom, book3,@i sapiential_book,#p Apocrypha,#p (an Apocryphal book consisting mainly of a meditation on wisdom; although ascribed to Solomon it was probably written in the first century BC) }
{ I_Maccabees, 1_Maccabees, book3,@i Apocrypha,#p (an Apocryphal book describing the life of Judas Maccabaeus) }
{ II_Maccabees, 2_Maccabees, book3,@i Apocrypha,#p (an Apocryphal book describing the life of Judas Maccabaeus) }

{ sapiential_book, wisdom_book, wisdom_literature, sacred_text,@ (any of the biblical books (Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Wisdom of Solomon, Ecclesiasticus) that are considered to contain wisdom) }
{ Pseudepigrapha, sacred_text,@ (52 texts written between 200 BC and AD 200 but ascribed to various prophets and kings in the Hebrew scriptures; many are apocalyptic in nature) }

{ [ Koran, adj.pert:koranic,+ ] Quran, al-Qur'an, Book5, sacred_text,@i (the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina) }
{ sura, section,@ Koran,#p (one of the sections (or chapters) in the Koran; "the Quran is divided in 114 suras") }
{ Fatiha, Fatihah, sura,@i (the first or opening sura of the Quran which is the central prayer of Islam and is used on all special occasions as well as during the five daily prayers) }
{ Talmudic_literature, sacred_text,@ noun.cognition:Judaism,;c ((Judaism) ancient rabbinical writings) }
{ Talmud, Talmudic_literature,@i (the collection of ancient rabbinic writings on Jewish law and tradition (the Mishna and the Gemara) that constitute the basis of religious authority in Orthodox Judaism) }
{ Gemara, sacred_text,@i Talmud,#p (the second part of the Talmud consisting primarily of commentary on the Mishna) }
{ Mishna, Mishnah, sacred_text,@i Talmud,#p (the first part of the Talmud; a collection of early oral interpretations of the scriptures that was compiled about AD 200) }
{ Haggadah, Haggada, Hagada, Talmudic_literature,@ (Talmudic literature that does not deal with law but is still part of Jewish tradition) }
{ Halakah, Halaka, Halacha, Talmudic_literature,@ (Talmudic literature that deals with law and with the interpretation of the laws on the Hebrew Scriptures) }
{ Sanskrit_literature, literature,@ (Hindu literature written in Sanskrit) }
{ Hastinapura, Sanskrit_literature,@ (one of two classical Hindu epics; a great collection of poetry worked into and around a central heroic narrative (eight times as large as the Iliad and Odyssey combined)) }
{ [ Purana, adj.pert:puranic,+ ] Sanskrit_literature,@ (a body of 18 works written between the first and 11th centuries and incorporating legends and speculative histories of the universe and myths and customary observances) }
{ Ramayana, Sanskrit_literature,@i (one of two classical Hindu epics telling of the banishment of Rama from his kingdom and the abduction of his wife by a demon and Rama's restoration to the throne) }
{ tantra, Sanskrit_literature,@ (any of a fairly recent class of Hindu or Buddhist religious literature concerned with ritual acts of body and speech and mind) }
{ Vedic_literature, [ Veda, noun.person:vedist,+ ] sacred_text,@ noun.cognition:Hinduism,;c noun.communication:Sanskrit,;c ((from the Sanskrit word for `knowledge') any of the most ancient sacred writings of Hinduism written in early Sanskrit; traditionally believed to comprise the Samhitas, the Brahmanas, the Aranyakas, and the Upanishads) }
{ Samhita, Vedic_literature,@i (one of four collections of sacred texts) }
{ Rig-Veda, Samhita,@i (a Veda consisting of a collection of Hindu poems dating from before 2000 BC) }
{ Sama-Veda, Samhita,@i (a collection of mantras and tunes for use with the Rig-Veda) }
{ Atharva-Veda, Samhita,@i (a collection of mantras and formulas) }
{ Yajur-Veda, Samhita,@i (a collection of sacrificial formulas and prayers) }
{ Brahmana, Vedic_literature,@i (prose works attached to the Samhitas instructing the brahmins to perform the very elaborate sacrificial rituals) }
{ Aranyaka, Vedic_literature,@i (a treatise resembling a Brahmana but to be read or expounded by anchorites in the quiet of the forest) }
{ Vedanga, Vedic_literature,@i (Vedic texts from the fifth and fourth centuries BC dealing with phonetics and ritual injunctions and linguistics and grammar and etymology and lexicography and prosody and astronomy and astrology) }
{ Ayurveda, writing,@i Sanskrit,;c noun.cognition:Hinduism,;c ((Sanskrit) an ancient medical treatise summarizing the Hindu art of healing and prolonging life; sometimes regarded as a 5th Veda) }
{ Upanishad, sacred_text,@i (a later sacred text of Hinduism of a mystical nature dealing with metaphysical questions; "the Vedanta philosophy developed from the pantheistic views of the Upanishads") }
{ mantra, sacred_text,@ noun.cognition:Hinduism,;c noun.cognition:Buddhism,;c ((Sanskrit) literally a `sacred utterance' in Vedism; one of a collection of orally transmitted poetic hymns) }
{ [ psalm2, noun.person:psalmist,+ ] sacred_text,@ (any sacred song used to praise the deity) }
{ [ Psalm, noun.person:psalmist,+ ] sacred_text,@i Old_Testament,#p (one of the 150 lyrical poems and prayers that comprise the Book of Psalms in the Old Testament; said to have been written by David) }

{ [ summary, adj.all:concise^summary,+ verb.communication:summarize,+ verb.communication:summarise,+ ] sum-up, statement,@ (a brief statement that presents the main points in a concise form; "he gave a summary of the conclusions") }
{ [ summarization1, verb.stative:summarize,+ verb.communication:summarize,+ ] [ summarisation1, verb.stative:summarise,+ verb.communication:summarise,+ ] report1,@ (the act of preparing a summary (or an instance thereof); stating briefly and succinctly) }
{ argument1, literary_argument, summary,@ (a summary of the subject or plot of a literary work or play or movie; "the editor added the argument to the poem") }
{ capitulation, summary,@ (a summary that enumerates the main parts of a topic) }
{ [ compendium, adj.all:concise^compendious,+ ] summary,@ (a concise but comprehensive summary of a larger work) }
{ [ condensation, verb.change:condense,+ ] [ abridgement, verb.change:abridge,+ ] abridgment, [ capsule, verb.change:capsulize,+ verb.change:capsulise,+ ] summary,@ (a shortened version of a written work) }
{ conspectus, summary,@ (an overall summary) }
{ curriculum_vitae, CV, resume1, summary,@ (a summary of your academic and work history) }
{ line_score, summary,@ (a summary of the scoring in a game (usually in tabular form)) }
{ [ brief, verb.communication:brief,+ ] outline,@ (a condensed written summary or abstract) }
{ apercu, outline,@ (a short synopsis) }
{ [ epitome, verb.stative:epitomize,+ verb.stative:epitomise,+ ] outline,@ (a brief abstract (as of an article or book)) }
{ [ outline, verb.communication:outline,+ ] [ synopsis, adj.pert:synoptic,+ ] [ abstract, verb.communication:abstract,+ ] [ precis, verb.communication:precis,+ ] summary,@ (a sketchy summary of the main points of an argument or theory) }
{ overview, summary,@ (a general summary of a subject; "the treasurer gave a brief overview of the financial consequences") }
{ [ recapitulation, verb.communication:recapitulate,+ ] [ recap, verb.communication:recap,+ ] [ review, verb.cognition:review1,+ ] capitulation,@ (a summary at the end that repeats the substance of a longer discussion) }
{ roundup, summary,@ (a summary list; as in e.g. "a news roundup") }
{ [ sketch, adj.all:incomplete^sketchy,+ verb.communication:sketch,+ ] [ survey, verb.cognition:survey,+ ] [ resume, verb.communication:resume,+ ] summary,@ (short descriptive summary (of events)) }
{ [ summation, adj.all:additive^summational,+ verb.stative:sum,+ ] summing_up, rundown, summary,@ noun.group:law,;c (a concluding summary (as in presenting a case before a law court)) }

{ [ document, adj.pert:documental,+ adj.pert:documentary,+ verb.cognition:document,+ ] written_document, papers, writing,@ (writing that provides information (especially information of an official nature)) }
{ articles_of_incorporation, legal_document,@ charter,#p (a legal document that creates a corporation; it is filed with a state by the founders of a corporation and is governed by the laws of the state) }
{ [ ballot, verb.social:ballot,+ ] document,@ (a document listing the alternatives that is used in voting) }
{ [ brevet, verb.social:brevet,+ ] document,@ (a document entitling a commissioned officer to hold a higher rank temporarily (but without higher pay)) }
{ capitulation1, document,@ (a document containing the terms of surrender) }
{ [ certificate, verb.social:certify,+ verb.possession:certificate,+ verb.communication:certificate,+ ] [ certification1, verb.social:certify2,+ verb.social:certify,+ ] credential, credentials, document,@ (a document attesting to the truth of certain stated facts) }
{ [ charter, verb.social:charter,+ ] document,@ (a document incorporating an institution and specifying its rights; includes the articles of incorporation and the certificate of incorporation) }
{ commercial_document, commercial_instrument, document,@ (a document of or relating to commerce) }
{ [ confession1, verb.communication:confess1,+ verb.communication:confess,+ ] document,@ (a written document acknowledging an offense and signed by the guilty party) }
{ confession3, religious_doctrine,@ (the document that spells out the belief system of a given church (especially the Reformation churches of the 16th century)) }
{ Augsburg_Confession, confession3,@i (the document drawn up in 1555 to defend the catholicity of Lutheran doctrine and to justify innovations in Lutheran practice; is still in effect today) }
{ [ copula, adj.pert:copular,+ ] [ copulative, adj.all:conjunctive^copulative,+ ] linking_verb, verb,@ (an equating verb (such as `be' or `become') that links the subject with the complement of a sentence) }
{ frequentative, verb,@ (a verb form that serves to express frequent repetition of an action) }
{ [ copyright, verb.possession:copyright,+ ] right_of_first_publication, document,@ noun.attribute:legal_right,@ (a document granting exclusive right to publish and sell literary or musical or artistic work) }
{ [ enclosure, verb.change:enclose,+ ] inclosure, document,@ (something (usually a supporting document) that is enclosed in an envelope with a covering letter) }
{ form1, document,@ (a printed document with spaces in which to write; "he filled out his tax form") }
{ application_form, form1,@ (a form to use when making an application) }
{ claim_form, form1,@ (a form to use when filing a claim) }
{ order_form, form1,@ (a form to use when placing an order) }
{ questionnaire, form1,@ (a form containing a set of questions; submitted to people to gain statistical information) }
{ personality_inventory, personality_assessment, questionnaire,@ noun.act:personality_test,@ (a questionnaire that is supposed to yield a description of a person's personality traits; "a personality inventory is a direct test of personality, as contrasted with a projective test") }
{ self-report_personality_inventory, self-report_inventory, personality_inventory,@ (a personality inventory in which a person is asked which of a list of traits and characteristics describe her or him or to indicate which behaviors and hypothetical choices he or she would make) }
{ California_Personality_Inventory, CPI1, self-report_personality_inventory,@ (a self-report personality inventory originally derived from the MMPI; consists of several hundred yes-no questions and yields scores on a number of scales including dominance and self acceptance and self control and socialization and achievement etc.) }
{ Eysenck_Personality_Inventory, EPI, self-report_personality_inventory,@ (a self-report personality inventory based on Hans Eysenck's factor analysis of personality which assumes three basic factors (the two most important being extraversion to introversion and neuroticism)) }
{ Minnesota_Multiphasic_Personality_Inventory, MMPI, self-report_personality_inventory,@ (a self-report personality inventory consisting of 550 items that describe feelings or actions which the person is asked to agree with or disagree with; many scales estimating traits and qualities of personality have been developed using MMPI items) }
{ Sixteen_Personality_Factor_Questionnaire, 16_PF, self-report_personality_inventory,@ (a self-report personality inventory developed by Raymond B. Cattell to measure the 16 personality dimensions that emerged from his factor analysis of a wide range of traits) }
{ [ requisition1, verb.communication:requisition,+ ] requisition_form, form1,@ (an official form on which a request in made; "first you have to fill out the requisition") }
{ tax_form, form1,@ (a form to use when paying your taxes) }
{ telegraph_form, form1,@ (a form to use when sending a telegram) }
{ absentee_ballot, ballot,@ noun.act:election1,;c ((election) a ballot that is cast while absent (usually mailed in prior to election day)) }
{ certificate_of_incorporation, certificate,@ charter,#p (state approval of the articles of incorporation of a corporation) }
{ bank_charter, charter,@ (a charter authorizing the operation of a bank) }
{ Magna_Carta, Magna_Charta, The_Great_Charter, royal_charter,@i noun.location:Great_Britain1,;r (the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215) }
{ royal_charter, charter,@ noun.location:Great_Britain1,;r (a charter granted by the sovereign (especially in Great Britain)) }
{ [ card1, verb.cognition:card,+ ] identity_card, positive_identification,@ (a card certifying the identity of the bearer; "he had to show his card to get in") }
{ donor_card, card1,@ (a card that you carry on your person and that authorizes the use of your organs for transplantation after your death) }
{ keycard, card1,@ (a plastic card that has a magnetically coded strip that is scanned in order to operate a mechanism) }
{ membership_card, card1,@ (a card certifying membership in an organization) }
{ union_card, membership_card,@ (a card certifying membership in a labor union) }
{ library_card, borrower's_card, card1,@ (a card certifying the bearer's right to use the library) }
{ ration_card, card1,@ (a card certifying the bearer's right to purchase rationed goods) }
{ birth_certificate, certificate,@ (a copy of the official document giving details of a person's birth) }
{ diploma, sheepskin, certificate,@ (a document certifying the successful completion of a course of study) }
{ Higher_National_Diploma, HND, diploma,@ noun.location:Great_Britain1,;r (a diploma given for vocational training that prepares the student for a career in a particular area; good students may progress to a course leading to a degree) }
{ commission, military_commission, certificate,@ noun.group:military,;c (an official document issued by a government and conferring on the recipient the rank of an officer in the armed forces) }
{ bill_of_health, certificate,@ (a certificate saying that a departing ship's company is healthy (to be presented at the next port of arrival)) }
{ [ registration, verb.social:register,+ ] certificate,@ (a document certifying an act of registering) }
{ teaching_certificate, teacher's_certificate, certificate,@ (a certificate saying that the holder is qualified to teach in the public schools) }
{ legal_document, legal_instrument, official_document, [ instrument, verb.communication:instrument,+ ] document,@ noun.group:law,;c ((law) a document that states some contractual relationship or grants some right) }
{ derivative_instrument, [ derivative1, adj.all:derived^derivative,+ ] legal_document,@ noun.group:law,;c (a financial instrument whose value is based on another security) }
{ futures_contract, derivative_instrument,@ (an agreement to buy or sell a specific amount of a commodity or financial instrument at a particular price on a stipulated future date; the contract can be sold before the settlement date) }
{ stock-index_futures, futures_contract,@ (a futures contract based on a stock index; a bet on the future price of the indexed group of stocks) }
{ negotiable_instrument, legal_document,@ noun.group:law,;c (an unconditional order or promise to pay an amount of money) }
{ [ list, verb.communication:list1,+ verb.social:list,+ verb.communication:list,+ ] [ listing, verb.communication:list1,+ verb.communication:list,+ ] database,@ (a database containing an ordered array of items (names or topics)) }
{ [ item, verb.communication:itemize,+ verb.communication:itemise,+ ] point3, noun.relation:part,@ list,#p (a distinct part that can be specified separately in a group of things that could be enumerated on a list; "he noticed an item in the New York Times"; "she had several items on her shopping list"; "the main point on the agenda was taken up first") }
{ agenda_item, item,@ agenda,#p (one of the items to be considered) }
{ incidental, item,@ (an item that is incidental) }
{ inventory_item, item,@ inventory,#p (an item listed in an inventory) }
{ line_item, item,@ appropriation_bill,#p (an item in an appropriation bill; "Some governors can veto line items in their state budgets") }
{ news_item, item,@ newspaper,#p (an item in a newspaper) }
{ [ place2, verb.competition:place2,+ verb.cognition:place3,+ verb.cognition:place1,+ ] position1, item,@ (an item on a list or in a sequence; "in the second place"; "moved from third to fifth position") }
{ [ postposition, verb.contact:postpose,+ ] place2,@ noun.cognition:linguistics,;c ((linguistics) the placing of one linguistic element after another (as placing a modifier after the word that it modifies in a sentence or placing an affix after the base to which it is attached)) }
{ [ preposition1, verb.contact:prepose,+ ] place2,@ noun.cognition:linguistics,;c ((linguistics) the placing of one linguistic element before another (as placing a modifier before the word it modifies in a sentence or placing an affix before the base to which it is attached)) }
{ [ topicalization1, verb.communication:topicalize,+ ] emphasis1,@ noun.cognition:linguistics,;c ((linguistics) emphasis placed on the topic or focus of a sentence by preposing it to the beginning of the sentence; placing the topic at the beginning of the sentence is typical for English; "`Those girls, they giggle when they see me' and `Cigarettes, you couldn't pay me to smoke them' are examples of topicalization") }
{ ammunition, information,@ (information that can be used to attack or defend a claim or argument or viewpoint; "his admission provided ammunition for his critics") }
{ factoid, news_item,@ (a brief (usually one sentence and usually trivial) news item) }
{ factoid1, information,@ (something resembling a fact; unverified (often invented) information that is given credibility because it appeared in print) }

{ papyrus1, document,@ (a document written on papyrus) }
{ agenda, agendum, order_of_business, list,@ (a list of matters to be taken up (as at a meeting)) }
{ A-list, list,@ (a list of names of specially favored people; "the boss gave me his A-list of people we should try to recruit") }
{ [ docket, verb.communication:docket,+ verb.communication:docket1,+ ] calendar1,@ noun.group:law,;c ((law) the calendar of a court; the list of cases to be tried or a summary of the court's activities) }
{ order_of_the_day, agenda,@ (the order of business for an assembly on a given day) }
{ order_paper, order_book, order_of_the_day,@ (a printed copy of the order of the day) }
{ network_programming, schedule,@ (the schedule of programs to be broadcast on a network) }
{ lineup1, network_programming,@ (the schedule of programs for a particular period; "the network's fall lineup") }
{ batting_order, card3, lineup, roll,@ noun.act:baseball,;c ((baseball) a list of batters in the order in which they will bat; "the managers presented their cards to the umpire at home plate") }
{ cleanup, cleanup_position, cleanup_spot, noun.act:position2,@ batting_order,#p noun.act:baseball,;c ((baseball) the fourth position in the batting order (usually filled by the best batter on the team)) }
{ [ bibliography, adj.pert:bibliographical,+ noun.person:bibliographer,+ ] list,@ (a list of writings with time and place of publication (such as the writings of a single author or the works referred to in preparing a document etc.)) }
{ bill6, list,@ (a list of particulars (as a playbill or bill of fare)) }
{ bill_of_entry, bill6,@ (a list of goods received at a customhouse for export or import) }
{ bill_of_goods, bill6,@ (a consignment of merchandise) }
{ [ blacklist, verb.social:blacklist,+ ] black_book, shitlist, list,@ (a list of people who are out of favor) }
{ [ calendar1, verb.cognition:calendar,+ ] list,@ (a list or register of events (appointments or social events or court cases etc); "I have you on my calendar for next Monday") }
{ calorie_chart, list,@ (a list of foods and information about their caloric content) }
{ [ canon3, verb.communication:canonize,+ verb.communication:canonise,+ ] list,@ (a complete list of saints that have been recognized by the Roman Catholic Church) }
{ [ catalog1, verb.creation:catalog,+ verb.cognition:catalog,+ ] [ catalogue1, verb.creation:catalogue,+ verb.cognition:catalogue,+ ] list,@ (a complete list of things; usually arranged systematically; "it does not pretend to be a catalog of his achievements") }
{ discography, catalog1,@ (a descriptive catalog of musical recordings) }
{ library_catalog, library_catalogue, catalog1,@ (an enumeration of all the resources of a library) }
{ card_catalog, card_catalogue, library_catalog,@ (a library catalog in which each publication is described on a separate file card) }
{ parts_catalog, parts_catalogue, catalog1,@ (a list advertising parts for machinery along with prices) }
{ seed_catalog, seed_catalogue, catalog1,@ (a list advertising seeds and their prices) }
{ character_set, list,@ (an ordered list of characters that are used together in writing or printing) }
{ chart1, list,@ noun.communication:plural,;u ((usually plural) a listing of best-selling recorded music; "number 2 on the charts") }
{ checklist, list,@ (a list of items (names or tasks etc.) to be checked or consulted) }
{ class_list, honours_list, list,@ noun.location:Britain,;r (a list issued by examiners that categorizes students according to the class of honours they achieved in their degree examinations) }
{ clericalism, policy,@ (a policy of supporting the influence and power of the clergy in secular or political matters) }
{ codex1, list,@ (an official list of chemicals or medicines etc.) }
{ contents, table_of_contents, list,@ noun.group:table,@ publication,#p (a list of divisions (chapters or articles) and the pages on which they start) }
{ corrigenda, list,@ (a list of printing errors in a book along with their corrections) }
{ credits, acknowledgment,@ list,@ movie,#p (a list of acknowledgements of those who contributed to the creation of a film (usually run at the end of the film)) }
{ criminal_record, record, list,@ (a list of crimes for which an accused person has been previously convicted; "he ruled that the criminal record of the defendant could not be disclosed to the court"; "the prostitute had a record a mile long") }
{ directory1, list,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) a listing of the files stored in memory (usually on a hard disk)) }
{ distribution_list, list,@ (list of names to whom a communication should be sent) }
{ subdirectory, directory1,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) a directory that is listed in another directory) }
{ [ enumeration, verb.communication:enumerate,+ ] [ numbering, verb.communication:number3,+ verb.communication:number1,+ ] list,@ (a numbered list) }
{ FAQ, list,@ (a list of questions that are frequently asked (about a given topic) along with their answers) }
{ free_list, list,@ (a list of commodities that are not subject to tariffs) }
{ grocery_list, shopping_list,@ (a list of groceries to be purchased) }
{ grocery_list1, shopping_list1, list,@ (a list of heterogenous items that someone wants; "the union came to the table with a whole grocery list of demands") }
{ hit_list, list,@ (a list of victims to be eliminated (as by murder)) }
{ hit_parade, list,@ (a ranked list of the songs that are most popular at a given time) }
{ [ index, adj.pert:indexical,+ verb.possession:index,+ verb.social:index,+ ] list,@ back_matter,#p (an alphabetical listing of names and topics along with page numbers where they are discussed) }
{ [ concordance, verb.contact:concord,+ ] index,@ (an index of all main words in a book along with their immediate contexts) }
{ key2, list,@ (a list of words or phrases that explain symbols or abbreviations) }
{ key_word2, key2,@ (a word that is used as a pattern to decode an encrypted message) }
{ key3, list,@ (a list of answers to a test; "some students had stolen the key to the final exam") }
{ parts_inventory, inventory,@ (an inventory of replacement parts) }
{ inventory, stock_list, list,@ (a detailed list of all the items in stock) }
{ mailing_list, list,@ (a list of names and addresses to which advertising material is mailed) }
{ menu, bill_of_fare, card5, carte_du_jour, carte, bill6,@ (a list of dishes available at a restaurant; "the menu was in French") }
{ masthead1, flag1, list,@ (a listing printed in all issues of a newspaper or magazine (usually on the editorial page) that gives the name of the publication and the names of the editorial staff, etc.) }
{ menu1, computer_menu, list,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) a list of options available to a computer user) }
{ drop-down_menu, menu1,@ (a menu of options that appears below the item when the computer user clicks on it) } 
{ hierarchical_menu, cascading_menu, submenu, menu1,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c (a secondary menu that appears while you are holding the cursor over an item on the primary menu) }
{ necrology1, list,@ (a list of people who died recently) }
{ playlist, play_list, list,@ (a list of musical selections for performance or for broadcast by radio) }
{ portfolio, list,@ (a list of the financial assets held by an individual or a bank or other financial institution; "they were disappointed by the poor returns on their stock portfolio") }
{ posting1, list,@ noun.act:bookkeeping,;c ((bookkeeping) a listing on the company's records; "the posting was made in the cash account") }
{ price_list, list,@ (a listing of prices for different goods or services) }
{ push-down_list, push-down_stack, stack, list,@ (a list in which the next item to be removed is the item most recently stored (LIFO)) }
{ queue, list,@ noun.cognition:information_processing,;c ((information processing) an ordered list of tasks to be performed or messages to be transmitted) }
{ roll, roster1, list,@ (a list of names; "his name was struck off the rolls") }
{ death-roll, roll,@ (a list of persons killed in a war or other disaster) }
{ [ schedule, verb.communication:schedule,+ ] list,@ (an ordered list of times at which things are planned to occur) }
{ shopping_list, list,@ (a list of items to be purchased) }
{ short_list, shortlist, list,@ (a list of applicants winnowed from a longer list who have been deemed suitable and from which the successful person will be chosen) }
{ sick_list, list,@ (a list of those who are ill (e.g. on a warship or in a regiment etc)) }
{ [ slate2, verb.social:slate,+ ] ticket2, list,@ (a list of candidates nominated by a political party to run for election to public offices) }
{ standing, list,@ (an ordered listing of scores or results showing the relative positions of competitors (individuals or teams) in a sporting event) }
{ wish_list, list,@ (a list of events that you wish would occur) }
{ timetable, schedule,@ (a schedule of times of arrivals and departures) }
{ timetable1, schedule,@ (a schedule listing events and the times at which they will take place) }
{ muster_roll, roll,@ noun.group:military,;c (a list of names of officers and men in a military unit or ship's company) }
{ church_roll, roll,@ (a list of the members of church) }
{ rota, roll,@ noun.location:Britain,;r (a roster of names showing the order in which people should perform certain duties) }
{ waiting_list, roll,@ (a roster of those waiting to obtain something) }
{ a_la_carte, menu,@ (a menu having individual dishes listed with separate prices) }
{ prix_fixe, menu,@ (a menu listing fixed meals at fixed prices) }
{ table_d'hote, menu,@ (a menu offering a complete meal with limited choices at a fixed price) }
{ [ alphabet, adj.pert:alphabetic,+ adj.pert:alphabetical,+ adj.all:alphabetical,+ verb.possession:alphabetize,+ verb.change:alphabetize,+ verb.change:alphabetise,+ ] character_set,@ script1,@ (a character set that includes letters and is used to write a language) }
{ Roman_alphabet, Latin_alphabet, alphabet,@ bicameral_script,@ (the alphabet evolved by the ancient Romans which serves for writing most of the languages of western Europe) }
{ Hebrew_alphabet, Hebraic_alphabet, Hebrew_script, alphabet,@ unicameral_script,@ (a Semitic alphabet used since the 5th century BC for writing the Hebrew language (and later for writing Yiddish and Ladino)) }
{ Greek_alphabet, alphabet,@ (the alphabet used by ancient Greeks) }
{ Cyrillic_alphabet, [ Cyrillic, adj.pert:cyrillic,+ ] alphabet,@ bicameral_script,@ (an alphabet derived from the Greek alphabet and used for writing Slavic languages (Russian, Bulgarian, Serbian, Ukrainian, and some other Slavic languages)) }
{ Arabic_alphabet, alphabet,@ unicameral_script,@ (the alphabet of 28 characters derived from Aramaic and used for writing Arabic languages (and borrowed for writing Urdu)) }
{ [ alphanumerics, adj.pert:alphamerical,+ adj.pert:alphanumerical,+ ] alphanumeric_characters, character_set,@ (a character set that includes letters and digits and punctuation) }
{ phonetic_alphabet, sound_alphabet, alphabet,@ (an alphabet of characters intended to represent specific sounds of speech) }
{ visible_speech, phonetic_alphabet,@ (a phonetic alphabet invented by Melville Bell in the 19th century) }
{ manual_alphabet, finger_alphabet, alphabet,@ ASL,#p (an alphabet used by the deaf; letters are represented by finger positions) }
{ passport, legal_document,@ noun.group:law,;c (a document issued by a country to a citizen allowing that person to travel abroad and re-enter the home country) }
{ [ patent1, verb.social:patent,+ verb.possession:patent,+ ] patent_of_invention, document,@ (a document granting an inventor sole rights to an invention) }
{ platform, political_platform, political_program, program4, document,@ (a document stating the aims and principles of a political party; "their candidate simply ignored the party platform"; "they won the election even though they offered no positive program") }
{ plank, policy,@ platform,#p (an endorsed policy in the platform of a political party) }
{ ship's_papers, legal_document,@ noun.group:law,;c (official papers which a ship is legally required to have; related to ownership, cargo, etc.) }
{ manifest, legal_document,@ noun.group:law,;c (a customs document listing the contents put on a ship or plane) }
{ push-down_queue, queue,@ (a queue in which the last item to go in is the first item to come out (LIFO)) }

{ cadaster, [ cadastre, adj.pert:cadastral,+ ] register,@ (a public register showing the details of ownership and value of land; made for the purpose of taxation) }
{ written_record, written_account, record3,@ (a written document preserving knowledge of facts or events) }
{ blotter, day_book, police_blotter, rap_sheet, charge_sheet, written_record,@ (the daily written record of events (as arrests) in a police station) }
{ [ casebook, adj.all:standard1^casebook,+ ] written_record,@ (a book in which detailed written records of a case are kept and which are a source of information for subsequent work) }
{ [ chronology, adj.pert:chronological,+ verb.change:chronologize,+ ] written_record,@ (a record of events in the order of their occurrence) }
{ Domesday_Book, Doomsday_Book, written_record,@i (record of a British census and land survey in 1085-1086 ordered by William the Conqueror) }
{ dossier, written_record,@ (a collection of papers containing detailed information about a particular person or subject (usually a person's record)) }
{ [ entry1, verb.communication:enter4,+ ] written_record,@ (an item inserted in a written record) }
{ [ log, verb.communication:log,+ ] written_record,@ noun.artifact:ship,;c noun.artifact:plane1,;c (a written record of events on a voyage (of a ship or plane)) }
{ logbook, record2,@ (a book in which the log is written) }
{ log2, written_record,@ (a written record of messages sent or received; "they kept a log of all transmission by the radio station"; "an email log") }
{ bell_book, logbook,@ (a logbook in which all orders concerning the main engines of a ship are recorded) }
{ [ note, verb.communication:note1,+ ] written_record,@ (a brief written record; "he made a note of the appointment") }
{ paper_trail, written_record,@ (the written evidence of someone's activities; "this paper trail consisted mainly of electronically stored information") }
{ timecard, written_record,@ (a card recording an employee's starting and quitting times each work day) }
{ timeline, chronology,@ (a sequence of related events arranged in chronological order and displayed along a line (usually drawn left to right or top to bottom)) }
{ time_sheet, written_record,@ (a record of the hours worked by employees) }
{ [ nolle_prosequi, verb.change:nolle_prosequi,+ ] nol_pros, entry1,@ (an entry in the court record to the effect that the plaintiff or prosecutor will not proceed) }
{ notebook_entry, entry1,@ (an entry in a notebook) }
{ transcript, [ copy, noun.person:copyist,+ verb.creation:copy5,+ ] written_record,@ noun.group:law,;c (a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record)) }
{ memorabilia, record3,@ (a record of things worth remembering) }
{ [ jotting, verb.communication:jot,+ ] [ jot, verb.communication:jot,+ ] note,@ (a brief (and hurriedly handwritten) note) }
{ marginalia, note,@ (notes written in the margin) }
{ scholium, scholia, marginalia,@ (a marginal note written by a scholiast (a commentator on ancient or classical literature)) }
{ memo, memorandum, memoranda, note,@ (a written proposal or reminder) }
{ minute, note,@ (a short note; "the secretary keeps the minutes of the meeting") }
{ aide-memoire, position_paper1, memo,@ (a memorandum summarizing the items of an agreement (used especially in diplomatic communications)) }
{ corker, message,@ noun.communication:slang,;u ((dated slang) a remarkable or excellent thing or person; "that story was a corker") }
{ [ reminder, verb.cognition:remind,+ ] message,@ (a message that helps you remember something; "he ignored his wife's reminders") }
{ check_register, register,@ (a register of checks issued (usually in numeric order)) }
{ [ register, verb.social:register5,+ verb.communication:register3,+ verb.social:register,+ ] [ registry, verb.social:register,+ verb.communication:register3,+ ] written_record,@ (an official written record of names or events or transactions) }
{ studbook, register,@ (official record of the pedigree of purebred animals especially horses) }
{ rent-roll, register,@ (a register of rents; includes the names of tenants and the amount of rent they pay) }
{ won-lost_record, record2,@ noun.act:sport,;c ((sports) a record of win versus losses) }
{ blue_book, directory,@ (a register of persons who are socially prominent) }
{ stub1, check_stub, counterfoil, record3,@ (the part of a check that is retained as a record) }
{ card6, scorecard, record2,@ noun.act:golf,;c ((golf) a record of scores (as in golf); "you have to turn in your card to get a handicap") }
{ minutes, proceedings, transactions, written_record,@ minute_book,#p (a written account of what transpired at a meeting) }
{ minute_book, written_record,@ (a book in which minutes have been written) }
{ Congressional_Record, minutes,@ (a published written account of the speeches and debates and votes of the United States Congress) }
{ Hansard, minutes,@ (the official published verbatim report of the proceedings of a parliamentary body; originally of the British Parliament; "the Canadian Hansard is published in both English and French") }
{ [ file, verb.communication:file1,+ verb.communication:file,+ verb.communication:file2,+ ] data_file, record3,@ (a set of related records (either written or electronic) kept together) }
{ Combined_DNA_Index_System, file,@i (the DNA file maintained by the Federal Bureau of Investigation) }
{ computer_file, file,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) a file maintained in computer-readable form) }
{ backup_file, computer_file,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) a computer file dedicated to storing and updating computer backups) }
{ binary_file, computer_file,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) a computer file containing machine-readable information that must be read by an application; characters use all 8 bits of each byte) }
{ master_file, main_file, computer_file,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) a computer file that is used as the authority in a given job and that is relatively permanent) }
{ disk_file, computer_file,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) a computer file stored on a magnetic disk and identified by a unique label) }
{ transaction_file, detail_file, computer_file,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) a computer file containing relatively transient data about a particular data processing task) }
{ input_file, input_data, computer_file,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) a computer file that contains data that serve as input to a device or program) }
{ output_file, computer_file,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) a computer file that contains data that are the output of a device or program) }
{ read-only_file, computer_file,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) a file that you can read but cannot change) }
{ text_file, [ document1, adj.pert:documentary,+ ] computer_file,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) a computer file that contains text (and possibly formatting instructions) using seven-bit ASCII characters) }
{ ASCII_text_file, text_file,@ (a text file that contains only ASCII characters without special formatting) }
{ mug_file, mug_book, file,@ (a file of mug shots (pictures of criminals that are kept on file by the police)) }
{ [ resignation1, verb.social:resign5,+ ] document,@ (a formal document giving notice of your intention to resign; "he submitted his resignation as of next month") }
{ [ abdication1, verb.social:abdicate,+ ] stepping_down1, resignation1,@ (the act of abdicating) }
{ resolution1, declaration1, [ resolve, verb.cognition:resolve2,+ verb.communication:resolve,+ verb.cognition:resolve1,+ ] document,@ (a formal expression by a meeting; agreed to by a vote) }
{ Declaration_of_Independence, resolution1,@i (the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the Colonies from Great Britain) }
{ joint_resolution, resolution1,@ noun.location:US,;r noun.group:law,;c (a resolution passed by both houses of Congress which becomes legally binding when signed by the Chief Executive (or passed over the Chief Executive's veto)) }
{ [ application, verb.communication:apply,+ ] request1,@ (a verbal or written request for assistance or employment or admission to a school; "December 31 is the deadline for applications") }
{ job_application, application,@ (an application for a job) }
{ credit_application, application,@ (an application for a line of credit) }
{ loan_application, application,@ (an application to borrow money) }
{ mortgage_application, loan_application,@ (an application for a mortgage loan) }
{ patent_application, application,@ (an application for sole rights to an invention) }
{ [ request1, verb.communication:request2,+ ] [ petition, adj.all:beseeching^petitionary,+ verb.communication:petition,+ ] postulation1, message,@ (a formal message requesting something that is submitted to an authority) }
{ memorial1, message,@ (a written statement of facts submitted in conjunction with a petition to an authority) }
{ solicitation1, appeal2, collection1, ingathering, request1,@ (request for a sum of money; "an appeal to raise money for starving children") }
{ whip-round, solicitation1,@ noun.location:Britain,;r ((British) solicitation of money usually for a benevolent purpose) }
{ [ history, adj.all:important^historic,+ ] account, [ chronicle, verb.communication:chronicle,+ ] story4, record3,@ noun.cognition:history,;c (a record or narrative description of past events; "a history of France"; "he gave an inaccurate account of the plot to kill the president"; "the story of exposure to lead") }
{ ancient_history, history,@ (a history of the ancient world) }
{ [ etymology, adj.pert:etymological,+ noun.person:etymologist,+ verb.communication:etymologize,+ verb.cognition:etymologize,+ ] history,@ (a history of a word) }
{ folk_etymology, etymology,@ (a popular but erroneous etymology) }
{ case_history, history,@ (detailed record of the background of a person or group under study or treatment) }
{ family_history, case_history,@ medical_history,#p (part of a patient's medical history in which questions are asked in an attempt to find out whether the patient has hereditary tendencies toward particular diseases) }
{ medical_history, medical_record, [ anamnesis, adj.pert:anamnestic,+ ] case_history,@ (the case history of a medical patient as recalled by the patient) }
{ historical_document, historical_paper, historical_record, history,@ (writing having historical value (as opposed to fiction or myth etc.)) }
{ [ annals, adj.pert:annalistic,+ noun.person:annalist,+ ] chronological_record, history,@ (a chronological account of events in successive years) }
{ [ biography, adj.pert:biographical,+ noun.person:biographer,+ ] life, life_story, life_history, history,@ (an account of the series of events making up a person's life) }
{ [ autobiography, adj.pert:autobiographical1,+ adj.pert:autobiographical,+ noun.person:autobiographer,+ ] biography,@ (a biography of yourself) }
{ [ hagiography, noun.person:hagiographer,+ ] biography,@ (a biography that idealizes or idolizes the person (especially a person who is a saint)) }
{ [ profile, verb.creation:profile1,+ ] biography,@ (biographical sketch) }
{ memoir, autobiography,@ (an account of the author's personal experiences) }

{ statement1, financial_statement, commercial_document,@ (a document showing credits and debits) }
{ bank_statement, statement1,@ (a periodic statement prepared by a bank for each client; "I wish my bank statement arrived earlier in the month") }
{ [ bill1, verb.possession:bill,+ ] [ account2, verb.possession:account,+ ] [ invoice, verb.possession:invoice,+ ] statement1,@ (an itemized statement of money owed for goods shipped or services rendered; "he paid his bill and left"; "send me an account of what I owe") }
{ electric_bill, bill1,@ (a bill for money owed for electricity used) }
{ hotel_bill, bill1,@ (statement of charges for staying in a hotel) }
{ medical_bill, doctor's_bill, bill1,@ (statement of charges for medical services) }
{ phone_bill, telephone_bill, bill1,@ (statement of charges for telephone service) }
{ reckoning, tally, bill1,@ (a bill for an amount due) }
{ tax_bill, bill1,@ (money owed for taxes) }
{ check, chit, tab, bill1,@ (the bill in a restaurant; "he asked the waiter for the check") }
{ coupon, voucher, commercial_document,@ (a negotiable certificate that can be detached and redeemed as needed) }
{ book_token, coupon,@ noun.location:Britain,;r (a gift voucher that can be exchanged for books costing up to an amount given on the voucher) }
{ meal_ticket, luncheon_voucher, coupon,@ (coupon redeemable at a restaurant and entitling the holder to a meal) }
{ twofer1, coupon,@ (a coupon that allows the holder to purchase two items (as two tickets to a play) for the price of one) }
{ [ ticket1, verb.possession:ticket1,+ ] commercial_document,@ (a commercial document showing that the holder is entitled to something (as to ride on public transportation or to enter a public entertainment)) }
{ commutation_ticket, season_ticket, ticket1,@ (a ticket good for several trips or to attend a season of entertainments; sold at a reduced rate) }
{ plane_ticket, airplane_ticket, ticket1,@ (a ticket good for a trip on an airplane) }
{ pass4, ticket1,@ (a complimentary ticket; "the star got passes for his family") }
{ [ transfer1, verb.motion:transfer2,+ ] ticket1,@ (a ticket that allows a passenger to change conveyances) }
{ railroad_ticket, train_ticket, ticket1,@ (a ticket good for a ride on a railroad train) }
{ theater_ticket, theatre_ticket, ticket1,@ (a ticket good for admission to a theater) }
{ bus_ticket, ticket1,@ (a ticket good for a ride on a bus) }
{ round-trip_ticket, return_ticket, ticket1,@ (a ticket to a place and back (usually over the same route)) }
{ day_return, round-trip_ticket,@ (a return ticket (at reduced fare) for traveling both ways in the same day) }
{ [ receipt, verb.cognition:receipt,+ verb.communication:receipt,+ ] acknowledgment,@ (an acknowledgment (usually tangible) that payment has been made) }
{ stub, ticket_stub, receipt,@ (a torn part of a ticket returned to the holder as a receipt) }
{ rain_check, stub,@ (a ticket stub entitling the holder to admission to a future event if the scheduled event was cancelled due to rain) }
{ bill_of_lading, waybill, receipt,@ (a receipt given by the carrier to the shipper acknowledging receipt of the goods being shipped and specifying the terms of delivery) }
{ [ contract, adj.pert:contractual,+ verb.social:contract,+ verb.communication:contract,+ ] written_agreement,@ (a binding agreement between two or more persons that is enforceable by law) }
{ adhesion_contract, contract_of_adhesion, contract,@ (a contract that heavily restricts one party while leaving the other free (as some standard form printed contracts); implies inequality in bargaining power) }
{ aleatory_contract, contract,@ (a contract whose performance by one party depends on the occurrence of an uncertain contingent event (but if it is contingent on the outcome of a wager it is not enforceable)) }
{ bilateral_contract, contract,@ (a contract involving mutual promises (each party is both promisor and promisee)) }
{ [ charter1, verb.social:charter1,+ verb.possession:charter,+ ] contract,@ (a contract to hire or lease transportation) }
{ conditional_contract, contract,@ (a contract whose performance depends on a fact or event that affects legal relations) }
{ cost-plus_contract, contract,@ (a contract in which the contractor is paid his total cost plus a stated percentage of profit) }
{ gambling_contract, contract,@ (a contract whose performance by one party is contingent on the outcome of a bet; unenforceable by statute in most jurisdictions) }
{ [ lease, verb.possession:lease,+ verb.possession:lease1,+ verb.social:lease1,+ verb.social:lease,+ ] contract,@ (a contract granting use or occupation of property during a specified time for a specified payment) }
{ marriage_contract, marriage_settlement, contract,@ (a prenuptial agreement or contract) }
{ output_contract, contract,@ (a contract in which you promise to deliver your entire output to the other party who promises to accept it) }
{ policy2, insurance_policy, insurance, contract,@ (written contract or certificate of insurance; "you should have read the small print on your policy") }
{ purchase_contract, purchase_agreement, contract,@ (a contract stating the terms of a purchase) }
{ quasi_contract, contract,@ (a contract created by law for reasons of justice without any expression of assent) }
{ requirements_contract, contract,@ (a contract in which you agree to purchase all your requirements of a particular sort from one party) }
{ sealed_instrument, contract_under_seal, special_contract, contract,@ (a contract that is signed and has the (wax) seal of the signer attached) }
{ service_contract, contract,@ (a contract for maintenance services) }
{ severable_contract, contract,@ (a contract which, in the event of a breach by one of the parties, can be considered as several independent agreements expressed in a single instrument) }
{ [ subcontract, verb.social:subcontract,+ verb.social:subcontract1,+ ] contract,@ (a contract assigning to another party some obligations of a prior contract) }
{ [ conspiracy, adj.pert:conspiratorial,+ verb.cognition:conspire1,+ ] confederacy, agreement1,@ (a secret agreement between two or more people to perform an unlawful act) }
{ fair-trade_agreement, agreement1,@ (an agreement (illegal in the United States) between the manufacturer of a trademarked item of merchandise and its retail distributors to sell the item at a price at or above the price set by the manufacturer) }
{ conspiracy_of_silence, conspiracy,@ (a conspiracy not to talk about some situation or event; "there was a conspiracy of silence about police brutality") }
{ [ covenant1, verb.social:covenant,+ ] agreement1,@ noun.communication:Bible,;c ((Bible) an agreement between God and his people in which God makes certain promises and requires certain behavior from them in return) }
{ unilateral_contract, agreement1,@ (a one-sided agreement whereby you promise to do (or refrain from doing) something in return for a performance (not a promise)) }
{ debenture, legal_document,@ noun.group:law,;c (a certificate or voucher acknowledging a debt) }
{ floater, floating_policy, insurance_policy,@ (an insurance policy covering loss of movable property (e.g. jewelry) regardless of its location) }
{ [ partnership, noun.person:partner2,+ noun.person:partner,+ ] contract,@ (a contract between two or more persons who agree to pool talent and money and share profits or losses) }
{ articles_of_agreement, shipping_articles, contract,@ (a contract between crew and captain of a ship) }
{ concession, grant, contract,@ (a contract granting the right to operate a subsidiary business; "he got the beer concession at the ball park") }
{ [ franchise, verb.social:franchise,+ ] concession,@ (an authorization to sell a company's goods or services in a particular place) }
{ labor_contract, labor_agreement, collective_agreement, contract,@ (contract between labor and management governing wages and benefits and working conditions) }
{ yellow-dog_contract, labor_contract,@ (a labor contract (now illegal) whereby the employee agrees not to join a trade union) }
{ employment_contract, employment_agreement, contract,@ (contract between employer and employee) }
{ distribution_agreement, contract,@ (a contract governing the marketing of an item of merchandise) }
{ licensing_agreement, contract,@ (contract giving someone the legal right to use a patent or trademark) }
{ merger_agreement, acquisition_agreement, contract,@ (contract governing the merger of two or more companies) }
{ sale, sales_agreement, agreement1,@ (an agreement (or contract) in which property is transferred from the seller (vendor) to the buyer (vendee) for a fixed price in money (paid or agreed to be paid by the buyer); "the salesman faxed the sales agreement to his home office") }
{ conditional_sale, sale,@ (a sale in which the buyer receives title to the property only upon the performance of some condition (usually the full payment of the purchase price)) }
{ sale_in_gross, contract_of_hazard, contract,@ (a sale of a tract of land as a whole without a warranty as to the acreage) }
{ sheriff's_sale, execution_sale, judicial_sale, forced_sale, sale,@ (a sale of property by the sheriff under authority of a court's writ of execution in order satisfy an unpaid obligation) }

{ appraisal1, [ estimate, verb.cognition:estimate,+ ] [ estimation, verb.cognition:estimate,+ ] commercial_document,@ (a document appraising the value of something (as for insurance or taxation)) }
{ [ overestimate, verb.cognition:overestimate2,+ verb.cognition:overestimate,+ ] [ overestimation, verb.cognition:overestimate2,+ verb.cognition:overestimate,+ ] [ overvaluation, verb.cognition:overvalue,+ ] overappraisal, appraisal1,@ (an appraisal that is too high) }
{ [ order1, verb.communication:order,+ ] purchase_order, commercial_document,@ (a commercial document used to request someone to supply something in return for payment and providing specifications and quantities; "IBM received an order for a hundred computers") }
{ credit_order, bill-me_order, order1,@ (an order that is received without payment; requires billing at a later date) }
{ open_account, credit_order,@ (an unpaid credit order) }
{ indent, order1,@ noun.location:Britain,;r (an order for goods to be exported or imported) }
{ market_order, order1,@ (an order to a broker to sell or buy stocks or commodities at the prevailing market price) }
{ production_order, order1,@ (an order that initiates the manufacturing process) }
{ reorder, order1,@ (a repeated order for the same merchandise; "he's the one who sends out all the new orders and reorders") }
{ stop_order, stop-loss_order, order1,@ (an order to a broker to sell (buy) when the price of a security falls (rises) to a designated level) }
{ stop_payment, order1,@ (a depositor's order to a bank to refuse payment on a check) }
{ mail_order, purchase_order,@ (a purchase negotiated by mail) }

{ power_of_attorney, legal_document,@ noun.group:law,;c (a legal instrument authorizing someone to act as the grantor's agent) }
{ stock_power, power_of_attorney,@ (a power of attorney document to transfer ownership of a registered security from the owner to another party) }
{ proxy, power_of_attorney,@ (a power of attorney document given by shareholders of a corporation authorizing a specific vote on their behalf at a corporate meeting) }
{ stock_symbol, symbol,@ (the letters used to identify listed companies on the securities exchanges where they are traded) }
{ letters_of_administration, legal_document,@ noun.group:law,;c (legal document naming someone to administer an estate when no executor has been named) }
{ letters_testamentary, legal_document,@ noun.group:law,;c (a legal document from a probate court or court officer informing you of your appointment as executor of a will and empowering you to discharge those responsibilities) }
{ working_papers, work_papers, work_permit, legal_document,@ (a legal document giving information required for employment of certain people in certain countries) }
{ act1, enactment, legal_document,@ noun.group:law,;c (a legal document codifying the result of deliberations of a committee or society or legislative body) }
{ law, legal_document,@ noun.group:law,#p noun.group:law,;c (legal document setting forth rules governing a particular kind of activity; "there is a law against kidnapping") }
{ [ nullity, adj.all:invalid^null,+ ] act1,@ (something that is null (especially an enactment that has no legal validity)) }
{ anti-drug_law, law,@ noun.group:law,;c (a law forbidding the sale or use of narcotic drugs) }
{ anti-racketeering_law, Racketeer_Influenced_and_Corrupt_Organizations_Act, RICO_Act, RICO, law,@ noun.group:law,;c (law intended to eradicate organized crime by establishing strong sanctions and forfeiture provisions) }
{ antitrust_legislation, antitrust_law, law,@ noun.group:law,;c (law intended to promote free competition in the market place by outlawing monopolies) }
{ statute_of_limitations, law,@ noun.group:law,;c (a statute prescribing the time period during which legal action can be taken) }
{ fundamental_law, organic_law, [ constitution, verb.possession:constitutionalize,+ ] law,@ noun.group:law,;c (law determining the fundamental political principles of a government) }
{ Articles_of_Confederation, written_agreement,@i (a written agreement ratified in 1781 by the thirteen original states; it provided a legal symbol of their union by giving the central government no coercive power over the states or their citizens) }
{ United_States_Constitution, U.S._Constitution, US_Constitution, Constitution1, Constitution_of_the_United_States, fundamental_law,@i noun.group:law,;c (the constitution written at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787 and subsequently ratified by the original thirteen states) }
{ public_law, law,@ noun.group:law,;c (a law affecting the public at large) }
{ Roman_law, Justinian_code, civil_law1, jus_civile, legal_code,@ (the legal code of ancient Rome; codified under Justinian; the basis for many modern systems of civil law) }
{ Salic_law, legal_code,@ (the code of laws of the Salian Franks and other German tribes) }
{ case_law, precedent, common_law, noun.group:civil_law,@ noun.group:civil_law,;c ((civil law) a law established by following earlier judicial decisions) }
{ [ legislation, verb.social:legislate,+ ] statute_law, noun.group:civil_law,@ statute_book,#p noun.group:law,;c (law enacted by a legislative body) }
{ enabling_legislation, legislation,@ noun.group:law,;c (legislation that gives appropriate officials the authority to implement or enforce the law) }
{ occupational_safety_and_health_act, federal_job_safety_law, legislation,@ noun.group:law,;c (a law passed by the United States Congress that created the Occupational Safety and Health Administration to prevent employees from being injured or contracting diseases in the course of their employment) }
{ advice_and_consent, expression,@ United_States_Constitution,#p noun.group:law,;c (a legal expression in the United States Constitution that allows the Senate to constrain the President's powers of appointment and treaty-making) }
{ statute_book, written_record,@ noun.group:law,;c (a record of the whole body of legislation in a given jurisdiction) }
{ [ translation, verb.stative:translate,+ verb.communication:translate,+ ] interlingual_rendition, rendering2, version, written_record,@ (a written communication in a second language having the same meaning as the written communication in a first language) }
{ worksheet1, written_record,@ (a piece of paper recording work planned or done on a project) }
{ bill4, measure2, legal_document,@ noun.group:law,;c (a statute in draft before it becomes law; "they held a public hearing on the bill") }
{ appropriation_bill, bill4,@ noun.group:law,;c (a legislative act proposing to authorize the expenditure of public funds for a specified purpose) }
{ bill_of_attainder, bill4,@ noun.group:law,;c (a legislative act finding a person guilty of treason or felony without a trial; "bills of attainder are prohibited by the Constitution of the United States") }
{ bottle_bill, bill4,@ noun.group:law,;c (a statute that would require merchants to reclaim used bottles) }
{ farm_bill, bill4,@ noun.group:law,;c (a statute that would regulate farm production and prices) }
{ trade_bill, bill4,@ noun.group:law,;c (a statute that would regulate foreign trade) }
{ bylaw, rule,@ (a rule adopted by an organization in order to regulate its own affairs and the behavior of its members) }
{ blue_law, law,@ noun.group:law,;c (a statute regulating work on Sundays) }
{ blue_sky_law, law,@ noun.group:law,;c (a state law regulating the sale of securities in an attempt to control the sale of securities in fraudulent enterprises) }
{ gag_law, law,@ noun.group:law,;c (any law that limits freedom of the press) }
{ game_law, regulation,@ noun.group:law,;c (a regulation intended to manage or preserve game animals) }
{ homestead_law, law,@ noun.group:law,;c (a law conferring privileges on owners of homesteads) }
{ poor_law, law,@ noun.group:law,;c (a law providing support for the poor) }
{ Riot_Act, law,@ criminal_law,#p noun.group:law,;c (a former English law requiring mobs to disperse after a magistrate reads the law to them) }
{ riot_act1, rebuke,@ (a vigorous reprimand; "I read him the riot act") }
{ criminal_law, legal_code,@ noun.group:law,;c (the body of law dealing with crimes and their punishment) }
{ court_order, writ,@ noun.group:law,;c (a writ issued by a court of law requiring a person to do something or to refrain from doing something) }
{ [ decree, verb.cognition:decree,+ verb.communication:decree,+ ] edict, fiat, [ order, verb.communication:order2,+ verb.communication:order1,+ ] rescript3, act1,@ noun.group:law,;c (a legally binding command or decision entered on the court record (as if issued by a court or judge); "a friend in New Mexico said that the order caused no trouble out there") }
{ consent_decree, decree,@ noun.group:law,;c (an agreement between two parties that is sanctioned by the court; for example, a company might agree to stop certain questionable practices without admitting guilt) }
{ curfew1, decree,@ noun.group:law,;c (an order that after a specific time certain activities (as being outside on the streets) are prohibited) }
{ decree_nisi, decree,@ noun.group:law,;c (a decree issued on a first petition for divorce; becomes absolute at some later date) }
{ [ divestiture, verb.possession:divest1,+ ] court_order,@ noun.group:law,;c (an order to an offending party to rid itself of property; it has the purpose of depriving the defendant of the gains of wrongful behavior; "the court found divestiture to be necessary in preventing a monopoly") }
{ imperial_decree, decree,@ (a decree issued by a sovereign ruler) }
{ ukase, imperial_decree,@ (an edict of the Russian tsar) }
{ legal_separation, judicial_separation, decree,@ noun.group:law,;c (a judicial decree regulating the rights and responsibilities of a married couple living apart) }
{ pragmatic_sanction, pragmatic, imperial_decree,@ (an imperial decree that becomes part of the fundamental law of the land) }
{ programma, decree,@ (an edict that has been publicly posted) }
{ [ prohibition2, noun.person:prohibitionist,+ ] law,@ noun.group:law,;c (a law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages; "in 1920 the 18th amendment to the Constitution established prohibition in the US") }
{ prohibition, [ ban, verb.social:ban,+ verb.communication:ban,+ ] [ proscription, verb.communication:proscribe,+ ] decree,@ (a decree that prohibits something) }
{ [ stay, verb.social:stay,+ verb.change:stay1,+ ] decree,@ noun.group:law,;c (a judicial order forbidding some action until an event occurs or the order is lifted; "the Supreme Court has the power to stay an injunction pending an appeal to the whole Court") }
{ stay_of_execution, stay,@ noun.group:law,;c (an order whereby a judgment is precluded from being executed for a specific period of time) }
{ banning-order, prohibition,@ (an order that bans something) }
{ [ injunction1, verb.communication:enjoin1,+ ] [ enjoining, verb.communication:enjoin1,+ ] [ enjoinment, verb.communication:enjoin1,+ ] cease_and_desist_order, prohibition,@ noun.group:law,;c ((law) a judicial remedy issued in order to prohibit a party from doing or continuing to do a certain activity; "injunction were formerly obtained by writ but now by a judicial order") }
{ mandatory_injunction, injunction1,@ noun.group:law,;c (injunction requiring the performance of some specific act) }
{ permanent_injunction, final_injunction, injunction1,@ noun.group:law,;c (injunction issued on completion of a trial) }
{ temporary_injunction, interlocutory_injunction, injunction1,@ noun.group:law,;c (injunction issued during a trial to maintain the status quo or preserve the subject matter of the litigation until the trial is over) }
{ brief1, legal_brief, legal_document,@ noun.group:law,;c (a document stating the facts and points of law of a client's case) }
{ amicus_curiae_brief, brief1,@ noun.group:law,;c (a brief presented by someone interested in influencing the outcome of a lawsuit but who is not a party to it) }
{ [ will, verb.possession:will,+ ] [ testament, adj.pert:testamentary,+ ] legal_document,@ noun.group:law,;c (a legal document declaring a person's wishes regarding the disposal of their property when they die) }
{ [ probate, verb.social:probate,+ ] probate_will, certificate,@ noun.group:law,;c (a judicial certificate saying that a will is genuine and conferring on the executors the power to administer the estate) }
{ codicil, appendix,@ will,#p noun.group:law,;c (a supplement to a will; a testamentary instrument intended to alter an already executed will) }
{ living_will, legal_document,@ noun.group:law,;c (a document written by someone still legally capable requesting that he should be allowed to die if subsequently severely disabled or suffering terminal illness; "after he discovered he had AIDS he drew up a living will") }
{ deed, deed_of_conveyance, title4, legal_document,@ noun.group:law,;c (a legal document signed and sealed and delivered to effect a transfer of property and to show the legal right to possess it; "he signed the deed"; "he kept the title to his car in the glove compartment") }
{ [ assignment2, verb.possession:assign,+ ] legal_document,@ noun.group:law,;c (the instrument by which a claim or right or interest or property is transferred from one person to another) }
{ bill_of_sale, deed,@ noun.group:law,;c (a deed transferring personal property) }
{ deed_poll, deed,@ noun.group:law,;c (a deed made and executed by only one party) }
{ [ enfeoffment, verb.possession:enfeoff,+ ] deed,@ noun.group:law,;c (under the feudal system, the deed by which a person was given land in exchange for a pledge of service) }
{ mortgage_deed, deed,@ noun.group:law,;c (deed embodying a mortgage) }
{ title_deed, deed,@ noun.group:law,;c (a legal document proving a person's right to property) }
{ trust_deed, deed_of_trust, legal_document,@ noun.group:law,;c (a written instrument legally conveying property to a trustee often used to secure an obligation such as a mortgage or promissory note) }
{ [ conveyance1, noun.person:conveyancer,+ ] legal_document,@ noun.group:law,;c (document effecting a property transfer) }
{ quitclaim, quitclaim_deed, conveyance1,@ noun.group:law,;c (document transferring title or right or claim to another) }
{ muniments, title_deed,@ noun.group:law,;c (deeds and other documentary evidence of title to land) }
{ warrant, writ,@ noun.group:law,;c (a writ from a court commanding police to perform specified acts) }
{ search_warrant, warrant,@ noun.group:law,;c (a warrant authorizing law enforcement officials to search for objects or people involved in the commission of a crime and to produce them in court; the warrant describes the locations where the officials may search) }
{ bench_warrant, arrest_warrant, warrant,@ noun.group:law,;c (a warrant authorizing law enforcement officials to apprehend an offender and bring that person to court) }
{ [ pickup, verb.contact:pick_up,+ ] bench_warrant,@ noun.communication:colloquialism,;u (a warrant to take someone into custody; "put out a pickup on that man") }
{ death_warrant, warrant,@ noun.group:law,;c (a warrant to execute the death sentence) }
{ cachet1, lettre_de_cachet, warrant,@ noun.group:law,;c (a warrant formerly issued by a French king who could warrant imprisonment or death in a signed letter under his seal) }
{ [ reprieve, verb.stative:reprieve,+ ] warrant,@ noun.group:law,;c (a warrant granting postponement (usually to postpone the execution of the death sentence)) }
{ [ commutation, verb.change:commute2,+ verb.change:commute1,+ ] warrant,@ noun.group:law,;c (a warrant substituting a lesser punishment for a greater one) }
{ tax_return, income_tax_return, return1, legal_document,@ (document giving the tax collector information about the taxpayer's tax liability; "his gross income was enough that he had to file a tax return") }
{ amended_return, income_tax_return,@ (a tax return that corrects the information in an earlier return) }
{ declaration_of_estimated_tax, estimated_tax_return, income_tax_return,@ (return required of a taxpayer whose tax withheld from income does not meet the tax liability for the year) }
{ false_return, income_tax_return,@ (an incorrect income tax return) }
{ information_return, income_tax_return,@ (a return that provides information to the tax collector but does not compute the tax liability) }
{ joint_return, income_tax_return,@ (a return filed by a husband and wife) }
{ [ license, verb.social:license,+ ] licence, [ permit2, verb.communication:permit6,+ verb.communication:permit,+ ] legal_document,@ noun.group:law,;c (a legal document giving official permission to do something) }
{ building_permit, license,@ (a document authorizing the holder to construct a building of a particular kind on a particular lot) }
{ driver's_license, driver's_licence, driving_license, driving_licence, license,@ (a license authorizing the bearer to drive a motor vehicle) }
{ fishing_license, fishing_licence, fishing_permit, license,@ (a license authorizing the bearer to fish during a specified period of time) }
{ hunting_license, hunting_licence, hunting_permit, game_license, license,@ (a license authorizing the bearer to kill a certain type of animal during a specified period of time) }
{ learner's_permit, license,@ (a document authorizing the bearer to learn to drive an automobile) }
{ letter_of_marque, letters_of_marque, letter_of_mark_and_reprisal, license,@ (a license to a private citizen to seize property of another nation) }
{ liquor_license, liquor_licence, license,@ (a license authorizing the holder to sell alcoholic beverages) }
{ on-license, liquor_license,@ (a license to sell liquor for consumption on the premises) }
{ marriage_license, marriage_licence, wedding_license, wedding_licence, license,@ (a license authorizing two people to marry) }
{ occupation_license, occupation_licence, license,@ (a license to pursue a particular occupation) }
{ [ patent, verb.social:patent,+ ] letters_patent, legal_document,@ noun.group:law,;c (an official document granting a right or privilege) }
{ opinion, legal_opinion, [ judgment, verb.social:judge9,+ ] judgement, legal_document,@ noun.group:law,;c (the legal document stating the reasons for a judicial decision; "opinions are usually written by a single judge") }
{ concurring_opinion, opinion,@ noun.group:law,;c (an opinion that agrees with the court's disposition of the case but is written to express a particular judge's reasoning) }
{ dissenting_opinion, opinion,@ noun.group:law,;c (an opinion that disagrees with the court's disposition of the case) }
{ majority_opinion, opinion,@ noun.group:law,;c (the opinion joined by a majority of the court (generally known simply as `the opinion')) }
{ [ pardon, verb.communication:pardon,+ ] [ amnesty, verb.communication:amnesty,+ ] warrant,@ noun.group:law,;c (a warrant granting release from punishment for an offense) }
{ acquittance, [ release1, verb.possession:release,+ ] legal_document,@ noun.group:law,;c (a legal document evidencing the discharge of a debt or obligation) }
{ writ, judicial_writ, legal_document,@ noun.group:law,;c ((law) a legal document issued by a court or judicial officer) }
{ assize, writ,@ noun.group:law,;c (an ancient writ issued by a court of assize to the sheriff for the recovery of property) }
{ certiorari, writ_of_certiorari, writ,@ noun.group:law,;c (a common law writ issued by a superior court to one of inferior jurisdiction demanding the record of a particular case) }
{ execution, writ_of_execution, court_order,@ noun.group:law,;c (a routine court order that attempts to enforce the judgment that has been granted to a plaintiff by authorizing a sheriff to carry it out) }
{ [ execution1, verb.social:execute3,+ ] execution_of_instrument, noun.act:subscription1,@ noun.group:law,;c ((law) the completion of a legal instrument (such as a contract or deed) by signing it (and perhaps sealing and delivering it) so that it becomes legally binding and enforceable) }
{ habeas_corpus, writ_of_habeas_corpus, writ,@ noun.group:law,;c (a writ ordering a prisoner to be brought before a judge) }
{ venire_facias, writ,@ noun.group:law,;c (a judicial writ ordering a sheriff to summon people for jury duty) }
{ mandamus, writ_of_mandamus, writ,@ noun.group:law,;c (an extraordinary writ commanding an official to perform a ministerial act that the law recognizes as an absolute duty and not a matter for the official's discretion; used only when all other judicial remedies fail) }
{ [ attachment, verb.possession:attach,+ ] writ,@ noun.group:law,;c (a writ authorizing the seizure of property that may be needed for the payment of a judgment in a judicial proceeding) }
{ fieri_facias, writ,@ noun.group:law,;c (a writ ordering a levy on the belongings of a debtor to satisfy the debt) }
{ scire_facias, writ,@ noun.group:law,;c (a judicial writ based on some record and requiring the party against whom it is brought to show cause why the record should not be enforced or annulled) }
{ sequestration, writ,@ noun.group:law,;c (a writ that authorizes the seizure of property) }
{ writ_of_detinue, writ,@ noun.group:law,;c (a writ ordering the release of goods that have been unlawfully detained) }
{ writ_of_election, writ,@ noun.group:law,;c (a writ ordering the holding of an election) }
{ writ_of_error, writ,@ noun.group:law,;c (a judicial writ from an appellate court ordering the court of record to produce the records of trial) }
{ writ_of_prohibition, writ,@ noun.group:law,;c (a judicial writ from a higher court ordering a lower court not to exercise jurisdiction in a particular case) }
{ writ_of_right, writ,@ noun.group:law,;c (a writ ordering that land be restored to its rightful owner) }
{ [ mandate, verb.communication:mandate2,+ ] authorization, authorisation, legal_document,@ noun.group:law,;c (a document giving an official instruction or command) }
{ [ summons, verb.communication:summons,+ ] [ process, verb.contact:process,+ verb.social:process,+ ] writ,@ noun.group:law,;c (a writ issued by authority of law; usually compels the defendant's attendance in a civil suit; failure to appear results in a default judgment against the defendant) }
{ [ subpoena, verb.communication:subpoena,+ ] subpoena_ad_testificandum, writ,@ noun.group:law,;c (a writ issued by court authority to compel the attendance of a witness at a judicial proceeding; disobedience may be punishable as a contempt of court) }
{ subpoena_duces_tecum, writ,@ noun.group:law,;c (a writ issued by a court at the request of one of the parties to a suit; it requires a witness to bring to court or to a deposition any relevant documents under the witness's control) }
{ gag_order, court_order,@ noun.group:law,;c (a court order restricting information or comment by the participants involved in a lawsuit; "imposing a gag order on members of the press violates the First Amendment") }
{ [ garnishment, verb.possession:garnish,+ ] court_order,@ noun.group:law,;c (a court order to an employer to withhold all or part of an employee's wages and to send the money to the court or to the person who won a lawsuit against the employee) }
{ [ interdict1, verb.communication:interdict,+ ] interdiction2, court_order,@ prohibition,@ noun.group:law,;c (a court order prohibiting a party from doing a certain activity) }
{ [ citation2, verb.communication:cite7,+ ] summons,@ noun.group:law,;c (a summons that commands the appearance of a party at a proceeding) }
{ monition2, process_of_monition, summons,@ noun.group:law,;c (a summons issued after the filing of a libel or claim directing all parties concerned to show cause why the judgment asked for should not be granted) }
{ [ ticket, verb.social:ticket,+ ] summons,@ noun.group:law,;c (a summons issued to an offender (especially to someone who violates a traffic regulation)) }
{ speeding_ticket, ticket,@ (a ticket issued for driving above the speed limit) }
{ parking_ticket, ticket,@ (a ticket issued for parking in a restricted place) }
{ bill_of_Particulars, allegation1,@ pleading,#p noun.group:law,;c (the particular events to be dealt with in a criminal trial; advises the defendant and the court of the facts the defendant will be required to meet) }
{ [ pleading, verb.communication:plead3,+ verb.communication:plead1,+ ] statement,@ noun.group:law,;c ((law) a statement in legal and logical form stating something on behalf of a party to a legal proceeding) }
{ affirmative_pleading, pleading,@ noun.group:law,;c (any defensive pleading that affirms facts rather than merely denying the facts alleged by the plaintiff) }
{ alternative_pleading, pleading_in_the_alternative, pleading,@ noun.group:law,;c (a pleading that alleges facts so separate that it is difficult to determine which facts the person intends to rely on) }
{ [ answer3, verb.communication:answer6,+ ] pleading,@ noun.group:law,;c (the principal pleading by the defendant in response to plaintiff's complaint; in criminal law it consists of the defendant's plea of `guilty' or `not guilty' (or nolo contendere); in civil law it must contain denials of all allegations in the plaintiff's complaint that the defendant hopes to controvert and it can contain affirmative defenses or counterclaims) }
{ evasive_answer, answer3,@ noun.group:law,;c ((law) an answer by a defendant that fails to admit or deny the allegations set forth in the complaint) }
{ nolo_contendere, non_vult, answer3,@ noun.communication:criminal_law,;c ((law) an answer of `no contest' by a defendant who does not admit guilt but that subjects him to conviction) }
{ plea2, answer3,@ noun.group:law,;c ((law) a defendant's answer by a factual matter (as distinguished from a demurrer)) }
{ counterplea, plea2,@ noun.group:law,;c (a plaintiff's reply to a defendant's plea) }
{ dilatory_plea, plea2,@ noun.group:law,;c (a plea that delays the action without settling the cause of action; it can challenge the jurisdiction or claim disability of the defendant etc. (such defenses are usually raised in the defendant's answer)) }
{ insanity_plea, plea_of_insanity, plea2,@ noun.communication:criminal_law,;c ((criminal law) a plea in which the defendant claims innocence due to mental incompetence at the time) }
{ [ charge, verb.communication:charge2,+ verb.communication:charge,+ ] [ complaint4, verb.communication:complain1,+ ] pleading,@ indictment,#p noun.communication:criminal_law,;c ((criminal law) a pleading describing some wrong or offense; "he was arrested on a charge of larceny") }
{ [ complaint3, verb.communication:complain1,+ ] pleading,@ noun.group:civil_law,;c ((civil law) the first pleading of the plaintiff setting out the facts on which the claim for relief is based) }
{ libel1, complaint3,@ noun.group:law,;c (the written statement of a plaintiff explaining the cause of action (the defamation) and any relief he seeks) }
{ defective_pleading, pleading,@ noun.group:law,;c (any pleading that fails to conform in form or substance to minimum standards of accuracy or sufficiency) }
{ [ demurrer1, verb.communication:demur2,+ verb.communication:demur,+ ] pleading,@ noun.group:law,;c ((law) any pleading that attacks the legal sufficiency of the opponent's pleadings) }
{ [ rebutter, verb.communication:rebut,+ ] rebuttal1, pleading,@ noun.group:law,;c ((law) a pleading by the defendant in reply to a plaintiff's surrejoinder) }
{ replication, pleading,@ noun.group:law,;c ((law) a pleading made by a plaintiff in reply to the defendant's plea or answer) }
{ rejoinder1, pleading,@ noun.group:law,;c ((law) a pleading made by a defendant in response to the plaintiff's replication) }
{ special_pleading, pleading,@ noun.group:law,;c ((law) a pleading that alleges new facts in avoidance of the opposing allegations) }
{ surrebutter, surrebuttal, pleading,@ noun.group:law,;c ((law) a pleading by the plaintiff in reply to the defendant's rebutter) }
{ surrejoinder, pleading,@ noun.group:law,;c ((law) a pleading by the plaintiff in reply to the defendant's rejoinder) }
{ [ plea_bargain, verb.communication:plea-bargain,+ ] [ plea_bargaining, verb.communication:plea-bargain,+ ] bargaining,@ noun.communication:criminal_law,;c noun.group:law,;c ((criminal law) a negotiation in which the defendant agrees to enter a plea of guilty to a lesser charge and the prosecutor agrees to drop a more serious charge; "his admission was part of a plea bargain with the prosecutor"; "plea bargaining helps to stop the courts becoming congested") }
{ legislative_act, statute, act1,@ noun.group:law,;c (an act passed by a legislative body) }
{ fair-trade_act, legislative_act,@ (formerly a state law that protected manufacturers from price-cutting by allowing them to set minimum retail prices for their merchandise; eliminated by the United States Congress in 1975) }
{ Stamp_Act, legislative_act,@ (an act passed by the British Parliament in 1756 that raised revenue from the American Colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents; opposition by the Colonies resulted in the repeal of the act in 1766) }
{ enabling_act, enabling_clause, legislative_act,@ noun.group:law,;c (a provision in a law that confers on appropriate officials the power to implement or enforce the law) }
{ Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Act, FISA, legislative_act,@ (an act passed by Congress in 1978 to establish procedures for requesting judicial authorization for foreign intelligence surveillance and to create the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court; intended to increase United States counterintelligence; separate from ordinary law enforcement surveillance) }
{ [ ordinance1, verb.communication:ordain,+ ] legislative_act,@ noun.group:law,;c (a statute enacted by a city government) }
{ special_act, legislative_act,@ noun.group:law,;c (a legislative act that applies only to a particular person or particular district) }

{ [ software, noun.artifact:hardware1,! ] software_program, computer_software, software_system, software_package, package, code2,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) written programs or procedures or rules and associated documentation pertaining to the operation of a computer system and that are stored in read/write memory; "the market for software is expected to expand") }
{ plug-in, add-on, software,@ (a software module that extends or enhances the capabilities of an existing application) }
{ alpha_software, software,@ (a first release of a software product that is usually tested only by the developers) }
{ authoring_language, software,@ (software that can be used to develop interactive computer programs without the technically demanding task of computer programming) }
{ beta_software, software,@ (software that has not yet been released but has received an alpha test and still has more bugs than a regular release; "beta software is usually available only to particular users who will test it") }
{ compatible_software, software,@ (software that can run on different computers without modification) }
{ compatible_software1, software,@ (application software programs that share common conventions so they can be utilized together) }
{ computer-aided_design, CAD, software,@ (software used in art and architecture and engineering and manufacturing to assist in precision drawing) }
{ freeware, software,@ (software that is provided without charge) }
{ groupware, software,@ (software that can be used by a group of people who are working on the same information but may be distributed in space) }
{ operating_system, OS, software,@ noun.artifact:platform3,#p noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) software that controls the execution of computer programs and may provide various services) }
{ DOS, disk_operating_system, operating_system,@ (an operating system that is on a disk) }
{ MS-DOS, Microsoft_disk_operating_system, DOS,@i (an operating system developed by Bill Gates for personal computers) }
{ UNIX, UNIX_system, UNIX_operating_system, operating_system,@ (trademark for a powerful operating system) }
{ Linux, UNIX,@i noun.communication:trademark,;u (an open-source version of the UNIX operating system) }
{ [ program2, verb.creation:program,+ ] [ programme2, verb.creation:programme,+ ] computer_program, computer_programme, software,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) a sequence of instructions that a computer can interpret and execute; "the program required several hundred lines of code") }
{ anti-virus_program, program2,@ (a computer program that checks a computer for viruses and prevents their spread) }
{ application1, application_program, applications_programme, program2,@ (a program that gives a computer instructions that provide the user with tools to accomplish a task; "he has tried several different word processing applications") }
{ active_application, application1,@ (an application that is currently running and in the foreground) }
{ applet, application1,@ (a Java application; an application program that uses the client's web browser to provide a user interface) }
{ frame1, application1,@ (an application that divides the user's display into two or more windows that can be scrolled independently) }
{ binary, binary_program, program2,@ (a pre-compiled, pre-linked program that is ready to run under a given operating system; a binary for one operating system will not run on a different operating system; "the same source code can be compiled to produce different binaries for different operating systems") }
{ [ browser, verb.contact:browse,+ ] web_browser, application1,@ (a program used to view HTML documents) }
{ Internet_Explorer, Explorer, IE, browser,@i (a commercial browser) }
{ Konqueror, browser,@i (a freeware browser for Linux) }
{ lynx, browser,@i (a text browser) }
{ Mosaic, browser,@i (a freeware browser) }
{ Netscape, browser,@i (a commercial browser) }
{ Opera1, browser,@i (a commercial browser) }
{ natural_language_processor, natural_language_processing_application, application1,@ (an application program that deals with natural language text) }
{ [ disambiguator, verb.communication:disambiguate,+ ] natural_language_processor,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) a natural language processing application that tries to determine the intended meaning of a word or phrase by examining the linguistic context in which it is used) }
{ job1, application1,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) a program application that may consist of several steps but is a single logical unit) }
{ word_processor, word_processing_system, application1,@ (an application that provides the user with tools needed to write and edit and format text and to send it to a printer) }
{ loop1, program2,@ (a computer program that performs a series of instructions repeatedly until some specified condition is satisfied) }
{ malevolent_program, program2,@ (a computer program designed to have undesirable or harmful effects) }
{ patch, program2,@ (a short set of commands to correct a bug in a computer program) }
{ assembler, assembly_program, program2,@ (a program to convert assembly language into machine language) }
{ checking_program, program2,@ (a program that examines other computer programs for syntax errors) }
{ [ compiler, verb.creation:compile1,+ ] compiling_program, program2,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) a program that decodes instructions written in a higher order language and produces an assembly language program) }
{ C_compiler, compiler,@ (a compiler for programs written in C) }
{ Fortran_compiler, compiler,@ (a compiler for programs written in FORTRAN) }
{ LISP_compiler, compiler,@ (a compiler for programs written in LISP) }
{ Pascal_compiler, compiler,@ (a compiler for programs written in Pascal) }
{ [ debugger, verb.change:debug,+ ] program2,@ (a program that helps in locating and correcting programming errors) }
{ [ driver, verb.consumption:drive7,+ ] device_driver, utility_program,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) a program that determines how a computer will communicate with a peripheral device) }
{ diagnostic_program, utility_program,@ (a program that recognizes and explains faults in the equipment or mistakes in a computer program) }
{ editor_program, editor, application1,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) a program designed to perform such editorial functions as rearrangement or modification or deletion of data) }
{ input_program, utility_program,@ (a utility program that organizes the input to a computer) }
{ interface, user_interface, program2,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) a program that controls a display for the user (usually on a computer monitor) and that allows the user to interact with the system) }
{ command_line_interface, CLI, user_interface,@ (a user interface in which you type commands instead of choosing them from a menu or selecting an icon) }
{ graphical_user_interface, GUI, user_interface,@ (a user interface based on graphics (icons and pictures and menus) instead of text; uses a mouse as well as a keyboard as an input device) }
{ [ interpreter, verb.communication:interpret1,+ ] interpretive_program, program2,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) a program that translates and executes source language statements one line at a time) }
{ job_control, program2,@ (a program that is called to prepare each job to be run) }
{ library_program, program2,@ noun.group:library1,#p (a program in a program library) }
{ linkage_editor, editor_program,@ (an editor program that creates one module from several by resolving cross-references among the modules) }
{ monitor_program, monitoring_program, program2,@ (a program that observes and regulates and controls or verifies the operations of a data-processing system) }
{ text_editor, editor_program,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) an application that can be used to create and view and edit text files) }

{ [ object_program, source_program,! ] target_program, program2,@ (a fully compiled or assembled program ready to be loaded into the computer) }
{ [ source_program, object_program,! ] program2,@ (a program written in a language from which statements are translated into machine language) }

{ output_program, utility_program,@ (a utility program that organizes the output of a computer) }
{ parser, program2,@ compiler,#p (a computer program that divides code up into functional components; "compilers must parse source code in order to translate it into object code") }
{ tagger, tagging_program, program2,@ (a computer program that attaches labels to the grammatical constituents of textual matter) }
{ sense_tagger, tagger,@ (a tagging program whose labels indicate the meanings of words or expressions) }
{ part-of-speech_tagger, pos_tagger, tagger,@ (a tagging program whose labels indicate a word's part of speech) }
{ relocatable_program, program2,@ (a program that can be located in different parts of memory at different times) }
{ reusable_program, program2,@ (a program that can be loaded once and executed repeatedly) }
{ Web_Map_Service, Web_Map_Server, program2,@ (a computer program that produces maps of spatially referenced data dynamically from geographic information) }
{ [ MapQuest, verb.cognition:mapquest,+ trademark,;u ] Web_Map_Service,@i (a free, widely-used Web Map Server) }
{ search_engine, program2,@ (a computer program that retrieves documents or files or data from a database or from a computer network (especially from the internet)) }
{ [ Google, verb.cognition:google,+ trademark,;u ] search_engine,@i (a widely used search engine that uses text-matching techniques to find web pages that are important and relevant to a user's search) }
{ Yahoo, search_engine,@i trademark,;u (a widely used search engine for the web that finds information, news, images, products, finance) }
{ Ask_Jeeves, search_engine,@i trademark,;u (a widely used search engine accepting plain English questions or phrases or terms) }
{ self-adapting_program, program2,@ (a program that can change its performance in response to its environment) }
{ snapshot_program, trace_program,@ (a trace program that produces output for selected conditions) }
{ spider, wanderer, computer_program,@ (a computer program that prowls the internet looking for publicly accessible resources that can be added to a database; the database can then be searched with a search engine) }
{ spreadsheet, program2,@ (a screen-oriented interactive program enabling a user to lay out financial data on the screen) }
{ sort_program, sorting_program, utility_program,@ (a utility program that sorts data items) }
{ stored_program, program2,@ (a program that is stored in the memory of the computer that executes it) }
{ supervisory_program, supervisor, executive_program, program2,@ operating_system,#p (a program that controls the execution of other programs) }
{ syntax_checker, program2,@ (a program to check natural language syntax) }
{ system_program, systems_program, systems_software, program2,@ (a program (as an operating system or compiler or utility program) that controls some aspect of the operation of a computer) }
{ trace_program, utility_program,@ (a utility program that exhibits the sequence and results of executing the instructions in another program) }
{ text-matching, program2,@ (a computer program that looks for text that matches a given text; "Google uses text-matching to find web pages containing a particular text") }
{ translator, translating_program, program2,@ (a program that translates one programming language into another) }
{ utility_program, utility, service_program, program2,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) a program designed for general support of the processes of a computer; "a computer system provides utility programs to perform the tasks needed by most users") }
{ Windows, operating_system,@ trademark,;u ((trademark) an operating system with a graphical user interface) }
{ decision_table, multidimensional_language,@ (a table of all contingencies and the actions to be taken for each) }
{ flow_chart, flowchart, flow_diagram, flow_sheet, multidimensional_language,@ (a diagram of the sequence of operations in a computer program or an accounting system) }
{ logic_diagram, logical_diagram, multidimensional_language,@ (a graphical representation of a program using formal logic) }
{ routine, subroutine, subprogram, [ procedure, adj.pert:procedural,+ ] function, software,@ program2,#p (a set sequence of steps, part of larger computer program) }
{ call7, instruction2,@ (an instruction that interrupts the program being executed; "Pascal performs calls by simply giving the name of the routine to be executed") }
{ function_call, call7,@ (a call that passes control to a subroutine; after the subroutine is executed control returns to the next instruction in main program) }
{ cataloged_procedure, routine,@ noun.group:library1,#p (a set of control statements that have been placed in a library and can be retrieved by name) }
{ contingency_procedure, routine,@ (an alternative to the normal procedure; triggered if an unusual but anticipated situation arises) }
{ dump_routine, utility_routine,@ (a routine that writes from an internal store to some external medium) }
{ input_routine, utility_routine,@ input_program,#p (a routine that writes from an external source to an internal store) }
{ library_routine, routine,@ noun.group:library1,#p (a debugged routine that is maintained in a program library) }
{ output_routine, utility_routine,@ output_program,#p (a routine that controls an output device) }
{ random_number_generator, routine,@ (a routine designed to yield a random number) }
{ recursive_routine, routine,@ (a routine that can call itself) }
{ reusable_routine, routine,@ (a routine that can be loaded once and executed repeatedly) }
{ supervisory_routine, executive_routine, routine,@ supervisory_program,#p (a routine that coordinates the operation of subroutines) }
{ tracing_routine, routine,@ trace_program,#p (a routine that provides a chronological record of the execution of a computer program) }
{ utility_routine, service_routine, routine,@ utility_program,#p (a routine that can be used as needed) }
{ instruction2, command1, statement3, program_line, code2,@ program2,#p noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) a line of code written as part of a computer program) }
{ logic_bomb, slag_code, malevolent_program,@ (a set of instructions inserted into a program that are designed to execute (or `explode') if a particular condition is satisfied; when exploded it may delete or corrupt data, or print a spurious message, or have other harmful effects; "a disgruntled employee planted a logic bomb") }
{ trojan, trojan_horse, malevolent_program,@ (a program that appears desirable but actually contains something harmful; "the contents of a trojan can be a virus or a worm"; "when he downloaded the free game it turned out to be a trojan horse") }
{ virus, computer_virus, malevolent_program,@ (a software program capable of reproducing itself and usually capable of causing great harm to files or other programs on the same computer; "a true virus cannot spread to another computer without human assistance") }
{ worm, malevolent_program,@ (a software program capable of reproducing itself that can spread from one computer to the next over a network; "worms take advantage of automatic file sending and receiving features found on many computers") }
{ command_line, instruction2,@ (commands that a user types in order to run an application) }
{ link1, instruction2,@ noun.act:programming,;c ((computing) an instruction that connects one part of a program or an element on a list to another program or list) }
{ hyperlink, link1,@ (a link from a hypertext file to another location or file; typically activated by clicking on a highlighted word or icon at a particular location on the screen) }
{ macro, macro_instruction, instruction2,@ (a single computer instruction that results in a series of instructions in machine language) }
{ system_error, instruction2,@ (an instruction that is either not recognized by an operating system or is in violation of the procedural rules) }
{ system_call, supervisor_call_instruction, call7,@ (an instruction that interrupts the program being executed and passes control to the supervisor) }
{ toggle, instruction2,@ (any instruction that works first one way and then the other; it turns something on the first time it is used and then turns it off the next time) }
{ shareware, software,@ (software that is available free of charge; may be distributed for evaluation with a fee requested for additional features or a manual etc.) }
{ shrink-wrapped_software, software,@ (software on CD-ROMs that are boxed and shrink-wrapped and sold in stores (implying a widely supported standard platform)) }
{ spyware, software,@ (computer software that obtains information from a user's computer without the user's knowledge or consent) }
{ malware, software,@ (malicious software, designed to break into a system)}
{ supervisory_software, software,@ (specialized programs that reside permanently in the computer's main memory and control the processing of user's programs) }
{ software_documentation, [ documentation1, verb.communication:document,+ ] software,@ (program listings or technical manuals describing the operation and use of programs) }
{ electronic_database, on-line_database, computer_database, electronic_information_service, database,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) a database that can be accessed by computers) }
{ database_management_system, DBMS, software,@ (a software system that facilitates the creation and maintenance and use of an electronic database) }
{ relational_database_management_system, database_management_system,@ (a database management system designed to manage a relational database) }
{ object-oriented_database_management_system, database_management_system,@ hypermedia,#p (a database management system designed to manage an object-oriented database) }
{ hypertext_system, object-oriented_database_management_system,@ (a database management system that allows strings of text (`objects') to be processed as a complex network of nodes that are linked together in an arbitrary way) }

{ [ publication, verb.creation:publish1,+ verb.creation:publish,+ verb.communication:publish,+ ] noun.artifact:work,@ (a copy of a printed work offered for distribution) }
{ [ read, verb.stative:read,+ verb.cognition:read,+ ] publication,@ (something that is read; "the article was a very good read") }
{ impression2, printing2, publication,@ noun.communication:printing,;c (all the copies of a work printed at one time; "they ran off an initial printing of 2000 copies") }
{ edition2, impression2,@ (the form in which a text (especially a printed book) is published) }
{ limited_edition, edition2,@ (an edition that is restricted to a specific number of copies) }
{ variorum, variorum_edition, edition2,@ (an edition containing various versions of a text or notes by various scholars or editors) }
{ [ proof1, verb.cognition:proof,+ verb.creation:proof,+ ] test_copy, trial_impression, impression2,@ noun.communication:printing,;c ((printing) an impression made to check for errors) }
{ galley_proof, proof1,@ (a proof taken before the type is broken up to print pages) }
{ foundry_proof, proof1,@ (a proof taken from a form before duplicate plates are made) }
{ mackle, impression2,@ (a printed impression that is blurred or doubled) }

{ collection, compendium1, publication,@ (a publication containing a variety of works) }
{ [ anthology, noun.person:anthologist,+ verb.creation:anthologize,+ verb.creation:anthologise,+ ] collection,@ (a collection of selected literary passages) }
{ album, record_album, medium1,@ (one or more recordings issued together; originally released on 12-inch phonograph records (usually with attractive record covers) and later on cassette audiotape and compact disc) }
{ concept_album, album,@ (an album whose recordings are unified by some theme (instrumental or lyrical or narrative or compositional)) }
{ rock_opera, opera,@ (an opera with rock music) }
{ tribute_album, benefit_album, concept_album,@ (concept album compiling a performer's work or work supporting some worthy cause) }
{ divan, diwan, anthology,@ (a collection of Persian or Arabic poems (usually by one author)) }
{ florilegium, garland, miscellany, anthology,@ (an anthology of short literary pieces and poems and ballads etc.) }
{ omnibus, anthology,@ (an anthology of articles on a related subject or an anthology of the works of a single author) }
{ archives, collection,@ (collection of records especially about an institution) }
{ [ compilation, verb.possession:compile,+ verb.creation:compile,+ ] [ digest, verb.change:digest,+ verb.cognition:digest,+ ] collection,@ (something that is compiled (as into a single book or file)) }

{ [ periodical, adj.all:periodical,+ ] publication,@ (a publication that appears at fixed intervals) }
{ [ digest1, verb.change:digest,+ verb.cognition:digest,+ ] periodical,@ (a periodical that summarizes the news) }
{ [ pictorial, adj.pert:pictorial,+ ] periodical,@ (a periodical (magazine or newspaper) containing many pictures) }
{ series, [ serial1, adj.all:ordered^serial,+ adj.pert:serial,+ ] serial_publication, periodical,@ (a periodical that appears at scheduled times) }
{ semiweekly, series,@ (a periodical that is published twice each week (or 104 issues per year)) }
{ weekly, series,@ (a periodical that is published every week (or 52 issues per year)) }
{ semimonthly, series,@ (a periodical that is published twice each month (or 24 issues per year)) }
{ monthly, series,@ (a periodical that is published every month (or 12 issues per year)) }
{ quarterly, series,@ (a periodical that is published every quarter (or four issues per year)) }
{ bimonthly, series,@ (a periodical that is published twice a month or every two months (either 24 or 6 issues per year)) }
{ biweekly, series,@ (a periodical that is published twice a week or every two weeks (either 104 or 26 issues per year)) }
{ organ, periodical,@ (a periodical that is published by a special interest group; "the organ of the communist party") }
{ house_organ, organ,@ (a periodical published by a business firm for its employees and customers) }
{ magazine, mag, press,@ publication,@ (a periodic publication containing pictures and stories and articles of interest to those who purchase it or subscribe to it; "it takes several years before a magazine starts to break even or make money") }
{ tip_sheet, publication,@ (a publication containing the latest information or tips or predictions for a particular business or stock market information or horse racing results, etc.) }
{ dope_sheet, scratch_sheet, tip_sheet,@ (a racing publication giving information on horses and the outcomes of horse races) }
{ colour_supplement, magazine,@ noun.location:Britain,;r ((British) a magazine that is printed in color and circulated with a newspaper (especially on weekends)) }
{ comic_book, magazine,@ (a magazine devoted to comic strips) }
{ news_magazine, magazine,@ (a magazine devoted to reports of current events; usually published weekly) }
{ pulp, pulp_magazine, magazine,@ (an inexpensive magazine printed on poor quality paper) }
{ slick, slick_magazine, glossy, magazine,@ (a magazine printed on good quality paper) }
{ trade_magazine, magazine,@ (a magazine published for and read by members of a particular trade group) }
{ [ issue, verb.communication:issue,+ ] number, periodical,@ series,#m (one of a series published periodically; "she found an old issue of the magazine in her dentist's waiting room") }
{ number7, noun.artifact:item,@ (a numbered item in a series; "take the number 2 to the main square, then change to the number 5")}
{ edition, issue,@ (an issue of a newspaper; "he read it in yesterday's edition of the Times") }
{ extra, edition,@ (an additional edition of a newspaper (usually to report a crisis)) }
{ journal, periodical,@ (a periodical dedicated to a particular subject; "he reads the medical journals") }
{ [ annals1, adj.pert:annalistic,+ noun.person:annalist,+ ] journal,@ (reports of the work of a society or learned body etc) }
{ [ review3, verb.communication:review,+ ] periodical,@ (a periodical that publishes critical essays on current affairs or literature or art) }
{ literary_review, review3,@ (a review devoted to literary criticism) }

{ reading, reading_material, written_communication,@ (written material intended to be read; "the teacher assigned new readings"; "he bought some reading material at the airport") }
{ bumf, bumph, reading,@ noun.location:Britain,;r (reading materials (documents, written information) that you must read and deal with but that you think are extremely boring) }
{ [ perusal, verb.perception:peruse,+ ] [ perusing, verb.perception:peruse,+ ] poring_over, [ studying1, verb.cognition:study1,+ verb.cognition:study,+ ] noun.cognition:reading,@ (reading carefully with intent to remember) }
{ browse, browsing, noun.cognition:reading,@ (reading superficially or at random) }
{ [ skim, verb.cognition:skim,+ verb.perception:skim,+ ] [ skimming, verb.perception:skim,+ verb.cognition:skim,+ ] noun.cognition:reading,@ (reading or glancing through quickly) }

{ message, content, subject_matter, substance, noun.Tops:communication,@ (what a communication that is about something is about) }
{ latent_content, content,@ noun.act:psychoanalysis,;c ((psychoanalysis) hidden meaning of a fantasy or dream) }
{ subject, [ topic, adj.pert:topical,+ ] [ theme, adj.pert:thematic,+ ] message,@ (the subject matter of a conversation or discussion; "he didn't want to discuss that subject"; "it was a very sensitive topic"; "his letters were always on the theme of love") }
{ bone_of_contention, subject,@ (the subject of a dispute; "the real bone of contention, as you know, is money") }
{ [ precedent2, adj.all:preceding^precedent,+ verb.stative:precede1,+ ] subject,@ (a subject mentioned earlier (preceding in time)) }
{ [ didacticism, adj.all:instructive^didactical,+ ] noun.Tops:communication,@ (communication that is suitable for or intended to be instructive; "the didacticism expected in books for the young"; "the didacticism of the 19th century gave birth to many great museums") }
{ [ digression, verb.communication:digress,+ ] aside1, excursus, [ divagation, verb.communication:divagate,+ ] [ parenthesis1, adj.all:incidental^parenthetical,+ adj.all:incidental^parenthetic,+ ] message,@ (a message that departs from the main subject) }
{ declarative_sentence, declaratory_sentence, sentence,@ (a sentence (in the indicative mood) that makes a declaration) }
{ run-on_sentence, sentence,@ (an ungrammatical sentence in which two or more independent clauses are conjoined without a conjunction) }
{ topic_sentence, sentence,@ (a sentence that states the topic of its paragraph) }
{ [ meaning, verb.communication:mean3,+ verb.communication:mean1,+ ] [ significance, adj.all:meaningful^significant,+ verb.communication:signify,+ ] [ signification, verb.communication:signify2,+ ] [ import, verb.communication:import,+ ] message,@ (the message that is intended or expressed or signified; "what is the meaning of this sentence"; "the significance of a red traffic light"; "the signification of Chinese characters"; "the import of his announcement was ambiguous") }
{ lexical_meaning, meaning,@ content_word,#p (the meaning of a content word that depends on the nonlinguistic concepts it is used to express) }
{ grammatical_meaning, meaning,@ function_word,#p (the meaning of a word that depends on its role in a sentence; varies with inflectional form) }
{ [ symbolization, verb.communication:symbolize1,+ ] [ symbolisation, verb.communication:symbolise1,+ ] signification,@ (the use of symbols to convey meaning) }
{ sense, signified, meaning,@ (the meaning of a word or expression; the way in which a word or expression or situation can be interpreted; "the dictionary gave several senses for the word"; "in the best sense charity is really a duty"; "the signifier is linked to the signified") }
{ word_meaning, word_sense, [ acceptation, verb.cognition:accept,+ ] sense,@ (the accepted meaning of a word) }
{ [ intension, adj.all:connotative^intensional,+ ] [ connotation, adj.all:connotative^connotational,+ verb.communication:connote,+ ] meaning,@ (what you must know in order to determine the reference of an expression) }
{ referent2, term,@ (something that refers; a term that refers to another term) }
{ referent1, term1,@ (the first term in a proposition; the term to which other terms relate) }
{ relatum, term1,@ (a term in a proposition that is related to the referent of the proposition) }
{ referent, meaning,@ (something referred to; the object of a reference) }
{ [ antecedent, adj.all:antecedent,+ ] referent,@ (the referent of an anaphor; a phrase or clause that is referred to by an anaphoric pronoun) }
{ denotatum, referent,@ (an actual object referred to by a linguistic expression) }
{ designatum, referent,@ (something (whether existing or not) that is referred to by a linguistic expression) }
{ effect, essence, burden, core, gist, meaning,@ (the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work) }
{ alpha_and_omega, crux,@ (the basic meaning of something; the crucial part) }
{ [ ambiguity, adj.all:unstructured^ambiguous,+ adj.all:ambiguous4,+ ] expression,@ (an expression whose meaning cannot be determined from its context) }
{ loophole, ambiguity,@ noun.communication:contract,;c (an ambiguity (especially one in the text of a law or contract) that makes it possible to evade a difficulty or obligation) }
{ amphibology, amphiboly, ambiguity,@ (an ambiguous grammatical construction; e.g., `they are flying planes' can mean either that someone is flying planes or that something is flying planes) }
{ parisology, ambiguity,@ (the use of ambiguous words) }
{ [ euphemism, adj.all:euphemistic,+ verb.communication:euphemize,+ dysphemism,! ] expression,@ (an inoffensive or indirect expression that is substituted for one that is considered offensive or too harsh) }
{ [ dysphemism, adj.all:dysphemistic,+ euphemism,! ] expression,@ (an offensive or disparaging expression that is substituted for an inoffensive one; "his favorite dysphemism was to ask for axle grease when he wanted butter") }
{ shucks, expression,@ (an expression of disappointment or irritation) }
{ double_entendre, ambiguity,@ (an ambiguity with one interpretation that is indelicate) }
{ [ intent, verb.communication:intend,+ ] [ purport, verb.cognition:purport,+ ] spirit, meaning,@ (the intended meaning of a communication) }
{ moral, lesson1, meaning,@ (the significance of a story or event; "the moral of the story is to love thy neighbor") }
{ nuance, nicety, shade, subtlety, [ refinement, verb.change:refine5,+ ] meaning,@ (a subtle difference in meaning or opinion or attitude; "without understanding the finer nuances you can't enjoy the humor"; "don't argue about shades of meaning") }
{ overtone, meaning,@ noun.communication:plural,;u ((usually plural) an ulterior implicit meaning or quality; "overtones of despair") }
{ bottom_line, point1,@ (the decisive point) }
{ crux, crux_of_the_matter, point1,@ (the most important point) }
{ point1, meaning,@ (a brief version of the essential meaning of something; "get to the point"; "he missed the point of the joke"; "life has lost its point") }
{ rallying_point, point1,@ (a point or principle on which scattered or opposing groups can come together) }
{ talking_point, point1,@ (an especially persuasive point helping to support an argument or discussion) }
{ nonsense, bunk1, [ nonsensicality, adj.all:meaningless^nonsensical,+ ] [ meaninglessness, adj.all:meaningless,+ ] hokum, message,@ (a message that seems to convey no meaning) }
{ [ absurdity, adj.all:illogical^absurd,+ ] [ absurdness, adj.all:illogical^absurd,+ adj.all:foolish^absurd,+ ] [ ridiculousness, adj.all:humorous^ridiculous,+ adj.all:foolish^ridiculous,+ ] nonsense,@ (a message whose content is at variance with reason) }
{ amphigory, nonsense_verse, nonsense,@ (nonsensical writing (usually verse)) }
{ balderdash, fiddle-faddle, [ piffle, verb.body:piffle,+ verb.communication:piffle,+ ] nonsense,@ (trivial nonsense) }
{ buzzword, cant1, nonsense,@ (stock phrases that have become nonsense through endless repetition) }
{ cobblers, nonsense,@ noun.location:Britain,;r (nonsense; "I think that is a load of cobblers") }
{ crock, nonsense,@ (nonsense; foolish talk; "that's a crock") }
{ fa_la, fal_la, nonsense,@ (meaningless syllables in the refrain of a partsong) }
{ [ gibberish, verb.communication:gibber1,+ ] [ gibber, verb.communication:gibber1,+ ] nonsense,@ (unintelligible talking) }
{ [ incoherence, adj.all:incoherent,+ ] incoherency, [ unintelligibility, adj.all:incomprehensible^unintelligible,+ ] nonsense,@ (nonsense that is simply incoherent and unintelligible) }
{ word_salad, incoherence,@ (jumble of incoherent speech as sometimes heard in schizophrenia) }
{ jabberwocky, nonsense,@ (nonsensical language (according to Lewis Carroll)) }
{ mummery, flummery, nonsense,@ (meaningless ceremonies and flattery) }
{ [ palaver, verb.communication:palaver2,+ ] hot_air, empty_words, empty_talk, rhetoric3, nonsense,@ (loud and confused and empty talk; "mere rhetoric") }
{ rigmarole, rigamarole, nonsense,@ (a set of confused and meaningless statements) }
{ shmegegge, schmegegge, nonsense,@ Yiddish,;c ((Yiddish) baloney; hot air; nonsense) }
{ stuff, stuff_and_nonsense, hooey, poppycock, nonsense,@ slang,;u (senseless talk; "don't give me that stuff") }
{ abracadabra, gibberish,@ (gibberish and nonsense) }
{ [ babble, verb.communication:babble2,+ verb.communication:babble,+ ] [ babbling, verb.communication:babble2,+ verb.communication:babble,+ ] lallation, gibberish,@ (gibberish resembling the sounds of a baby) }
{ [ blather, verb.communication:blather,+ ] blatherskite, gibberish,@ (foolish gibberish) }
{ double_Dutch, gibberish,@ noun.location:Britain,;r noun.communication:colloquialism,;u (an incomprehensible talk) }
{ bill_of_goods1, misrepresentation,@ (communication (written or spoken) that persuades someone to accept something untrue or undesirable; "they tried to sell me a bill of goods about a secondhand car") }
{ humbug1, snake_oil, misrepresentation,@ (communication (written or spoken) intended to deceive) }
{ double_talk, gibberish,@ (deliberately unintelligible gibberish) }
{ [ jabber, verb.communication:jabber,+ ] [ jabbering, verb.communication:jabber,+ ] [ gabble, verb.communication:gabble,+ ] gibberish,@ (rapid and indistinct speech) }
{ baloney, boloney, bilgewater, bosh, drool, humbug, taradiddle2, tarradiddle2, tommyrot, tosh, [ twaddle, verb.communication:twaddle,+ ] nonsense,@ slang,;u (pretentious or silly talk or writing) }
{ [ bullshit, verb.communication:bullshit,+ ] [ bull, verb.communication:bull,+ ] Irish_bull, horseshit, shit, [ crap, adj.all:bad^crappy,+ ] dogshit, bunk,@ obscenity,;u (obscene words for unacceptable behavior; "I put up with a lot of bullshit from that jerk"; "what he said was mostly bull") }
{ bunk, bunkum, buncombe, guff, rot, hogwash, drivel,@ (unacceptable behavior (especially ludicrously false statements)) }
{ chickenshit, drivel,@ obscenity,;u (a false statement that is considered to indicate timidity or fear) }
{ folderol, rubbish, tripe, trumpery, trash, wish-wash, applesauce, codswallop, drivel,@ slang,;u (nonsensical talk or writing) }
{ pap, pablum, drivel,@ (worthless or oversimplified ideas) }
{ drivel, garbage, message,@ (a worthless message) }
{ mumbo_jumbo, gibberish,@ (language or ritual causing, or intending to cause, confusion) }
{ analects, analecta, excerpt,@ (a collection of excerpts from a literary work) }
{ clipping, newspaper_clipping, press_clipping, cutting, press_cutting, excerpt,@ (an excerpt cut from a newspaper or magazine; "he searched through piles of letters and clippings") }
{ cut4, track, excerpt,@ (a distinct selection of music from a recording or a compact disc; "he played the first cut on the cd"; "the title track of the album") }
{ [ quotation, verb.communication:quote,+ ] [ quote1, verb.communication:quote,+ ] [ citation3, verb.creation:cite,+ verb.communication:cite6,+ verb.communication:cite2,+ verb.communication:cite,+ ] excerpt,@ (a passage or expression that is quoted or cited) }
{ epigraph1, quotation,@ (a quotation at the beginning of some piece of writing) }
{ [ mimesis, adj.all:imitative^mimetic,+ ] quotation,@ (the representation of another person's words in a speech) }
{ [ misquotation, verb.communication:misquote,+ ] misquote, quotation,@ (an incorrect quotation) }

{ movie, [ film1, verb.creation:film,+ verb.communication:film,+ ] picture2, moving_picture, moving-picture_show, motion_picture, motion-picture_show, picture_show, pic, flick, show,@ noun.artifact:product,@ (a form of entertainment that enacts a story by sound and a sequence of images giving the illusion of continuous movement; "they went to a movie every Saturday night"; "the film was shot on location") }
{ telefilm, movie,@ (a movie that is made to be shown on television) }
{ scene1, shot1, noun.artifact:photograph,@ movie,#p (a consecutive series of pictures that constitutes a unit of action in a film) }
{ outtake, scene1,@ (a scene that is filmed but is not used in the final editing of the film) }
{ feature, feature_film, movie,@ (the principal (full-length) film in a program at a movie theater; "the feature tonight is `Casablanca'") }
{ final_cut, movie,@ (the final edited version of a movie as approved by the director and producer) }
{ travelogue, travelog, attraction,@ (a film or illustrated lecture on traveling) }
{ home_movie, movie,@ (a film made at home by an amateur photographer) }
{ [ attraction, verb.emotion:attract,+ verb.contact:attract,+ ] show,@ (an entertainment that is offered to the public) }
{ counterattraction, attraction,@ (a rival attraction) }
{ collage_film, movie,@ (a movie that juxtaposes different kinds of footage) }
{ coming_attraction, movie,@ (a movie that is advertised to draw customers) }
{ Western, horse_opera, feature,@ (a film about life in the western United States during the period of exploration and development) }
{ shoot-'em-up, movie,@ (a movie featuring shooting and violence) }
{ short_subject, movie,@ (a brief film; often shown prior to showing the feature) }
{ [ cartoon2, noun.person:cartoonist,+ verb.creation:cartoon,+ ] animated_cartoon, toon, short_subject,@ (a film made by photographing a series of cartoon drawings to give the illusion of movement when projected in rapid sequence) }
{ anime, cartoon,@ (a style of animation developed in Japan, characterized by stylized colorful art and often adult themes)}
{ newsreel, short_subject,@ (a short film and commentary about current events) }
{ [ documentary, verb.communication:document,+ ] docudrama, documentary_film, infotainment, movie,@ (a film or TV program presenting the facts about a person or event) }
{ cinema_verite, movie,@ (a movie that shows ordinary people in actual activities without being controlled by a director) }
{ film_noir, movie,@ (a movie that is marked by a mood of pessimism, fatalism, menace, and cynical characters; "film noir was applied by French critics to describe American thriller or detective films in the 1940s") }
{ skin_flick, movie,@ slang,;u (a pornographic movie) }
{ peepshow, skin_flick,@ (a short pornographic film shown in a small coin-operated booth) }
{ rough_cut, movie,@ (the first print of a movie after preliminary editing) }
{ silent_movie, silent_picture, silents, movie,@ (a movie without a soundtrack) }
{ slow_motion, movie,@ (a movie that apparently takes place at a slower than normal speed; achieved by taking the film at a faster rate) }
{ [ dissolve, verb.change:dissolve3,+ ] transition,@ ((film) a gradual transition from one scene to the next; the next scene is gradually superimposed as the former scene fades out) }
{ cut, transition,@ ((film) an immediate transition from one shot to the next; "the cut from the accident scene to the hospital seemed too abrupt") }
{ [ jump, verb.change:jump5,+ ] transition,@ ((film) an abrupt transition from one scene to another) }
{ jump_cut, cut,@ (an immediate transition from one scene to another) }
{ spaghetti_Western, Western,@ noun.location:Italy,;r (a low-budget Western movie produced by a European (especially an Italian) film company) }
{ talking_picture, talkie, movie,@ (a movie with synchronized speech and singing) }
{ three-D, 3-D, 3D, movie,@ (a movie with images having three dimensional form or appearance) }
{ [ show, verb.perception:show2,+ ] noun.event:social_event,@ (a social event involving a public performance or entertainment; "they wanted to see some of the shows on Broadway") }
{ [ broadcast1, verb.communication:broadcast1,+ verb.communication:broadcast,+ ] program1, programme1, show,@ (a radio or television show; "did you see his program last night?") }
{ rebroadcast1, broadcast,@ (a broadcast that repeated at a later time) }
{ news_program, news_show, news2, program1,@ (a program devoted to current events, often using interviews and commentary; "we watch the 7 o'clock news every night") }
{ [ rerun, verb.creation:rerun,+ verb.communication:rerun,+ ] program1,@ (a program that is broadcast again; "she likes to watch `I love Lucy' reruns") }
{ talk_show, chat_show, program1,@ (a program during which well-known people discuss a topic or answer questions telephoned in by the audience; "in England they call a talk show a chat show") }
{ phone-in, talk_show,@ (a program in which the audience participates by telephone) }
{ television_program, TV_program, television_show, TV_show, broadcast1,@ (a program broadcast by television) }
{ colorcast, colourcast, television_program,@ (a television program that is broadcast in color) }
{ pilot_program, pilot_film, pilot, television_program,@ (a program exemplifying a contemplated series; intended to attract sponsors) }
{ game_show, giveaway1, program1,@ (a television or radio program in which contestants compete for awards) }
{ quiz_program, game_show,@ (a game show in which contestants answer questions) }
{ film_clip, noun.artifact:film1,@ telecast,#p (a strip of motion picture film used in a telecast) }
{ [ serial, adj.all:ordered^serial,+ adj.pert:serial,+ ] series1, program1,@ (a serialized set of programs; "a comedy series"; "the Masterworks concert series") }
{ cliffhanger, episode,@ (an episode that ends in suspense) }
{ episode, installment, instalment, program1,@ serial,#p (a part of a broadcast serial) }
{ sustaining_program, program1,@ (a program without a commercial sponsor) }
{ soap_opera, serial,@ (a serialized program usually dealing with sentimentalized family matters that is broadcast on radio or television (frequently sponsored by a company advertising soap products)) }
{ tetralogy, serial,@ (a series of four related works (plays or operas or novels)) }
{ radio_broadcast, broadcast,@ (a broadcast via radio) }
{ simulcast, broadcast,@ (a broadcast that is carried simultaneously by radio and television (or by FM and AM radio)) }
{ [ telecast, verb.communication:telecast,+ ] broadcast,@ (a television broadcast) }
{ telegram, [ wire, verb.communication:wire,+ ] message1,@ (a message transmitted by telegraph) }
{ night_letter, telegram,@ (a cheaper form of telegram sent for delivery the next day) }
{ airmail1, mail1,@ (letters and packages that are transported by aircraft) }
{ [ air_mail, surface_mail,! ] mail1,@ (mail that is sent by air transport) }
{ [ surface_mail, air_mail,! ] mail1,@ (mail that is sent by land or sea) }
{ registered_mail, registered_post, mail1,@ (mail that is registered by the post office when sent in order to assure safe delivery) }
{ special_delivery, mail1,@ (mail that is delivered by a special carrier (for an additional charge)) }
{ [ correspondence, verb.communication:correspond,+ ] written_communication,@ first-class_mail,@ (communication by the exchange of letters) }
{ Kamasutra, Sanskrit_literature,@i noun.cognition:Hinduism,;c ((Hinduism) an ancient Sanskrit text giving rules for sensuous and sensual pleasure and love and marriage in accordance with Hindu law) }
{ sutra, Sanskrit_literature,@ (a rule or aphorism in Sanskrit literature or a group of aphoristic doctrinal summaries prepared for memorization) }
{ letter, missive, text,@ noun.artifact:document,@ correspondence,#p mail1,#p (a written message addressed to a person or organization; "mailed an indignant letter to the editor") }
{ business_letter, letter,@ (a letter dealing with business) }
{ covering_letter, cover_letter, letter,@ (a letter sent along with other documents to provide additional information) }
{ crank_letter, letter,@ (a hostile (usually anonymous) letter) }
{ encyclical, encyclical_letter, letter,@ (a letter from the pope sent to all Roman Catholic bishops throughout the world) }
{ fan_letter, letter,@ noun.group:fan_mail,#p (a letter that is a piece of fan mail) }
{ personal_letter, letter,@ (a letter dealing with personal affairs) }
{ form_letter, letter,@ (a letter that is printed in multiple copies and mailed to a list of recipients) }
{ open_letter, letter,@ (a letter of protest; addressed to one person but intended for the general public) }
{ chain_letter, letter,@ (a letter that is sent successively to several people) }
{ [ pastoral2, adj.pert:pastoral,+ ] letter,@ (a letter from a pastor to the congregation) }
{ round_robin, letter,@ (a letter signed by a number of people) }
{ airmail_letter, air_letter, aerogram, aerogramme, letter,@ (a letter sent by air mail) }
{ [ epistle1, adj.all:informal2^epistolary,+ ] letter,@ (a specially long, formal letter) }
{ note3, short_letter, line4, billet, personal_letter,@ (a short personal letter; "drop me a line when you get there") }
{ [ excuse1, verb.communication:excuse5,+ verb.communication:excuse4,+ ] note3,@ (a note explaining an absence; "he had to get his mother to write an excuse for him") } 
{ love_letter, billet_doux, personal_letter,@ (a personal letter to a loved one expressing affection) }
{ dead_letter, dead_mail, letter,@ (mail that can neither be delivered nor returned) }
{ letter_of_intent, letter,@ (any letter expressing an intention to take (or forgo) some action) }
{ card, correspondence,@ (a rectangular piece of stiff paper used to send messages (may have printed greetings or pictures); "they sent us a card from Miami") }
{ birthday_card, greeting_card,@ (a card expressing a birthday greeting) }
{ get-well_card, card,@ (a card expressing get-well wishes) }
{ greeting_card, card,@ (a card sent to express personal greetings) }
{ Christmas_card, greeting_card,@ (a card expressing a Christmas greeting) }
{ Easter_card, greeting_card,@ (a card expressing an Easter greeting) }
{ Valentine, greeting_card,@ (a card sent or given (as to a sweetheart) on Saint Valentine's Day) }
{ postcard, post_card, postal_card, mailing-card, card,@ (a card for sending messages by post without an envelope) }
{ lettercard, postcard,@ (a postcard that folds so the message is inside) }
{ picture_postcard, postcard,@ (a postcard with a picture on one side) }
{ sympathy_card, card,@ (a card expressing sympathy) }
{ Mass_card, sympathy_card,@ noun.group:Roman_Catholic,;c ((Roman Catholic Church) a card sent to a bereaved family that says the sender has arranged for a Mass to be said in memory of the deceased) }
{ spiritual_bouquet, sympathy_card,@ noun.group:Roman_Catholic,;c ((Roman Catholic Church) a card indicating that the sender will perform certain devotional acts on behalf of another) }

{ [ acknowledgment, verb.communication:acknowledge7,+ verb.communication:acknowledge1,+ verb.cognition:acknowledge9,+ ] acknowledgement, message,@ (a statement acknowledging something or someone; "she must have seen him but she gave no sign of acknowledgment"; "the preface contained an acknowledgment of those who had helped her") }
{ farewell, word_of_farewell, acknowledgment,@ (an acknowledgment or expression of goodwill at parting) }
{ adieu, adios, arrivederci, auf_wiedersehen, au_revoir, bye, bye-bye, cheerio, good-by, goodby, good-bye, goodbye, good_day, sayonara, so_long, farewell,@ (a farewell remark; "they said their good-byes") }
{ bon_voyage, send-off, farewell,@ (an organized expression of goodwill at the start of a trip or new venture) }
{ [ greeting, verb.communication:greet1,+ verb.communication:greet,+ ] [ salutation, verb.communication:salute,+ ] acknowledgment,@ noun.communication:plural,;u ((usually plural) an acknowledgment or expression of good will (especially on meeting)) }
{ [ well-wishing, adj.all:felicitous^well-wishing,+ ] greeting,@ (an expression of good will from one person to another; "much hand-shaking and well-wishing") }
{ regard, [ wish1, verb.communication:wish,+ ] compliments1, greeting,@ noun.communication:plural,;u ((usually plural) a polite expression of desire for someone's welfare; "give him my kind regards"; "my best wishes") }
{ [ reception1, noun.person:receptionist,+ ] response2, greeting,@ (the manner in which something is greeted; "she did not expect the cold reception she received from her superiors") }
{ [ hail, verb.communication:hail,+ ] greeting,@ (enthusiastic greeting) }
{ pax, kiss_of_peace, greeting,@ noun.group:Roman_Catholic,;c ((Roman Catholic Church) a greeting signifying Christian love for those assisting at the Eucharist) }
{ [ welcome, verb.possession:welcome,+ ] greeting,@ (a greeting or reception; "the proposal got a warm welcome") }
{ cordial_reception, [ hospitality, adj.all:hospitable2,+ inhospitality,! ] welcome,@ (kindness in welcoming guests or strangers) }
{ [ inhospitality, adj.all:inhospitable2,+ hospitality,! ] welcome,@ (unkind and inconsiderate welcome; "he was taken aback by such inhospitality") }
{ glad_hand, welcome,@ (a warm welcome; may be insincere) }
{ aloha, ciao, acknowledgment,@ noun.location:Italy,;r (an acknowledgment that can be used to say hello or goodbye (aloha is Hawaiian and ciao is Italian)) }
{ [ handshake, verb.communication:shake_hands,+ ] [ shake, verb.communication:shake,+ ] [ handshaking, verb.communication:shake_hands,+ ] handclasp, acknowledgment,@ noun.communication:contract,;c (grasping and shaking a person's hand (as to acknowledge an introduction or to agree on a contract)) }
{ [ salute2, verb.communication:salute,+ ] greeting,@ (an act of greeting with friendly words and gestures like bowing or lifting the hat) }
{ hello, hullo, hi, howdy, how-do-you-do, greeting,@ (an expression of greeting; "every morning they exchanged polite hellos") }
{ good_morning, morning, greeting,@ farewell,@ (a conventional expression of greeting or farewell) }
{ good_afternoon, afternoon, greeting,@ farewell,@ (a conventional expression of greeting or farewell) }
{ good_night, farewell,@ (a conventional expression of farewell) }
{ [ salute1, verb.communication:salute1,+ verb.communication:salute2,+ ] military_greeting, greeting,@ noun.group:military,;c (a formal military gesture of respect) }
{ calling_card, visiting_card, card4, greeting,@ (a printed or written greeting that is left to indicate that you have visited) }
{ [ apology, adj.all:apologetic,+ verb.communication:apologize,+ verb.communication:apologise1,+ verb.communication:apologise,+ ] acknowledgment,@ (an expression of regret at having caused trouble for someone; "he wrote a letter of apology to the hostess") }
{ mea_culpa, acknowledgment,@ (an acknowledgment of your error or guilt) }
{ [ condolence, adj.all:sympathetic^condolent,+ verb.emotion:condole,+ ] [ commiseration, verb.emotion:commiserate,+ ] acknowledgment,@ (an expression of sympathy with another's grief; "they sent their condolences") }
{ [ congratulation, verb.communication:congratulate11,+ verb.communication:congratulate1,+ ] [ felicitation, verb.communication:felicitate,+ ] speech_act,@ (the act of acknowledging that someone has an occasion for celebration) }
{ [ refusal, verb.possession:refuse,+ ] message,@ (a message refusing to accept something that is offered) }
{ [ declination, verb.possession:decline,+ ] regrets, refusal,@ acknowledgment,@ (a polite refusal of an invitation) }

{ [ information, verb.communication:inform,+ ] info, message,@ (a message received and understood) }
{ [ misinformation, verb.communication:misinform,+ ] information,@ (information that is incorrect) }
{ blowback, misinformation,@ (misinformation resulting from the recirculation into the source country of disinformation previously planted abroad by that country's intelligence service) }
{ disinformation, misinformation,@ (misinformation that is deliberately disseminated in order to influence or confuse rivals (foreign enemies or business competitors etc.)) }
{ material, information,@ (information (data or ideas or observations) that can be used or reworked into a finished form; "the archives provided rich material for a definitive biography") }
{ [ rehash, verb.communication:rehash,+ verb.consumption:rehash,+ ] material,@ (old material that is slightly reworked and used again; "merely a dull rehash of his first novel") }
{ details, inside_information, information,@ (true confidential information; "after the trial he gave us the real details") }
{ dope, poop, the_skinny, low-down, details,@ (slang terms for inside information; "is that the straight dope?") }
{ fact1, information,@ (a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened; "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts") }
{ record2, record_book, book2, fact1,@ (a compilation of the known facts regarding something or someone; "Al Smith used to say, `Let's look at the record'"; "his name is in all the record books") }
{ [ format, verb.change:format9,+ verb.cognition:format10,+ ] [ formatting, verb.creation:format,+ verb.cognition:format10,+ verb.change:format9,+ ] data_format, data_formatting, information,@ noun.artifact:computer,;c (the organization of information according to preset specifications (usually for computer processing)) }
{ high-level_formatting, format,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) the format for the root directory and the file allocation tables and other basic configurations) }
{ low-level_formatting, [ initialization, verb.cognition:initialize,+ verb.change:initialize10,+ ] [ initialisation, verb.change:initialise10,+ ] format,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) the format of sectors on the surface of a hard disk drive so that the operating system can access them and setting a starting position) }
{ gen, information,@ noun.location:Britain,;r (informal term for information; "give me the gen on your new line of computers") }
{ database, information,@ (an organized body of related information) }
{ relational_database, electronic_database,@ (a database in which relations between information items are explicitly specified as accessible attributes; "in a relational database the data are organized as a number of differently sized tables") }
{ Medical_Literature_Analysis_and_Retrieval_System, MEDLARS, relational_database,@i (relational database of the United States National Library of Medicine for the storage and retrieval of bibliographical information concerning the biomedical literature) }
{ object-oriented_database, electronic_database,@ (a database in which the operations carried out on information items (data objects) are considered part of their definition) }
{ subdata_base, database,@ (a subset of data in a database that are used in a specific application) }
{ lexical_database, electronic_database,@ (a database of information about words) }
{ machine_readable_dictionary, MRD, electronic_dictionary, lexical_database,@ (a machine-readable version of a standard dictionary; organized alphabetically) }
{ [ WordNet, noun.communication:trademark,;u ] [ Princeton_WordNet, noun.communication:trademark,;u ] lexical_database,@i (a machine-readable lexical database organized by meanings; developed at Princeton University) }
{ WordNet3.1", WordNet,@i (the latest publicly released version of WordNet)}
{ wordnet1, lexical_database,@ (any of the machine-readable lexical databases modeled after the Princeton WordNet) }
{ basics, rudiments, fact1,@ (a statement of fundamental facts or principles) }
{ index1, index_number, indicant, indicator, fact1,@ (a number or ratio (a value on a scale of measurement) derived from a series of observed facts; can reveal relative changes as a function of time) }
{ body_mass_index, BMI, index1,@ (a measure of someone's weight in relation to height; to calculate one's BMI, multiply one's weight in pounds and divide that by the square of one's height in inches; overweight is a BMI greater than 25; obese is a BMI greater than 30) }
{ business_index, index1,@ (a statistical compilation that provides a context for economic or financial conditions; "this business index is computed relative to the base year of 2005") }
{ Dow_Jones, Dow-Jones_Industrial_Average, stock_index,@i (an indicator of stock market prices; based on the share values of 30 blue-chip stocks listed on the New York Stock Exchange; "the Dow Jones Industrial Average is the most widely cited indicator of how the stock market is doing") }
{ Standard_and_Poor's, Standard_and_Poor's_Index, stock_index,@i (a broadly based stock market index) }
{ leading_indicator, index1,@ (one of 11 indicators for different sections of the economy; used by the Department of Commerce to predict economic trends in the near future) }
{ price_index, price_level, index1,@ (an index that traces the relative changes in the price of an individual good (or a market basket of goods) over time) }
{ retail_price_index, price_index,@ (an index of changes in retail prices) }
{ producer_price_index, wholesale_price_index, price_index,@ (an index of changes in wholesale prices) }
{ consumer_price_index, CPI, cost-of-living_index, price_index,@ (an index of the cost of all goods and services to a typical consumer) }
{ short_account, index1,@ (the aggregate of short sales on an open market) }
{ stock_index, stock_market_index, index1,@ (index based on a statistical compilation of the share prices of a number of representative stocks) }
{ news, intelligence1, tidings, word2, information,@ (information about recent and important events; "they awaited news of the outcome") }
{ [ news3, adj.all:informative^newsy,+ ] information,@ (informal information of any kind that is not previously known to someone; "it was news to me") }
{ nuts_and_bolts, information,@ (detailed practical information about how something works or how something can be accomplished) }
{ intelligence2, intelligence_information, information,@ (secret information about an enemy (or potential enemy); "we sent out planes to gather intelligence on their radar coverage") }
{ military_intelligence, intelligence2,@ noun.group:military,;c (information about the armed forces of another country that is useful in planning and conducting military policy or military operations) }
{ good_word, news,@ (good news) }
{ latest, news,@ (the most recent news or development; "have you heard the latest?") }
{ [ update, verb.communication:update,+ verb.change:update,+ verb.change:update1,+ ] information,@ (information or data that updates; "do you have the latest software update?"; "I just heard the update on the unemployment figures") }
{ [ evidence1, adj.pert:evidentiary,+ adj.all:noticeable^evident,+ verb.communication:evidence1,+ verb.communication:evidence,+ ] indication,@ (an indication that makes something evident; "his trembling was evidence of his fear") }
{ clue1, clew, cue1, evidence1,@ (evidence that helps to solve a problem) }
{ DNA_fingerprint, genetic_fingerprint, biometric_identification,@ (biometric identification obtained by examining a person's unique sequence of DNA base pairs; often used for evidence in criminal law cases) }
{ face_recognition, facial_recognition, automatic_face_recognition, biometric_identification,@ noun.act:terrorism,;c (biometric identification by scanning a person's face and matching it against a library of known faces; "they used face recognition to spot known terrorists") }
{ [ fingerprint1, verb.creation:fingerprint,+ ] mark3,@ biometric_identification,@ (a print made by an impression of the ridges in the skin of a finger; often used for biometric identification in criminal investigations) }
{ finger_scan, finger_scanning, biometric_identification,@ (biometric identification by automatically scanning a person's fingerprints electronically) }
{ loop, fingerprint1,@ (the basic pattern of the human fingerprint) }
{ thumbprint, fingerprint1,@ (fingerprint made by the thumb (especially by the pad of the thumb)) }
{ footprint, footmark, [ step2, verb.motion:step1,+ ] mark3,@ (a mark of a foot or shoe on a surface; "the police made casts of the footprints in the soft earth outside the window") }
{ footprint_evidence, footprint,@ evidence1,@ (evidence in the form of footprints; "there was footprint evidence that he had been at the scene of the crime") }
{ iris_scanning, biometric_identification,@ (biometric identification by scanning the iris of the eye; "the structure of the iris is very distinctive") }
{ signature_recognition, biometric_identification,@ (biometric identification by automatically scanning a person's signature and matching it electronically against a library of known signatures) }
{ retinal_scanning, biometric_identification,@ (biometric identification by scanning the retina of the eye; "identification by retinal scanning is complicated by eye movements") }
{ voiceprint, biometric_identification,@ (biometric identification by electronically recording and graphically representing a person's voice; "voiceprints are uniquely characteristic of individual speakers") }
{ [ sign5, verb.communication:signify,+ ] [ mark5, verb.perception:mark,+ ] clue1,@ (a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened); "he showed signs of strain"; "they welcomed the signs of spring") }
{ token1, sign5,@ (something serving as a sign of something else) }
{ trace, vestige, tincture, shadow, indication,@ (an indication that something has been present; "there wasn't a trace of evidence for the claim"; "a tincture of condescension") }
{ footprint1, trace,@ (a trace suggesting that something was once present or felt or otherwise important; "the footprints of an earlier civilization") }
{ [ trace2, verb.perception:trace,+ verb.motion:trace1,+ ] mark3,@ (a visible mark (as a footprint) left by the passage of person or animal or vehicle) }
{ [ record3, verb.communication:record,+ ] evidence1,@ noun.act:photography,;c (anything (such as a document or a phonograph record or a photograph) providing permanent evidence of or information about past events; "the film provided a valuable record of stage techniques") }
{ proof, argument2,@ noun.cognition:logic,;c noun.cognition:math,;c (a formal series of statements showing that if one thing is true something else necessarily follows from it) }
{ mathematical_proof, proof,@ (proof of a mathematical theorem) }
{ logical_proof, proof,@ (proof of a logical theorem) }
{ demonstration3, monstrance, proof,@ (proof by a process of argument or a series of proposition proving an asserted conclusion) }
{ [ testimony2, adj.pert:testimonial,+ verb.communication:testify2,+ verb.communication:testify1,+ ] [ testimonial2, adj.pert:testimonial,+ ] evidence1,@ (something that serves as evidence; "his effort was testimony to his devotion") }
{ good_authority, testimony2,@ (testimony by someone who should know; "I have it on good authority") }
{ testament2, testimony2,@ (strong evidence for something; "his easy victory was a testament to his skill") }
{ [ argument2, verb.communication:argue1,+ ] [ statement2, verb.communication:state1,+ ] evidence1,@ (a fact or assertion offered as evidence that something is true; "it was a strong argument that his hypothesis was true") }
{ counterargument, argument2,@ (an argument offered in opposition to another argument) }
{ [ pro, con,! ] argument2,@ (an argument in favor of a proposal) }
{ [ con, pro,! ] argument2,@ (an argument opposed to a proposal) }
{ case1, argument2,@ (a statement of facts and reasons used to support an argument; "he stated his case clearly") }
{ clincher, [ determiner1, verb.communication:determine5,+ ] determining_factor, argument2,@ (an argument that is conclusive) }
{ adducing, argument2,@ (citing as evidence or proof) }
{ last_word, argument2,@ (the final statement in a verbal argument; "she always gets the last word") }
{ [ attestation1, verb.communication:attest4,+ verb.communication:attest1,+ verb.communication:attest,+ ] evidence1,@ (the evidence by which something is attested) }
{ [ confirmation, verb.communication:confirm,+ verb.cognition:confirm,+ ] information,@ (information that confirms or verifies) }
{ reinforcement, reenforcement, confirmation,@ (information that makes more forcible or convincing; "his gestures provided eloquent reinforcement for his complaints") }
{ [ documentation, verb.cognition:document,+ ] [ certification, verb.communication:certify,+ ] [ corroboration, verb.stative:corroborate,+ verb.communication:corroborate,+ verb.cognition:corroborate,+ ] confirmation,@ (confirmation that some fact or statement is true through the use of documentary evidence) }
{ guidance, [ counsel, verb.communication:counsel,+ ] [ counseling, verb.communication:counsel,+ ] [ counselling, verb.communication:counsel,+ ] direction, message,@ (something that provides direction or advice as to a decision or course of action) }
{ career_counseling, guidance,@ (counseling on career opportunities) }
{ cynosure, guidance,@ (something that provides guidance (as Polaris guides mariners); "let faith be your cynosure to walk by") }
{ genetic_counseling, guidance,@ (guidance for prospective parents on the likelihood of genetic disorders in their future children) }
{ marriage_counseling, guidance,@ (counseling on marital problems and disagreements) }
{ [ tip, noun.person:tipster,+ verb.communication:tip4,+ ] lead2, [ steer, verb.social:steer,+ ] confidential_information, wind, [ hint2, verb.communication:hint,+ ] guidance,@ (an indication of potential opportunity; "he got a tip on the stock market"; "a good lead for a job") }
{ insider_information, information,@ (important information about the plans or condition of a corporation that has not been released to the public; use for personal profit is illegal) }
{ rule3, direction2,@ (any one of a systematic body of regulations defining the way of life of members of a religious order; "the rule of St. Dominic") }
{ [ rule, verb.cognition:rule,+ ] prescript, direction2,@ noun.group:book,#p (prescribed guide for conduct or action) }
{ rubric2, rule,@ (an authoritative rule of conduct or procedure) }
{ [ rubric3, verb.creation:rubricate,+ ] direction2,@ (directions for the conduct of Christian church services (often printed in red in a prayer book)) }
{ order2, rules_of_order, parliamentary_law, parliamentary_procedure, rule,@ (a body of rules followed by an assembly) }
{ [ interpellation, verb.communication:interpellate,+ ] order2,@ noun.group:parliament,;c ((parliament) a parliamentary procedure of demanding that a government official explain some act or policy) }
{ rule_of_evidence, rule,@ noun.group:law,;c ((law) a rule of law whereby any alleged matter of fact that is submitted for investigation at a judicial trial is established or disproved) }
{ best_evidence_rule, rule_of_evidence,@ (a rule of evidence requiring that to prove the content of a writing or recording or photograph the original is required) }
{ estoppel, rule_of_evidence,@ (a rule of evidence whereby a person is barred from denying the truth of a fact that has already been settled) }
{ exclusionary_rule, rule_of_evidence,@ (a rule that provides that otherwise admissible evidence cannot be used in a criminal trial if it was the result of illegal police conduct) }
{ fruit_of_the_poisonous_tree, rule_of_evidence,@ (a rule that once primary evidence is determined to have been illegally obtained any secondary evidence following from it may also not be used) }
{ hearsay_rule, rule_of_evidence,@ (a rule that declares not admissible as evidence any statement other than that by a witness) }
{ parol_evidence_rule, rule_of_evidence,@ (a rule that oral evidence cannot be used to contradict the terms of a written contract) }
{ res_ipsa_loquitur, rule_of_evidence,@ (a rule of evidence whereby the negligence of an alleged wrongdoer can be inferred from the fact that the accident happened) }
{ standing_order, order2,@ (a rule of order permanently in force) }
{ Miranda_rule, rule,@ (the rule that police (when interrogating you after an arrest) are obliged to warn you that anything you say may be used as evidence and to read you your constitutional rights (the right to a lawyer and the right to remain silent until advised by a lawyer)) }
{ principle, precept, rule,@ ethic,#p (rule of personal conduct) }
{ higher_law, principle,@ (a principle that takes precedent over the laws of society) }
{ moral_principle, principle,@ (the principle that conduct should be moral) }
{ golden_rule1, rule,@ (any important rule; "the golden rule of teaching is to be clear") }
{ GIGO, rule,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) a rule stating that the quality of the output is a function of the quality of the input; put garbage in and you get garbage out) }
{ categorical_imperative, moral_principle,@ (the moral principle that behavior should be determined by duty) }
{ hypothetical_imperative, principle,@ (a principle stating the action required to attain a desired goal) }
{ policy, noun.cognition:argumentation,@ (a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government; "they debated the policy or impolicy of the proposed legislation") }
{ economic_policy, policy,@ (a government policy for maintaining economic growth and tax revenues) }
{ fiscal_policy, economic_policy,@ (a government policy for dealing with the budget (especially with taxation and borrowing)) }
{ New_Deal, economic_policy,@ (the economic policy of F. D. Roosevelt) }
{ control, economic_policy,@ (the economic policy of controlling or limiting or curbing prices or wages etc.; "they wanted to repeal all the legislation that imposed economic controls") }
{ price_control, control,@ (restriction on maximum prices that is established and maintained by the government (as during periods of war or inflation)) }
{ ceiling, roof, [ cap, verb.change:cap,+ ] control,@ (an upper limit on what is allowed; "he put a ceiling on the number of women who worked for him"; "there was a roof on salaries"; "they established a cap for prices") }
{ glass_ceiling, ceiling,@ (a ceiling based on attitudinal or organizational bias in the work force that prevents minorities and women from advancing to leadership positions) }
{ floor, base1, control,@ (a lower limit; "the government established a wage floor") }
{ price_floor, floor,@ (floor below which prices are not allowed to fall; "the government used price supports to maintain the price floor") }
{ wage_floor, floor,@ (floor below which wages are not allowed to fall) }
{ perestroika, economic_policy,@ (an economic policy adopted in the former Soviet Union; intended to increase automation and labor efficiency but it led eventually to the end of central planning in the Russian economy) }
{ [ protectionism, noun.person:protectionist,+ ] economic_policy,@ (the policy of imposing duties or quotas on imports in order to protect home industries from overseas competition) }
{ social_policy, policy,@ (a policy of for dealing with social issues) }
{ apartheid, social_policy,@ (a social policy or racial segregation involving political and economic and legal discrimination against people who are not Whites; the former official policy in South Africa) }
{ glasnost, social_policy,@ (a policy of the Soviet government allowing freer discussion of social problems) }
{ social_action, social_policy,@ (a social policy of reform (especially socioeconomic reform)) }
{ affirmative_action, social_action,@ (a policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities; "affirmative action has been extremely controversial and was challenged in 1978 in the Bakke decision") }
{ fence_mending, social_action,@ (social action to improve poor relations (especially in politics); "they moved forward from a period of fence mending to substantive changes in the country") }
{ trade_barrier, import_barrier, protectionism,@ (any regulation or policy that restricts international trade) }
{ quota, trade_barrier,@ (a limitation on imports; "the quota for Japanese imports was negotiated") }
{ [ embargo, verb.social:embargo,+ ] trade_embargo, trade_stoppage, trade_barrier,@ (a government order imposing a trade barrier) }
{ [ nativism, adj.pert:nativistic1,+ ] social_policy,@ (the policy of perpetuating native cultures (in opposition to acculturation)) }
{ party_line, policy,@ (the policy of a political group; "He won in a vote along party lines") }
{ foreign_policy, policy,@ (a policy governing international relations) }
{ brinkmanship, foreign_policy,@ (the policy of pushing a dangerous situation to the brink of disaster (to the limits of safety)) }
{ [ imperialism, adj.pert:imperialistic,+ noun.person:imperialist,+ ] foreign_policy,@ (a policy of extending your rule over foreign countries) }
{ [ intervention, nonintervention,! ] [ interference, verb.social:interfere,+ noninterference,! ] foreign_policy,@ (a policy of intervening in the affairs of other countries) }
{ [ nonintervention, intervention,! ] [ noninterference, interference,! ] foreign_policy,@ (a foreign policy of staying out of other countries' disputes) }
{ nonaggression, foreign_policy,@ (a policy of not initiating hostilities; "they signed a nonaggression pact") }

{ manifest_destiny, imperialism,@ (a policy of imperialism rationalized as inevitable (as if granted by God)) }
{ [ isolationism, adj.pert:isolationistic,+ noun.person:isolationist,+ ] foreign_policy,@ (a policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations) }
{ Monroe_Doctrine, foreign_policy,@ (an American foreign policy opposing interference in the western hemisphere from outside powers) }
{ Truman_doctrine, foreign_policy,@ (President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology) }
{ [ neutralism, noun.person:neutralist,+ ] foreign_policy,@ (a policy of neutrality or nonalignment in international affairs) }
{ regionalism1, foreign_policy,@ (a foreign policy that defines the international interests of a country in terms of particular geographic areas) }
{ trade_policy, national_trading_policy, foreign_policy,@ (a government's policy controlling foreign trade) }
{ open-door_policy, open_door, trade_policy,@ (the policy of granting equal trade opportunities to all countries) }
{ zero-tolerance_policy, policy,@ (any policy that allows no exception; "a zero-tolerance policy toward pedophile priests") }
{ [ Zionism, noun.person:zionist,+ ] policy,@ (a policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine) }
{ ethic, ethical_code, noun.cognition:system,@ (a system of principles governing morality and acceptable conduct) }
{ caveat_emptor, principle,@ (a commercial principle that without a warranty the buyer takes upon himself the risk of quality) }
{ [ dictate, verb.social:dictate,+ verb.communication:dictate,+ ] rule,@ (an authoritative rule) }
{ regulation, ordinance, rule,@ (an authoritative rule) }
{ age_limit, regulation,@ (regulation establishing the maximum age for doing something or holding some position) }
{ assize1, regulation,@ (the regulation of weights and measures of articles offered for sale) }
{ speed_limit, regulation,@ (regulation establishing the top speed permitted on a given road) }
{ [ canon, noun.person:canonist,+ ] rule,@ (a rule or especially body of rules or principles generally established as valid and fundamental in a field of art or philosophy; "the neoclassical canon"; "canons of polite society") }
{ etiquette, rule,@ (rules governing socially acceptable behavior) }
{ protocol, etiquette,@ (forms of ceremony and etiquette observed by diplomats and heads of state) }
{ protocol1, communications_protocol, rule,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) rules determining the format and transmission of data) }
{ file_transfer_protocol, [ FTP, verb.possession:FTP,+ ] protocol1,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c (protocol that allows users to copy files between their local system and any system they can reach on the network) }
{ anonymous_ftp, anonymous_file_transfer_protocol, file_transfer_protocol,@ (a common way to make software available; users are allowed to log in as `guest' without a password and copy whatever has been made available) }
{ hypertext_transfer_protocol, HTTP, protocol1,@ (a protocol (utilizing TCP) to transfer hypertext requests and information between servers and browsers) }
{ musical_instrument_digital_interface, MIDI, protocol1,@ (a standard protocol for communication between electronic musical instruments and computers) }
{ transmission_control_protocol, TCP, protocol1,@ TCP/IP,#p (a protocol developed for the internet to get data from one network device to another; "TCP uses a retransmission strategy to insure that data will not be lost in transmission") }
{ transmission_control_protocol/internet_protocol, TCP/IP, protocol1,@ (a set of protocols (including TCP) developed for the internet in the 1970s to get data from one network device to another) }
{ punctilio, etiquette,@ (a fine point of etiquette or petty formality) }
{ [ closure, verb.change:closure,+ ] [ cloture, verb.change:cloture,+ ] gag_rule, gag_law1, order2,@ (a rule for limiting or ending debate in a deliberative body) }
{ closure_by_compartment, guillotine, closure,@ (closure imposed on the debate of specific sections of a bill) }
{ point_of_order, order2,@ (a question as to whether the current proceedings are allowed by parliamentary procedure) }
{ [ code1, verb.change:codify1,+ ] [ codification, verb.change:codify1,+ ] written_communication,@ (a set of rules or principles or laws (especially written ones)) }
{ Bushido, code1,@ (traditional code of the Japanese samurai which stressed courage and loyalty and self-discipline and simple living) }
{ legal_code, code1,@ noun.group:law,;c (a code of laws adopted by a state or nation; "a code of laws") }
{ penal_code, legal_code,@ noun.group:law,;c (the legal code governing crimes and their punishment) }
{ United_States_Code, U._S._Code, legal_code,@ noun.group:law,;c (a consolidation and codification by subject matter of the general and permanent laws of the United States; is prepared and published by a unit of the United States House of Representatives) }
{ building_code, code1,@ noun.group:law,;c (set of standards established and enforced by local government for the structural safety of buildings) }
{ dress_code, code1,@ (a set of rules specifying the correct manner of dress while on the premises of the institution (or specifying what manner of dress is prohibited)) }
{ fire_code, code1,@ noun.group:law,;c (set of standards established and enforced by government for fire prevention and safety in case of fire as in fire escapes etc) }
{ omerta, code1,@ noun.group:Mafia,;c (a code of silence practiced by the Mafia; a refusal to give evidence to the police about criminal activities) }
{ sanitary_code, health_code, code1,@ noun.group:law,;c (set of standards established and enforced by government for health requirements as in plumbing etc) }
{ Highway_Code, code1,@ noun.location:Great_Britain1,;r (the code of rules governing the use of public roads) }
{ double_standard, ethic,@ (an ethical or moral code that applies more strictly to one group than to another) }
{ double_standard_of_sexual_behavior, double_standard,@ (a code that permits greater sexual freedom for men than for women (associated with the subordination of women)) }
{ [ equation, verb.stative:equate,+ ] mathematical_statement,@ noun.cognition:mathematics,;c (a mathematical statement that two expressions are equal) }
{ linear_equation, equation,@ (a polynomial equation of the first degree) }
{ quadratic_equation, quadratic, equation,@ (an equation in which the highest power of an unknown quantity is a square) }
{ biquadratic_equation, [ biquadratic, adj.pert:biquadratic,+ ] equation,@ (an equation of the fourth degree) }
{ differential_equation, equation,@ (an equation containing differentials of a function) }
{ Maxwell's_equations, differential_equation,@ (four differential equations that summarize classical properties of electromagnetic fields) }
{ partial_differential_equation, differential_equation,@ (a differential equation involving a functions of more than one variable) }
{ Schrodinger_equation, Schrodinger_wave_equation, differential_equation,@ (the fundamental equation of wave mechanics) }
{ simultaneous_equations, equation,@ (a set of equations in two or more variables for which there are values that can satisfy all the equations simultaneously) }
{ wave_equation, differential_equation,@ (a differential equation that describes the passage of harmonic waves through a medium) }
{ advice, proposal,@ (a proposal for an appropriate course of action) }
{ [ recommendation, verb.communication:recommend1,+ verb.communication:recommend,+ ] advice,@ (something (as a course of action) that is recommended as advisable) }
{ [ indication3, verb.communication:indicate4,+ verb.communication:indicate2,+ ] advice,@ (something (as a course of action) that is indicated as expedient or necessary; "there were indications that it was time to leave") }
{ referral, recommendation,@ (a recommendation to consult the (professional) person or group to whom one has been referred; "the insurance company says that you need a written referral from your physician before seeing a specialist") }
{ [ admonition1, verb.communication:admonish2,+ verb.communication:admonish1,+ ] [ monition1, verb.communication:monish1,+ verb.communication:monish,+ ] [ warning1, verb.communication:warn1,+ ] word_of_advice, advice,@ (cautionary advice about something imminent (especially imminent danger or other unpleasantness); "a letter of admonition about the dangers of immorality"; "the warning was to beware of surprises"; "his final word of advice was not to play with matches") }
{ [ example, adj.all:dissuasive^exemplary,+ ] deterrent_example, lesson, object_lesson, warning1,@ (punishment intended as a warning to others; "they decided to make an example of him") }
{ secret1, arcanum, information,@ (information known only to a special group; "the secret of Cajun cooking") }
{ secret, information,@ (something that should remain hidden from others (especially information that is not to be passed on); "the combination to the safe was a secret"; "he tried to keep his drinking a secret") }
{ [ confidence, adj.all:private^confidential2,+ verb.communication:confide,+ ] secret,@ (a secret that is confided or entrusted to another; "everyone trusted him with their confidences"; "the priest could not reveal her confidences") }
{ esoterica, secret1,@ (secrets known only to an initiated minority) }
{ [ cabala, adj.all:esoteric^cabalistic,+ ] cabbala, cabbalah, kabala, [ kabbala, adj.all:esoteric^kabbalistic,+ ] kabbalah, [ qabala, adj.all:esoteric^qabalistic,+ ] qabalah, secret1,@ (an esoteric or occult matter resembling the Kabbalah that is traditionally secret) }
{ open_secret, secret,@ (something that is supposed to be secret but is generally known; "their love affair was an open secret") }
{ password, watchword, word5, parole1, countersign1, positive_identification,@ secret1,@ (a secret word or phrase known only to a restricted group; "he forgot the password") }
{ trade_secret, secret,@ (a secret (method or device or formula) that gives a manufacturer an advantage over the competition) }
{ [ propaganda, adj.pert:propagandistic,+ noun.person:propagandist,+ verb.communication:propagandize1,+ verb.communication:propagandize,+ verb.communication:propagandise1,+ verb.communication:propagandise,+ ] information,@ (information that is spread for the purpose of promoting some cause) }
{ agitprop, propaganda,@ (political propaganda (especially communist propaganda) communicated via art and literature and cinema) }
{ course_catalog, course_catalogue, prospectus, catalog,@ (a catalog listing the courses offered by a college or university) }
{ [ source, verb.cognition:source,+ ] document,@ (a document (or organization) from which information is obtained; "the reporter had two sources for the story") }
{ specification2, document,@ noun.group:law,;c ((patent law) a document drawn up by the applicant for a patent of invention that provides an explicit and detailed description of the nature and use of an invention) }
{ source_materials, source,@ (publications from which information is obtained) }
{ voucher1, document,@ (a document that serves as evidence of some expenditure) }
{ working_papers1, record3,@ (records kept of activities involved in carrying out a project; "the auditor was required to produce his working papers") }
{ well, wellspring, fountainhead, source,@ (an abundant source; "she was a well of information") }
{ copy2, material,@ journalism,#s (material suitable for a journalistic account; "catastrophes make good copy") }
{ [ filler, verb.change:fill1,+ ] copy1,@ (copy to fill space between more important articles in the layout of a magazine or newspaper) }
{ course_of_study, program5, programme5, [ curriculum, adj.pert:curricular,+ ] syllabus, information,@ (an integrated course of academic studies; "he was admitted to a new program at the university") }
{ crash_course, crash_program, crash_programme, course_of_study,@ (a rapid and intense course of training or research (usually undertaken in an emergency); "he took a crash course in Italian on his way to Italy"; "his first job was a crash course in survival and in learning how to get along with people"; "a crash programme is needed to create new jobs") }
{ reading_program, course_of_study,@ (a program designed to teach literacy skills) }
{ degree_program, course_of_study,@ (a course of study leading to an academic degree) }

{ [ printing, verb.creation:print2,+ verb.creation:print,+ ] printing_process, writing1,@ (reproduction by applying ink to paper as for publication) }
{ [ typography, adj.pert:typographical,+ adj.pert:typographic,+ noun.person:typographer,+ ] composition2, printing,@ (art and technique of printing with movable type) }
{ print2, noun.attribute:handiness,@ (availability in printed form; "we've got to get that story into print"; "his book is no longer in print") }
{ [ print, verb.creation:print,+ verb.creation:print2,+ ] written_communication,@ (the text appearing in a book, newspaper, or other printed publication; "I want to see it in print") }
{ small_print, fine_print, print,@ (material printed in small type; "he needed his glasses in order to read the fine print") }
{ relief_printing, letterpress, printing,@ (printing from a plate with raised characters) }
{ intaglio_printing, intaglio, gravure, printing,@ (a printing process that uses an etched or engraved plate; the plate is smeared with ink and wiped clean, then the ink left in the recesses makes the print) }
{ process_printing, printing,@ (a method of printing colored reproductions from halftone plates) }
{ photogravure, intaglio_printing,@ (printing from an intaglio plate prepared by photographic methods) }
{ rotogravure, photogravure,@ (printing by transferring an image from a photogravure plate to a cylinder in a rotary press) }
{ planographic_printing, [ planography, adj.pert:planographic,+ ] printing,@ (the process of printing from a surface on which the printing areas are not raised but are ink-receptive (as opposed to ink repellent)) }
{ collotype, collotype_printing, photogelatin_process, planographic_printing,@ (a photomechanical printing process that uses a glass plate with a gelatin surface that carries the image to be reproduced; can be used with one or more colors) }
{ [ lithography, noun.person:lithographer,+ ] planographic_printing,@ (a method of planographic printing from a metal or stone surface) }
{ photolithography, lithography,@ (a planographic printing process using plates made from a photographic image) }
{ chromolithography, lithography,@ (single- or multi-color lithography) }
{ photo-offset_printing, photo-offset, offset,@ (a method of offset printing using photomechanical plates) }
{ [ offset, verb.creation:offset,+ verb.possession:offset1,+ ] offset_printing, printing,@ (a plate makes an inked impression on a rubber-blanketed cylinder, which in turn transfers it to the paper) }
{ offset_lithography, lithography,@ (offset printing by lithography) }
{ letterset_printing, offset,@ (image is transferred from a relief type plate to a roller) }
{ carbon_process, printing,@ (a process of printing on paper coated with bichromated gelatin containing pigment) }

{ news1, information,@ (information reported in a newspaper or news magazine; "the news of my death was greatly exaggerated") }
{ business_news, news1,@ (news about businesses and investments) }
{ [ report, verb.communication:report13,+ verb.communication:report,+ ] news_report, story1, account3, [ write_up, verb.communication:write_up2,+ ] news1,@ (a short account of the news; "the report of his speech"; "the story was on the 11 o'clock news"; "the account of his speech that was given on the evening news made the governor furious") }
{ newsletter, newssheet, report,@ (report or open letter giving informal or confidential news of interest to a special group) }
{ market_letter, newsletter,@ (a newsletter written by an analyst of the stock market and sold to subscribers) }
{ [ bulletin, verb.communication:bulletin,+ ] report,@ (a brief report (especially an official statement issued for immediate publication or broadcast)) }
{ news_bulletin, newsflash, [ flash, verb.communication:flash,+ verb.change:flash3,+ ] newsbreak, bulletin,@ (a short news announcement concerning some on-going news story) }
{ information_bulletin, bulletin,@ (a bulletin containing the latest information) }
{ [ dispatch, verb.motion:dispatch,+ ] despatch, communique, report,@ (an official report (usually sent in haste)) }
{ urban_legend, report,@ (a story that appears mysteriously and spreads spontaneously in various forms and is usually false; contains elements of humor or horror and is popularly believed to be true) }
{ exclusive, scoop, story1,@ (a news report that is reported first by one news organization; "he got a scoop on the bribery of city officials") }
{ newscast, news1,@ broadcast,@ (a broadcast of news or commentary on the news) }
{ radio_news, newscast,@ (a radio broadcast of news) }
{ sportscast, newscast,@ (a broadcast of sports news or commentary) }
{ television_news, news_program,@ (a television broadcast of news) }
{ [ coverage, verb.communication:cover2,+ ] [ reporting, verb.communication:report13,+ ] [ reportage, verb.communication:report13,+ ] news1,@ (the news as presented by reporters for newspapers or radio or television; "they accused the paper of biased coverage of race relations")}
{ hard_news, news1,@ (news that deals with serious topics or events) }
{ soft_news, news1,@ (news that does not deal with serious topics or events) }
{ stop_press, news1,@ (late news that is inserted into the newspaper at the last minute) }

{ commitment, [ dedication1, verb.communication:dedicate,+ ] message,@ (a message that makes a pledge) }
{ oath, [ swearing1, verb.communication:swear3,+ verb.communication:swear,+ ] commitment,@ (a commitment to tell the truth (especially in a court of law); to lie under oath is to become subject to prosecution for perjury)}
{ affirmation1, commitment,@ noun.cognition:religion,;c ((religion) a solemn declaration that serves the same purpose as an oath (if an oath is objectionable to the person on religious or ethical grounds)) }
{ [ profession1, verb.communication:profess1,+ ] affirmation1,@ (affirmation of acceptance of some religion or faith; "a profession of Christianity") }
{ [ giving, verb.possession:give9,+ verb.possession:give7,+ verb.communication:give15,+ ] conveyance,@ (the imparting of news or promises etc.; "he gave us the news and made a great show of the giving"; "giving his word of honor seemed to come too easily") }
{ [ guarantee, verb.communication:guarantee2,+ verb.communication:guarantee,+ ] [ warrant1, verb.communication:warrant1,+ ] warrantee, warranty, assurance1,@ (a written assurance that some product or service will be provided or will meet certain specifications) }
{ security, surety, guarantee,@ (a guarantee that an obligation will be met) }
{ deposit1, guarantee,@ (a payment given as a guarantee that an obligation will be met) }
{ stock_warrant, guarantee,@ (a written certificate that gives the holder the right to purchase shares of a stock for a specified price within a specified period of time) }
{ [ guarantee1, verb.communication:guarantee2,+ verb.communication:guarantee3,+ verb.communication:guarantee1,+ verb.communication:guarantee,+ ] assurance1,@ (an unconditional commitment that something will happen or that something is true; "there is no guarantee that they are not lying") }
{ safety_net, guarantee1,@ (a guarantee of professional or financial security) }
{ full_faith_and_credit, guarantee1,@ (a guarantee to pay interest and principal on debt; usually issued by the United States Treasury) }

{ [ approval, verb.communication:approbate,+ disapproval,! ] [ commendation1, verb.creation:commend,+ verb.communication:commend2,+ verb.communication:commend,+ ] message,@ (a message expressing a favorable opinion; "words of approval seldom passed his lips") }
{ [ approbation, verb.communication:approbate,+ verb.cognition:approbate,+ verb.communication:approve,+ verb.cognition:approve,+ disapprobation,! ] approval,@ (official recognition or approval) }
{ [ sanction, verb.social:sanction1,+ verb.communication:sanction1,+ ] [ countenance, verb.communication:countenance,+ ] [ endorsement, verb.social:endorse1,+ ] [ indorsement, verb.social:indorse1,+ ] warrant2, imprimatur, approval,@ (formal and explicit approval; "a Democrat usually gets the union's endorsement") }
{ [ O.K., verb.communication:O.K.,+ ] [ OK, verb.communication:O.K.,+ ] [ okay, verb.communication:okay,+ ] okey, okeh, sanction,@ (an endorsement; "they gave us the O.K. to go ahead") }
{ [ visa, verb.communication:visa,+ ] sanction,@ passport,#p (an endorsement made in a passport that allows the bearer to enter the country issuing it) }
{ nihil_obstat, sanction,@ (the phrase used by the official censor of the Roman Catholic Church to say that a publication has been examined and contains nothing offensive to the church) }
{ recognition, [ credit, verb.cognition:credit1,+ ] approval,@ (approval; "give her recognition for trying"; "he was given credit for his work"; "give her credit for trying") }
{ [ memorial, verb.cognition:memorialize,+ ] [ commemoration, verb.cognition:commemorate1,+ ] [ remembrance, verb.possession:remember,+ verb.communication:remember7,+ ] recognition,@ (a recognition of meritorious service) }
{ ovation, standing_ovation, recognition,@ (enthusiastic recognition (especially one accompanied by loud applause)) }
{ [ salute, verb.consumption:salute,+ ] [ salutation1, verb.consumption:salute,+ verb.communication:salute2,+ ] recognition,@ (an act of honor or courteous recognition; "a musical salute to the composer on his birthday") }
{ [ connivance1, verb.social:connive12,+ ] secret_approval, tacit_consent, approval,@ noun.group:law,;c ((law) tacit approval of someone's wrongdoing) }
{ permission, approval,@ (approval to do something; "he asked permission to leave") }
{ all_clear1, permission,@ (permission to proceed because obstacles have been removed) }
{ [ consent, adj.all:accordant^consentaneous,+ verb.communication:consent,+ ] permission,@ (permission to do something; "he indicated his consent") }
{ [ dismissal1, verb.communication:dismiss1,+ ] permission,@ (permission to go; the sending away of someone) }
{ green_light1, permission,@ (permission to proceed with a project or to take action; "the gave the green light for construction to begin") }
{ leave, permission,@ (permission to do something; "she was granted leave to speak") }
{ pass, liberty_chit, license,@ noun.group:military,;c (a permit to enter or leave a military installation; "he had to show his pass in order to get out") }
{ pass3, laissez_passer, permission,@ (a document indicating permission to do something without restrictions; "the media representatives had special passes") }
{ boarding_card, boarding_pass, pass3,@ (a pass that allows you to board a ship or plane) }
{ hall_pass, pass3,@ (written permission from a teacher for a student to be out the classroom and in the halls of the school) }
{ ticket-of-leave, pass3,@ (a permit formerly given to convicts allowing them to leave prison under specific restrictions) }
{ [ pass1, verb.communication:pass,+ ] passport1, permission,@ (any authorization to pass or go somewhere; "the pass to visit had a strict time limit") }
{ safe-conduct, [ safeguard, verb.motion:safeguard,+ ] passport1,@ (a document or escort providing safe passage through a region especially in time of war) }
{ [ encouragement1, discouragement,! ] approval,@ (the expression of approval and support) }
{ [ acclaim, verb.communication:acclaim1,+ verb.communication:acclaim,+ ] [ acclamation, verb.communication:acclaim,+ ] plaudits, plaudit, eclat, approval,@ (enthusiastic approval; "the book met with modest acclaim"; "he acknowledged the plaudits of the crowd"; "they gave him more eclat than he really deserved") }
{ applause, hand_clapping, [ clapping, verb.communication:clap,+ verb.body:clap,+ ] approval,@ ovation,#p (a demonstration of approval by clapping the hands together) }
{ hand1, applause,@ (a round of applause to signify approval; "give the little lady a great big hand") }
{ handclap, applause,@ (a clap of the hands to indicate approval) }
{ round1, applause,@ (an outburst of applause; "there was a round of applause") }
{ [ cheer, verb.communication:cheer2,+ ] approval,@ (a cry or shout of approval) }
{ banzai, cheer,@ (a Japanese cheer of enthusiasm or triumph) }
{ [ bravo, verb.communication:bravo,+ ] cheer,@ (a cry of approval as from an audience at the end of great performance) }
{ hurrah, hooray, cheer,@ (a victory cheer; "let's give the team a big hurrah") }
{ salvo, cheer,@ (a sudden outburst of cheers; "there was a salvo of approval") }
{ [ praise, verb.communication:praise,+ ] congratulations1, kudos, [ extolment, verb.communication:extol,+ ] approval,@ (an expression of approval and commendation; "he always appreciated praise for his work") }
{ praise1, noun.act:worship,@ (offering words of homage as an act of worship; "they sang a hymn of praise to God") }
{ hallelujah, praise1,@ (a shout or song of praise to God) }
{ [ rave, verb.communication:rave,+ ] review1,@ (an extravagantly enthusiastic review; "he gave it a rave") }
{ superlative, praise,@ (an exaggerated expression (usually of praise); "the critics lavished superlatives on it") }
{ [ encomium, adj.all:complimentary^encomiastic,+ ] [ eulogy1, adj.all:complimentary^eulogistic,+ ] [ panegyric, adj.all:complimentary^panegyric,+ noun.person:panegyrist,+ adj.all:complimentary^panegyrical,+ ] paean, pean, praise,@ (a formal expression of praise) }
{ [ eulogy, adj.all:complimentary^eulogistic,+ verb.communication:eulogize,+ verb.communication:eulogise,+ ] eulogium, praise,@ (a formal expression of praise for someone who has died recently) }
{ [ recommendation2, verb.communication:recommend,+ ] [ testimonial, adj.pert:testimonial1,+ ] good_word1, praise,@ (something that recommends (or expresses commendation of) a person or thing as worthy or desirable) }
{ [ character1, verb.communication:characterise,+ ] reference1, character_reference, recommendation2,@ (a formal recommendation by a former employer to a potential future employer describing the person's qualifications and dependability; "requests for character references are all too often answered evasively") }
{ [ puff, verb.communication:puff1,+ ] recommendation2,@ (exaggerated praise (as for promotional purposes)) }
{ [ compliment, adj.all:complimentary,+ verb.communication:compliment,+ ] praise,@ (a remark (or act) expressing praise and admiration) }
{ trade-last, compliment,@ (a compliment that I heard about you that I offer to trade for a compliment you have heard about me) }
{ [ flattery, verb.communication:flatter,+ ] compliment,@ (excessive or insincere praise) }
{ adulation, flattery,@ (servile flattery; exaggerated and hypocritical praise) }
{ [ blandishment, verb.communication:blandish,+ ] [ cajolery, verb.communication:cajole,+ ] [ palaver1, verb.communication:palaver1,+ ] flattery,@ (flattery intended to persuade) }
{ [ blarney, verb.communication:blarney,+ ] [ coaxing, verb.communication:coax,+ ] soft_soap, sweet_talk, flattery,@ (flattery designed to gain favor) }
{ puffery, flattery,@ (a flattering commendation (especially when used for promotional purposes)) }
{ unction, [ smarm, adj.all:insincere^smarmy,+ ] [ fulsomeness, adj.all:insincere^fulsome,+ ] compliment,@ (excessive but superficial compliments given with affected charm) }
{ [ award, verb.possession:award,+ ] accolade, [ honor, adj.all:unearned^honorary,+ verb.social:honor,+ ] [ honour, verb.social:honour,+ ] laurels, symbol,@ (a tangible symbol signifying approval or distinction; "an award for bravery") }
{ aliyah, award,@ noun.cognition:Judaism,;c ((Judaism) the honor of being called up to the reading desk in the synagogue to read from the Torah; "he was called on for an aliyah") }
{ tribute1, [ testimonial1, adj.pert:testimonial1,+ ] approval,@ (something given or done as an expression of esteem) }
{ academic_degree, degree, award,@ (an award conferred by a college or university signifying that the recipient has satisfactorily completed a course of study; "he earned his degree at Princeton summa cum laude") }
{ associate_degree, associate, degree,@ (a degree granted by a two-year college on successful completion of the undergraduates course of studies) }
{ Associate_in_Arts, AA, associate_degree,@ (an associate degree in arts) }
{ Associate_in_Applied_Science, AAS, associate_degree,@ (an associate degree in applied science) }
{ Associate_in_Nursing, AN, associate_degree,@ (an associate degree in nursing) }
{ bachelor's_degree, baccalaureate, degree,@ (an academic degree conferred on someone who has successfully completed undergraduate studies) }
{ Bachelor_of_Arts, BA, Artium_Baccalaurens, AB, bachelor's_degree,@ (a bachelor's degree in arts and sciences) }
{ Bachelor_of_Arts_in_Library_Science, ABLS, bachelor's_degree,@ (a bachelor's degree in library science) }
{ Bachelor_of_Arts_in_Nursing, BAN2, bachelor's_degree,@ (a bachelor's degree in nursing) }
{ Bachelor_of_Divinity, BD, bachelor's_degree,@ (a bachelor's degree in religion) }
{ Bachelor_of_Literature, BLitt, bachelor's_degree,@ (a bachelor's degree in literature) }
{ Bachelor_of_Medicine, MB, bachelor's_degree,@ noun.location:Britain,;r ((a British degree) a bachelor's degree in medicine) }
{ Bachelor_of_Music, BMus, bachelor's_degree,@ (a bachelor's degree in music) }
{ Bachelor_of_Naval_Science, BNS, bachelor's_degree,@ (a bachelor's degree in naval science) }
{ Bachelor_of_Science, BS, SB, bachelor's_degree,@ (a bachelor's degree in science) }
{ Bachelor_of_Science_in_Architecture, BSArch, bachelor's_degree,@ (a bachelor's degree in architecture) }
{ Bachelor_of_Science_in_Engineering, bachelor's_degree,@ (a bachelor's degree in engineering) }
{ Bachelor_of_Theology, ThB, bachelor's_degree,@ (a bachelor's degree in theology) }
{ honours, honours_degree, degree,@ noun.location:Great_Britain1,;r (a university degree with honors) }
{ first, first-class_honours_degree, honours,@ noun.location:Great_Britain1,;r (an honours degree of the highest class) }
{ double_first, first,@ noun.location:Great_Britain1,;r (a first-class honours degree in two subjects) }
{ master's_degree, degree,@ (an academic degree higher than a bachelor's degree but lower than a doctor's degree) }
{ Master_of_Architecture, MArch, master's_degree,@ (a degree granted for the successful completion of advanced study of architecture) }
{ Master_of_Arts, MA, Artium_Magister, AM1, master's_degree,@ (a master's degree in arts and sciences) }
{ Master_of_Arts_in_Library_Science, MALS, master's_degree,@ (a master's degree in library science) }
{ Master_of_Arts_in_Teaching, MAT, master's_degree,@ (a master's degree in teaching) }
{ Master_in_Business, Master_in_Business_Administration, MBA, master's_degree,@ (a master's degree in business) }
{ Master_of_Divinity, MDiv, master's_degree,@ (a master's degree in religion) }
{ Master_of_Education, MEd, master's_degree,@ (a master's degree in education) }
{ Master_of_Fine_Arts, MFA, master's_degree,@ (a master's degree in fine arts) }
{ Master_of_Literature, MLitt, master's_degree,@ (a master's degree in literature) }
{ Master_of_Library_Science, MLS, master's_degree,@ (a master's degree in library science) }
{ Master_in_Public_Affairs, master's_degree,@ (a master's degree in questions of public concern) }
{ Master_of_Science, MS, SM, MSc, master's_degree,@ (a master's degree in science) }
{ Master_of_Science_in_Engineering, master's_degree,@ (a master's degree in engineering) }
{ Master_of_Theology, ThM, master's_degree,@ (a master's degree in theology) }
{ doctor's_degree, [ doctorate, adj.pert:doctorial,+ adj.pert:doctoral,+ ] degree,@ (one of the highest earned academic degrees conferred by a university) }
{ Doctor_of_Dental_Medicine, DMD, doctor's_degree,@ (a doctor's degree in dental medicine) }
{ Doctor_of_Dental_Surgery, DDS, doctor's_degree,@ (a doctor's degree in dental surgery) }
{ Doctor_of_Divinity, DD, doctor's_degree,@ (a doctor's degree in religion) }
{ Doctor_of_Education, EdD, DEd, doctor's_degree,@ (a doctor's degree in education) }
{ Doctor_of_Medicine, MD, doctor's_degree,@ (a doctor's degree in medicine) }
{ Doctor_of_Music, DMus, MusD, doctor's_degree,@ (a doctor's degree in music) }
{ Doctor_of_Musical_Arts, AMusD, doctor's_degree,@ (a doctor's degree in musical arts) }
{ Doctor_of_Optometry, OD, doctor's_degree,@ (a doctor's degree in optometry) }
{ Doctor_of_Osteopathy, DO1, doctor's_degree,@ (doctor's degree in osteopathy) }
{ Doctor_of_Arts1, D.A., doctor's_degree,@ (a doctor's degree with a special disciplinary focus) }
{ Doctor_of_Philosophy, doctor's_degree,@ (a doctorate awarded for original contributions to knowledge) }
{ Ph.D., PhD, Doctor_of_Philosophy,@ (a doctorate usually based on at least 3 years graduate study and a dissertation; the highest degree awarded graduate study) }
{ DPhil, Doctor_of_Philosophy,@ (a British doctorate) }
{ Doctor_of_Public_Health, DPH, doctor's_degree,@ (a doctor's degree in preventive medicine) }
{ Doctor_of_Theology, ThD, doctor's_degree,@ (a doctor's degree in theology) }
{ Doctor_of_Sacred_Theology, STD, doctor's_degree,@ (a doctor's degree in theology; "STD is from the Latin Sanctae Theologiae Doctor") }
{ law_degree, degree,@ (degree conferred on someone who successfully completes law school) }
{ Bachelor_of_Laws, LLB, law_degree,@ (a three-year law degree) }
{ Master_of_Laws, LLM, law_degree,@ (an advanced law degree) }
{ honorary_degree, honoris_causa, degree,@ (a degree conferred to honor the recipient) }
{ Doctor_of_Arts, ArtsD, honorary_degree,@ (an honorary arts degree) }
{ Doctor_of_Fine_Arts, honorary_degree,@ (an honorary degree in fine arts) }
{ Doctor_of_Humane_Letters, honorary_degree,@ (an honorary degree in letters) }
{ Doctor_of_Humanities, honorary_degree,@ (an honorary degree in the humanities) }
{ Doctor_of_Laws, LLD, honorary_degree,@ (an honorary law degree) }
{ Doctor_of_Science, DS, ScD, honorary_degree,@ (an honorary degree in science) }
{ pennant1, crown, award,@ (the award given to the champion) }
{ cachet, [ seal, verb.cognition:seal,+ ] seal_of_approval, award,@ (an indication of approved or superior status) }
{ [ citation, verb.communication:cite1,+ ] [ commendation, verb.communication:commend,+ ] award,@ (an official award (as for bravery or service) usually given as formal public statement) }
{ distinction, award,@ (an honor awarded to someone in recognition of achievement or superiority; "she graduated with the highest distinction") }
{ [ mention, verb.communication:mention1,+ ] honorable_mention, award,@ (an official recognition of merit; "although he didn't win the prize he did get special mention") }
{ [ letter2, verb.possession:letter,+ ] varsity_letter, award,@ (an award earned by participation in a school sport; "he won letters in three sports") }
{ [ decoration, verb.social:decorate,+ ] laurel_wreath, [ medal, noun.person:medallist1,+ noun.person:medalist1,+ ] medallion, palm, ribbon, award,@ (an award for winning a championship or commemorating some other event) }
{ Medal_of_Honor, Congressional_Medal_of_Honor, decoration,@ (the highest U.S. military decoration awarded for bravery and valor in action `above and beyond the call of duty') }
{ Distinguished_Service_Medal, decoration,@ (a United States military decoration for meritorious service in wartime duty of great responsibility) }
{ Distinguished_Service_Cross, decoration,@ (a United States Army decoration for extraordinary heroism against an armed enemy) }
{ Navy_Cross, decoration,@ (a United States Navy decoration for extraordinary heroism against an armed enemy) }
{ Distinguished_Flying_Cross, decoration,@ (a United States Air Force decoration for heroism while participating in an aerial flight) }
{ Air_Medal, decoration,@ (a United States Air Force decoration for meritorious achievement while participating in an aerial flight) }
{ Silver_Star_Medal, Silver_Star, decoration,@ (a United States military decoration for gallantry in action) }
{ Bronze_Star_Medal, Bronze_Star, decoration,@ (a United States military decoration awarded for meritorious service (except in aerial flight)) }
{ Order_of_the_Purple_Heart, Purple_Heart, decoration,@ (a United States military decoration awarded to any member of the armed forces who is wounded in action) }
{ Oak_Leaf_Cluster, decoration,@ (a United States military decoration consisting of bronze or silver oak leaves and acorns awarded to anyone who has won a given medal before) }
{ Victoria_Cross, decoration,@ (a British military decoration for gallantry) }
{ Distinguished_Conduct_Medal, decoration,@ (a British military decoration for distinguished conduct in the field) }
{ Distinguished_Service_Order, decoration,@ (a British military decoration for special service in action) }
{ Croix_de_Guerre, decoration,@ (a French military decoration for gallantry) }
{ Medaille_Militaire, decoration,@ (a French military decoration) }
{ trophy, award,@ (an award for success in war or hunting) }
{ [ disapproval, approval,! ] message,@ (the expression of disapproval) }
{ [ disapprobation, approbation,! ] [ condemnation, verb.perception:condemn,+ verb.communication:condemn1,+ verb.communication:condemn,+ ] disapproval,@ (an expression of strong disapproval; pronouncing as wrong or morally culpable; "his uncompromising condemnation of racism") }
{ [ censure, verb.communication:censure,+ ] [ animadversion, verb.communication:animadvert1,+ ] condemnation,@ (harsh criticism or disapproval) }
{ [ demonization, verb.change:demonize,+ ] [ demonisation, verb.change:demonise,+ ] disapprobation,@ (to represent as diabolically evil; "the demonization of our enemies") }
{ interdict, censure,@ (an ecclesiastical censure by the Roman Catholic Church withdrawing certain sacraments and Christian burial from a person or all persons in a particular district) }
{ [ criticism, adj.all:critical1,+ verb.communication:criticise,+ ] unfavorable_judgment, disapproval,@ (disapproval expressed by pointing out faults or shortcomings; "the senator received severe criticism from his opponent") }
{ brickbat, criticism,@ (blunt criticism) }
{ [ faultfinding, adj.all:critical1^faultfinding,+ ] carping, criticism,@ (persistent petty and unjustified criticism) }
{ fire, [ attack, verb.communication:attack,+ ] flak, flack, blast, criticism,@ (intense adverse criticism; "Clinton directed his fire at the Republican Party"; "the government has come under attack"; "don't give me any flak") }
{ thrust, criticism,@ (verbal criticism; "he enlivened his editorials with barbed thrusts at politicians") }
{ potshot, criticism,@ (criticism aimed at an easy target and made without careful consideration; "reporters took potshots at the mayor") }
{ counterblast, reply,@ (a vigorous and unrestrained response; "her tirade provoked a counterblast from her husband") }
{ [ rebuke, verb.communication:rebuke,+ ] [ reproof, verb.communication:reproof,+ ] [ reproval, verb.communication:reprove,+ ] [ reprehension, verb.communication:reprehend,+ ] [ reprimand, verb.communication:reprimand1,+ verb.communication:reprimand,+ ] criticism,@ (an act or expression of criticism and censure; "he had to take the rebuke with a smile on his face") }
{ [ sermon1, verb.communication:sermonize,+ verb.communication:sermonise,+ ] [ preaching1, verb.communication:preach,+ ] lecture1,@ (a moralistic rebuke; "your preaching is wasted on him") }
{ slating, criticism,@ (a severely critical attack; "the reviewers gave his book a sound slating") }
{ static, criticism,@ (angry criticism; "they will probably give you a lot of static about your editorial") }
{ stricture, criticism,@ (severe criticism) }
{ [ chiding, verb.communication:chide,+ ] [ scolding, verb.communication:scold,+ ] [ objurgation, verb.communication:objurgate1,+ ] tongue-lashing, rebuke,@ (rebuking a person harshly) }
{ what_for, rebuke,@ (a strong reprimand) }
{ wig, wigging, chiding,@ (British slang for a scolding) }
{ [ castigation, verb.communication:castigate,+ ] earful, bawling_out, chewing_out, [ upbraiding, verb.communication:upbraid,+ ] going-over, dressing_down, rebuke,@ (a severe scolding) }
{ berating, blowing_up, rebuke,@ (a severe rebuke; "he deserved the berating that the coach gave him") }
{ reproach, rebuke,@ (a mild rebuke or criticism; "words of reproach") }
{ self-reproach, self-reproof, reproach,@ (the act of blaming yourself) }
{ [ blame, adj.all:guilty^blameworthy,+ verb.communication:blame1,+ ] rap, reproach,@ (a reproach for some lapse or misdeed; "he took the blame for it"; "it was a bum rap") }
{ [ lecture1, verb.communication:lecture,+ ] [ speech3, verb.communication:speechify,+ ] talking_to, rebuke,@ (a lengthy rebuke; "a good lecture was my father's idea of discipline"; "the teacher gave him a talking to") }
{ curtain_lecture, lecture1,@ (a private lecture to a husband by his wife) }
{ correction, chastening, [ chastisement, verb.communication:chastise,+ ] rebuke,@ (a rebuke for making a mistake) }
{ [ admonition, verb.communication:admonish,+ ] [ admonishment, verb.communication:admonish,+ ] monition, rebuke,@ (a firm rebuke) }

{ respects, message,@ ((often used with `pay') a formal expression of esteem; "he paid his respects to the mayor") }
{ [ ad-lib, verb.creation:ad-lib,+ ] remark,@ (remark made spontaneously without prior preparation; "his ad-libs got him in trouble with the politicians") }
{ courtesy, remark,@ (a courteous or respectful or considerate remark) }
{ [ disrespect, verb.social:disrespect,+ ] discourtesy, message,@ (an expression of lack of respect) }
{ [ abuse, verb.communication:abuse,+ ] [ insult, verb.communication:insult,+ ] [ revilement, verb.communication:revile,+ ] [ contumely, adj.all:disrespectful^contumelious,+ ] [ vilification1, verb.communication:vilify,+ ] disrespect,@ (a rude expression intended to offend or hurt; "when a student made a stupid mistake he spared them no abuse"; "they yelled insults at the visiting team") }
{ [ derision, verb.communication:deride,+ ] disrespect,@ (contemptuous laughter) }
{ [ ridicule, adj.all:humorous^ridiculous,+ verb.communication:ridicule,+ ] disrespect,@ (language or behavior intended to mock or humiliate) }
{ [ contempt, adj.all:disrespectful^contemptuous,+ ] [ scorn, verb.emotion:scorn,+ ] disrespect,@ (open disrespect for a person or thing) }
{ fleer, contempt,@ (contempt expressed by mockery in looks or words) }
{ [ jeer, verb.communication:jeer,+ ] [ jeering, verb.communication:jeer,+ ] [ mockery, verb.communication:mock,+ ] [ scoff, verb.communication:scoff1,+ verb.communication:scoff,+ ] [ scoffing, verb.communication:scoff1,+ verb.communication:scoff,+ ] derision,@ (showing your contempt by derision) }
{ [ sneer, verb.body:sneer1,+ verb.body:sneer,+ ] [ leer, adj.all:distrustful^leery,+ verb.perception:leer,+ ] contempt,@ (a facial expression of contempt or scorn; the upper lip curls) }
{ [ sneer1, verb.body:sneer,+ verb.body:sneer1,+ ] contempt,@ (a contemptuous or scornful remark) }
{ [ put-down, verb.emotion:put_down,+ ] [ squelch, verb.change:squelch,+ ] [ squelcher, verb.change:squelch,+ ] [ takedown, verb.emotion:take_down,+ ] derision,@ noun.communication:colloquialism,;u (a crushing remark) }
{ [ stultification, verb.emotion:stultify,+ verb.communication:stultify,+ ] befooling, derision,@ (derision of someone or something as foolish or absurd or inconsistent) }
{ [ disparagement, verb.communication:disparage,+ ] [ depreciation, verb.communication:depreciate,+ ] [ derogation, verb.communication:derogate,+ ] disrespect,@ (a communication that belittles somebody or something) }
{ cold_water, disparagement,@ (disparagement of a plan or hope or expectation; "she poured cold water on the whole idea of going to Africa") }
{ [ denigration, verb.communication:denigrate,+ ] belittling, disparagement,@ (a belittling comment) }
{ [ aspersion, verb.communication:asperse,+ ] [ slur, verb.communication:slur1,+ ] disparagement,@ (a disparaging remark; "in the 19th century any reference to female sexuality was considered a vile aspersion"; "it is difficult for a woman to understand a man's sensitivity to any slur on his virility") }
{ ethnic_slur, aspersion,@ (a slur on someone's race or language) }
{ detraction, petty_criticism, disparagement,@ (a petty disparagement) }
{ sour_grapes, disparagement,@ (disparagement of something that is unattainable) }
{ [ condescension, verb.communication:condescend10,+ ] disdain, patronage, disparagement,@ (a communication that indicates lack of respect by patronizing the recipient) }
{ [ defamation, verb.communication:defame,+ ] [ calumny, adj.all:harmful^calumnious,+ verb.communication:calumniate,+ ] calumniation, obloquy, [ traducement, verb.communication:traduce,+ ] hatchet_job, disparagement,@ (a false accusation of an offense or a malicious misrepresentation of someone's words or actions) }
{ character_assassination, [ assassination1, verb.communication:assassinate,+ ] blackwash, defamation,@ (an attack intended to ruin someone's reputation) }
{ mud, slander,@ (slanderous remarks or charges) }
{ [ smear, verb.communication:smear,+ ] [ vilification, verb.communication:vilify,+ ] [ malignment, verb.communication:malign,+ ] defamation,@ (slanderous defamation) }
{ [ libel, adj.all:harmful^libelous,+ adj.all:harmful^libellous,+ verb.communication:libel,+ ] defamation,@ noun.act:tort,;c noun.group:law,;c (a false and malicious publication printed for the purpose of defaming a living person) }
{ [ slander, adj.all:harmful^slanderous,+ verb.communication:slander,+ ] defamation,@ speech_act,@ (words falsely spoken that damage the reputation of another) }
{ name_calling, names, defamation,@ (verbal abuse; a crude substitute for argument; "sticks and stones may break my bones but names can never hurt me") }
{ name1, epithet1, defamation,@ (a defamatory or abusive word or phrase) }
{ smear_word, name1,@ (an epithet that can be used to smear someone's reputation; "he used the smear word `communist' for everyone who disagreed with him") }
{ low_blow, abuse,@ (unscrupulous abuse) }
{ [ scurrility, adj.all:offensive2^scurrilous,+ ] billingsgate, abuse,@ (foul-mouthed or obscene abuse) }
{ [ stinger, verb.emotion:sting,+ ] cut2, abuse,@ (a remark capable of wounding mentally; "the unkindest cut of all") }
{ [ vituperation, verb.communication:vituperate,+ ] invective, [ vitriol, adj.all:unpleasant^vitriolic,+ ] abuse,@ (abusive or venomous language used to express blame or censure or bitter deep-seated ill will) }
{ [ impudence, adj.all:forward2^impudent,+ ] [ cheek, verb.communication:cheek,+ ] impertinence, disrespect,@ (an impudent statement) }
{ [ sass, adj.all:forward2^sassy,+ ] [ sassing, verb.communication:sass,+ ] backtalk, back_talk, lip, [ mouth, verb.communication:mouth1,+ verb.communication:mouth,+ ] rejoinder,@ (an impudent or insolent rejoinder; "don't give me any of your sass") }

{ [ interpolation, verb.change:interpolate,+ ] insertion, message,@ (a message (spoken or written) that is introduced or inserted; "with the help of his friend's interpolations his story was eventually told"; "with many insertions in the margins") }
{ [ statement, verb.communication:state,+ ] message,@ (a message that is stated or declared; a communication (oral or written) setting forth particulars or facts etc; "according to his statement he was in London on that day") }
{ statement5, message,@ (a nonverbal message; "a Cadillac makes a statement about who you are"; "his tantrums are a statement of his need for attention") }
{ [ amendment, verb.communication:amend,+ ] statement,@ (a statement that is added to or revises or improves a proposal or document (a bill or constitution etc.)) }
{ thing, statement,@ (a statement regarded as an object; "to say the same thing in other terms"; "how can you say such a thing?") }
{ [ truth, falsehood,! ] true_statement, statement,@ (a true statement; "he told the truth"; "he thought of answering with the truth but he knew they wouldn't believe it") }
{ gospel2, gospel_truth, truth,@ (an unquestionable truth; "his word was gospel") }
{ antinomy, contradiction1,@ (a contradiction between two statements that seem equally reasonable) }
{ [ paradox, adj.all:inexplicable^paradoxical,+ ] contradiction1,@ noun.cognition:logic,;c ((logic) a statement that contradicts itself; "`I always lie' is a paradox because if it is true it must be false") }
{ description1, verbal_description, statement,@ (a statement that represents something in words) }
{ job_description, description1,@ (description of the responsibilities associated with a given job) }
{ [ specification, verb.communication:specify3,+ ] spec, description1,@ (a detailed description of design criteria for a piece of work) }
{ computer_architecture, specification,@ (the art of assembling logical elements into a computing device; the specification of the relation between parts of a computer system) }
{ neural_network, neural_net, computer_architecture,@ (computer architecture in which processors are connected in a manner suggestive of connections between neurons; can learn by trial and error) }
{ network_architecture, specification,@ (specification of design principles (including data formats and procedures) for creating a network configuration of data processors) }
{ [ declaration, verb.communication:declare,+ ] statement,@ (a statement that is emphatic and explicit (spoken or written)) }
{ [ announcement1, verb.communication:announce2,+ ] [ proclamation, verb.communication:proclaim2,+ ] annunciation1, [ declaration3, verb.communication:declare5,+ ] statement,@ (a formal public statement; "the government made an announcement about changes in the drug war"; "a declaration of independence") }
{ [ bastardization, verb.communication:bastardize,+ ] declaration,@ (declaring or rendering bastard; "the annulment of their marriage resulted in the bastardization of their children") }
{ edict1, announcement1,@ (a formal or authoritative proclamation) }
{ bull1, papal_bull, edict,@ (a formal proclamation issued by the pope (usually written in antiquated characters and sealed with a leaden bulla)) }
{ [ promulgation1, verb.communication:promulgate1,+ verb.communication:promulgate,+ ] announcement1,@ (the official announcement of a new law or ordinance whereby the law or ordinance is put into effect) }
{ confession2, declaration,@ (a public declaration of your faith) }
{ manifesto, pronunciamento, declaration,@ noun.act:government,;c (a public declaration of intentions (as issued by a political party or government)) }
{ Communist_Manifesto, manifesto,@i (a socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1842) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views) }
{ [ pronouncement, verb.communication:pronounce,+ ] dictum, say-so, declaration,@ (an authoritative declaration) }
{ Bill_of_Rights, statement,@ United_States_Constitution,#p noun.location:US,;r noun.group:law,;c (a statement of fundamental rights and privileges (especially the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution)) }
{ First_Amendment, amendment,@i Bill_of_Rights,#p noun.group:law,;c (an amendment to the Constitution of the United States guaranteeing the right of free expression; includes freedom of assembly and freedom of the press and freedom of religion and freedom of speech) }
{ Fifth_Amendment, amendment,@i Bill_of_Rights,#p noun.group:law,;c (an amendment to the Constitution of the United States that imposes restrictions on the government's prosecution of persons accused of crimes; mandates due process of law and prohibits self-incrimination and double jeopardy; requires just compensation if private property is taken for public use) }
{ Fourteenth_Amendment, amendment,@i United_States_Constitution,#p noun.group:law,;c (an amendment to the Constitution of the United States adopted in 1868; extends the guarantees of the Bill of Rights to the states as well as to the federal government) }
{ Eighteenth_Amendment, amendment,@i United_States_Constitution,#p noun.group:law,;c (an amendment to the Constitution of the United States adopted in 1920; prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages; repealed in 1932) }
{ Nineteenth_Amendment, amendment,@i United_States_Constitution,#p noun.group:law,;c (an amendment to the Constitution of the United States adopted in 1920; guarantees that no state can deny the right to vote on the basis of sex) }
{ [ assertion, verb.communication:assert1,+ ] [ averment, verb.communication:aver,+ ] [ asseveration, verb.communication:asseverate,+ ] declaration,@ (a declaration that is made emphatically (as if no supporting evidence were necessary)) }
{ [ claim, verb.possession:claim,+ ] assertion,@ (an assertion of a right (as to money or property); "his claim asked for damages") }
{ cause_of_action, claim,@ noun.group:law,;c (a claim sufficient to demand judicial attention; the facts that give rise to right of action) }
{ dibs, claim,@ slang,;u (a claim of rights; "I have dibs on that last slice of pizza") }
{ [ pretension, verb.possession:pretend3,+ ] claim,@ (the advancing of a claim; "his pretension to the crown"; "the town still puts forward pretensions as a famous resort") }
{ [ claim2, verb.communication:claim,+ ] assertion,@ (an assertion that something is true or factual; "his claim that he was innocent"; "evidence contradicted the government's claims") }
{ [ accusation1, adj.pert:accusatorial,+ verb.communication:accuse1,+ ] [ charge4, verb.communication:charge3,+ verb.communication:charge2,+ ] assertion,@ (an assertion that someone is guilty of a fault or offence; "the newspaper published charges that Jones was guilty of drunken driving") }
{ countercharge, accusation1,@ (a charge brought by an accused person against the accuser) }
{ allegation1, [ allegement, verb.communication:allege,+ ] claim2,@ (statements affirming or denying certain matters of fact that you are prepared to prove) }
{ [ contention2, verb.communication:contend2,+ ] assertion,@ (a point asserted as part of an argument) }
{ [ submission3, verb.communication:submit,+ ] contention2,@ noun.group:law,;c ((law) a contention presented by a lawyer to a judge or jury as part of the case he is arguing) }
{ ipse_dixit, ipsedixitism, assertion,@ (an unsupported dogmatic assertion) }
{ [ formula, verb.communication:formularize,+ ] expression3, mathematical_statement,@ noun.cognition:mathematics,;c (a group of symbols that make a mathematical statement) }
{ [ formula1, verb.creation:formulate,+ verb.communication:formularize,+ ] statement,@ (a conventionalized statement expressing some fundamental principle) }
{ mathematical_statement, statement,@ noun.cognition:mathematics,;c (a statement of a mathematical relation) }
{ [ avowal, verb.communication:avow,+ ] avouchment, [ affirmation, verb.communication:affirm,+ ] assertion,@ (a statement asserting the existence or the truth of something) }
{ [ reassertion, verb.communication:reassert,+ ] [ reaffirmation, verb.communication:reaffirm,+ ] avowal,@ (renewed affirmation) }
{ [ testimony1, adj.pert:testimonial,+ verb.communication:testify2,+ verb.communication:testify1,+ ] assertion,@ (an assertion offering firsthand authentication of a fact; "according to his own testimony he can't do it") }
{ [ profession, verb.communication:profess2,+ ] [ professing, verb.communication:profess3,+ ] avowal,@ (an open avowal (true or false) of some belief or opinion; "a profession of disagreement") }
{ [ protestation, verb.communication:protest,+ ] declaration,@ (a strong declaration of protest) }
{ [ postulation, verb.cognition:postulate,+ ] [ predication, verb.communication:predicate1,+ verb.communication:predicate,+ ] declaration,@ noun.cognition:logic,;c ((logic) a declaration of something self-evident; something that can be assumed as the basis for argument) }
{ threat1, declaration,@ (declaration of an intention or a determination to inflict harm on another; "his threat to kill me was quite explicit") }
{ commination, threat1,@ (a threat of divine punishment or vengeance) }
{ [ menace, verb.body:menace,+ verb.communication:menace,+ ] threat1,@ (a threat or the act of threatening; "he spoke with desperate menace") }
{ [ evidence, verb.communication:evidence2,+ verb.communication:evidence1,+ ] information,@ noun.group:law,;c ((law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved) }
{ exhibit, evidence,@ (an object or statement produced before a court of law and referred to while giving evidence) }
{ [ testimony, adj.pert:testimonial,+ verb.communication:testify1,+ ] evidence,@ noun.group:law,;c (a solemn statement made under oath) }
{ witness, testimony,@ (testimony by word or deed to your religious faith) }
{ corpus_delicti, evidence,@ noun.group:law,;c (the body of evidence that constitute the offence; the objective proof that a crime has been committed (sometimes mistakenly thought to refer to the body of a homicide victim)) }
{ [ direct_evidence, circumstantial_evidence,! ] evidence,@ noun.group:law,;c (evidence (usually the testimony of a witness) directly related to the fact in dispute) }
{ res_gestae, rule_of_evidence,@ noun.group:law,;c (rule of evidence that covers words that are so closely associated with an occurrence that the words are considered part of the occurrence and as such their report does not violate the hearsay rule) }
{ [ circumstantial_evidence, direct_evidence,! ] indirect_evidence, evidence,@ noun.group:law,;c (evidence providing only a basis for inference about the fact in dispute) }
{ corroborating_evidence, evidence,@ noun.group:law,;c (additional evidence or evidence of different kind that supports a proof already offered in a proceeding) }
{ hearsay_evidence, evidence,@ noun.group:law,;c (evidence based on what someone has told the witness and not of direct knowledge) }
{ state's_evidence, evidence,@ noun.group:law,;c (evidence for the prosecution in criminal proceedings) }
{ declaration2, testimony,@ noun.group:law,;c ((law) unsworn statement that can be admitted in evidence in a legal transaction; "his declaration of innocence") }
{ [ attestation, verb.communication:attest2,+ ] testimony,@ noun.group:law,;c (the action of bearing witness) }
{ affidavit, testimony,@ legal_document,@ noun.group:law,;c (written declaration made under oath; a written statement sworn to be true before someone legally authorized to administer an oath) }
{ [ verification, verb.communication:verify4,+ ] affidavit,@ noun.group:law,;c ((law) an affidavit attached to a statement confirming the truth of that statement) }
{ [ subornation1, verb.communication:suborn1,+ verb.communication:suborn,+ ] testimony,@ noun.group:law,;c (perjured testimony that someone was persuaded to give) }
{ [ bid1, verb.possession:bid1,+ ] [ bidding1, verb.possession:bid1,+ ] statement,@ noun.act:bridge,#p noun.act:bridge,;c ((bridge) the number of tricks a bridge player is willing to contract to make) }
{ contract1, [ declaration4, verb.possession:declare,+ ] bid1,@ noun.act:bridge,#p noun.communication:contract,;c ((contract bridge) the highest bid becomes the contract setting the number of tricks that the bidder must make) }
{ takeout, bid1,@ noun.act:bridge,;c ((bridge) a bid that asks your partner to bid another suit) }
{ [ overbid1, verb.possession:overbid1,+ ] overcall, bid1,@ noun.act:bridge,;c ((bridge) a bid that is higher than your opponent's bid (especially when your partner has not bid at all and your bid exceeds the value of your hand)) }
{ preemptive_bid, pre-empt, preempt, bid1,@ (a high bid that is intended to prevent the opposing players from bidding) }
{ [ word3, verb.communication:word,+ ] statement,@ (a brief statement; "he didn't say a word about it") }
{ [ explanation, verb.communication:explain1,+ ] [ account4, verb.communication:account2,+ verb.communication:account,+ ] statement,@ (a statement that makes something comprehensible by describing the relevant structure or operation or circumstances etc.; "the explanation was very simple"; "I expected a brief account") }
{ explicandum, explanandum, statement,@ explanation,#p noun.cognition:logic,;c ((logic) a statement of something (a fact or thing or expression) to be explained) }
{ explanans, statement,@ explanation,#p noun.cognition:logic,;c ((logic) statements that explain the explicandum; the explanatory premises) }
{ [ simplification, verb.change:simplify,+ ] explanation,@ (an explanation that omits superfluous details and reduces complexity) }
{ [ oversimplification, verb.change:oversimplify,+ ] simplism, simplification,@ (a simplification that goes too far (to the point of misrepresentation)) }
{ accounting, explanation,@ (a convincing explanation that reveals basic causes; "he was unable to give a clear accounting for his actions") }
{ value_statement, statement,@ (a statement of the desirability of something) }
{ [ representation2, verb.communication:represent10,+ ] statement,@ (a statement of facts and reasons made in appealing or protesting; "certain representations were made concerning police brutality") }
{ reason1, explanation,@ (an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon; "the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly") }
{ [ justification, verb.communication:justify,+ ] explanation,@ (a statement in explanation of some action or belief) }
{ [ cause, adj.all:causative^causal,+ verb.creation:cause,+ verb.communication:cause,+ ] reason, grounds, justification,@ (a justification for something existing or happening; "he had no cause to complain"; "they had good reason to rejoice") }
{ defense, [ defence, verb.communication:defend,+ ] [ vindication, verb.communication:vindicate2,+ verb.communication:vindicate,+ ] justification,@ (the justification for some act or belief; "he offered a persuasive defense of the theory") }
{ [ apology2, adj.all:apologetic,+ noun.person:apologist,+ verb.communication:apologise1,+ ] apologia1, defense,@ (a formal written defense of something you believe in strongly) }
{ [ alibi, verb.communication:alibi,+ ] defense,@ noun.group:law,;c ((law) a defense by an accused person purporting to show that he or she could not have committed the crime in question) }
{ [ excuse, verb.communication:excuse2,+ verb.communication:excuse1,+ verb.communication:excuse3,+ verb.communication:excuse,+ ] [ alibi1, verb.communication:alibi,+ ] exculpation, self-justification, defense,@ (a defense of some offensive behavior or some failure to keep a promise etc.; "he kept finding excuses to stay"; "every day he had a new alibi for not getting a job"; "his transparent self-justification was unacceptable") }
{ [ extenuation, verb.communication:extenuate,+ ] [ mitigation, verb.communication:mitigate,+ verb.change:mitigate4,+ ] excuse,@ (a partial excuse to mitigate censure; an attempt to represent an offense as less serious than it appears by showing mitigating circumstances) }
{ exposition2, section,@ music,;c ((music) the section of a movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes first occur) }
{ [ exposition1, verb.communication:exposit1,+ ] explanation,@ (an account that sets forth the meaning or intent of a writing or discourse; "we would have understood the play better if there had been some initial exposition of the background") }
{ [ exposition, verb.communication:exposit,+ ] [ expounding, verb.communication:expound,+ ] interpretation,@ (a systematic interpretation or explanation (usually written) of a specific topic) }
{ [ construal, verb.cognition:construe,+ ] interpretation,@ (an interpretation of the meaning of something; the act of construing) }
{ [ philosophizing, verb.cognition:philosophize,+ ] exposition,@ (the exposition (often superficially) of a particular philosophy) }
{ [ moralizing, verb.communication:moralize,+ ] [ moralization, verb.communication:moralize,+ ] [ moralisation, verb.communication:moralise,+ ] philosophizing,@ (indulgence in moral pronouncements; the exposition (often superficially) of a particular moral code; "his constant moralizing drove me mad") }
{ [ preachification, verb.communication:preachify,+ ] moralizing,@ (moralization delivered tediously in a preachy manner) }
{ [ explication, verb.communication:explicate1,+ verb.communication:explicate,+ ] explanation,@ (a detailed explanation of the meaning of something) }
{ solution, [ answer2, verb.cognition:answer,+ ] result, resolution, [ solvent, verb.cognition:solve,+ ] statement,@ (a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem; "they were trying to find a peaceful solution"; "the answers were in the back of the book"; "he computed the result to four decimal places") }
{ denouement, solution,@ (the final resolution of the main complication of a literary or dramatic work) }
{ [ gloss, verb.communication:gloss,+ verb.communication:gloss1,+ ] rubric1, explanation,@ (an explanation or definition of an obscure word in a text) }
{ [ deriving, verb.change:derive1,+ ] [ derivation1, verb.change:derive1,+ ] [ etymologizing, verb.cognition:etymologize,+ ] explanation,@ noun.cognition:historical_linguistics,;c ((historical linguistics) an explanation of the historical origins of a word or phrase) }
{ [ definition, verb.communication:define,+ ] explanation,@ (a concise explanation of the meaning of a word or phrase or symbol) }
{ contextual_definition, definition,@ (a definition in which the term is used by embedding it in a larger expression containing its explanation; "a contextual definition of `legal duty' might be `X has a legal duty to do Y means that X is required to do Y by a contract relationship that would be upheld in a court of law'") }
{ dictionary_definition, definition,@ (a definition that reports the standard uses of a word or phrase or symbol) }
{ explicit_definition, definition,@ (a definition that gives an exact equivalent of the term defined) }
{ ostensive_definition, definition,@ (a definition that points out or exhibits instances of the term defined) }
{ recursive_definition, definition,@ noun.cognition:math,;c ((mathematics) a definition of a function from which values of the function can be calculated in a finite number of steps) }
{ [ redefinition, verb.stative:redefine,+ verb.communication:redefine,+ ] definition,@ (the act of giving a new definition; "words like `conservative' require periodic redefinition"; "she provided a redefinition of his duties") }
{ stipulative_definition, definition,@ (a definition that is stipulated by someone and that is not a standard usage) }
{ [ answer1, verb.communication:answer,+ ] [ reply1, verb.communication:reply,+ ] response1, statement,@ (a statement (either spoken or written) that is made to reply to a question or request or criticism or accusation; "I waited several days for his answer"; "he wrote replies to several of his critics") }
{ rescript2, answer1,@ (a reply by a Pope to an inquiry concerning a point of law or morality) }
{ [ feedback, verb.communication:feed_back,+ ] answer1,@ (response to an inquiry or experiment) }
{ [ announcement, verb.communication:announce2,+ ] [ promulgation, verb.communication:promulgate,+ ] statement,@ (a public statement containing information about an event that has happened or is going to happen; "the announcement appeared in the local newspaper"; "the promulgation was written in English") }
{ [ advisory, adj.all:informative^advisory,+ verb.communication:advise,+ ] announcement,@ (an announcement that usually advises or warns the public of some threat; "a frost advisory") }
{ Annunciation, announcement,@i noun.cognition:Christianity,;c ((Christianity) the announcement to the Virgin Mary by the angel Gabriel of the incarnation of Christ) }
{ banns, announcement,@ noun.act:church,;c (a public announcement of a proposed marriage) }
{ handout, press_release, release, announcement,@ (an announcement distributed to members of the press in order to supplement or replace an oral presentation) }
{ [ notice1, verb.communication:notify,+ ] announcement,@ (an announcement containing information about an event; "you didn't give me enough notice"; "an obituary notice"; "a notice of sale") }
{ caveat2, notice1,@ noun.group:law,;c ((law) a formal notice filed with a court or officer to suspend a proceeding until filer is given a hearing; "a caveat filed against the probate of a will") }
{ obituary, obit, necrology, notice1,@ (a notice of someone's death; usually includes a short biography) }
{ Parallel_Lives, biography,@i (a collection of biographies of famous pairs of Greeks and Romans written by Plutarch; used by Shakespeare in writing some of his plays) }
{ program, programme, announcement,@ (an announcement of the events that will occur as part of a theatrical or sporting event; "you can't tell the players without a program") }
{ playbill1, bill6,@ program,@ (a theatrical program; "he couldn't find her name on the playbill") }
{ racecard, program,@ (a program for a race meeting; lists the races and the names of the horses) }
{ prediction, [ foretelling, verb.communication:foretell,+ ] [ forecasting, verb.communication:forecast,+ ] [ prognostication, verb.communication:prognosticate,+ ] statement,@ (a statement made about the future) }
{ [ extropy, adj.pert:extropic,+ ] prediction,@ (the prediction that human intelligence and technology will enable life to expand in an orderly way throughout the entire universe) }
{ fortunetelling, prediction,@ (the practice of predicting people's futures (usually for payment)) }
{ horoscope, prediction,@ (a prediction of someone's future based on the relative positions of the planets) }
{ [ meteorology, noun.person:meteorologist,+ ] weather_forecasting, prediction,@ noun.cognition:meteorology,;c (predicting what the weather will be) }
{ [ prognosis, adj.all:prophetic^prognostic,+ verb.communication:prognosticate1,+ verb.communication:prognosticate,+ ] [ forecast, verb.communication:forecast1,+ verb.communication:forecast,+ verb.cognition:forecast,+ ] prediction,@ (a prediction about how something (as the weather) will develop) }
{ [ prophecy, adj.all:prophetical,+ adj.all:prophetic,+ ] [ divination, verb.perception:divine,+ ] prediction,@ (a prediction uttered under divine inspiration) }
{ [ oracle, adj.pert:oracular,+ ] prophecy,@ (a prophecy (usually obscure or allegorical) revealed by a priest or priestess; believed to be infallible) }
{ financial_forecast, prognosis,@ (a forecast of the expected financial position and the results of operations and cash flows based on expected conditions) }
{ weather_forecast, weather_outlook, prognosis,@ (a forecast of the weather) }
{ proposition, statement,@ noun.cognition:logic,;c ((logic) a statement that affirms or denies something and is either true or false) }
{ [ particular, universal,! ] [ particular_proposition, universal_proposition,! ] proposition,@ noun.cognition:logic,;c ((logic) a proposition that asserts something about some (but not all) members of a class) }
{ [ universal, particular,! ] [ universal_proposition, particular_proposition,! ] proposition,@ noun.cognition:logic,;c ((logic) a proposition that asserts something of all members of a class) }
{ [ negation2, verb.stative:negate,+ ] proposition,@ noun.cognition:logic,;c ((logic) a proposition that is true if and only if another proposition is false) }
{ converse, proposition,@ (a proposition obtained by conversion) }
{ lemma, proposition,@ (a subsidiary proposition that is assumed to be true in order to prove another proposition) }
{ term1, constituent,@ proposition,#p (one of the substantive phrases in a logical proposition; "the major term of a syllogism must occur twice") }
{ theorem, proposition,@ (a proposition deducible from basic postulates) }
{ [ categorem, adj.all:categorematic,+ syncategorem,! ] [ categoreme, adj.all:categorematic,+ syncategoreme,! ] term1,@ (a categorematic expression; a term capable of standing alone as the subject or predicate of a logical proposition; "names are called categorems") }
{ [ syncategorem, adj.all:syncategorematic,+ categorem,! ] [ syncategoreme, adj.all:syncategorematic,+ categoreme,! ] word,@ (a syncategorematic expression; a word that cannot be used alone as a term in a logical proposition; "logical quantifiers, adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions are called syncategoremes") }
{ conclusion1, ratiocination, proposition,@ noun.cognition:syllogism,#p (the proposition arrived at by logical reasoning (such as the proposition that must follow from the major and minor premises of a syllogism)) }
{ [ postulate, verb.cognition:postulate,+ ] [ posit, verb.cognition:posit,+ ] proposition,@ noun.cognition:logic,;c ((logic) a proposition that is accepted as true in order to provide a basis for logical reasoning) }
{ [ axiom1, adj.all:obvious^axiomatic,+ adj.pert:axiomatic,+ adj.pert:axiomatical,+ ] proposition,@ noun.cognition:logic,;c ((logic) a proposition that is not susceptible of proof or disproof; its truth is assumed to be self-evident) }
{ [ premise, verb.cognition:premise,+ ] [ premiss, verb.cognition:premiss,+ ] [ assumption, verb.cognition:assume,+ ] postulate,@ (a statement that is assumed to be true and from which a conclusion can be drawn; "on the assumption that he has been injured we can infer that he will not play") }
{ major_premise, major_premiss, premise,@ noun.cognition:syllogism,#p (the premise of a syllogism that contains the major term (which is the predicate of the conclusion)) }
{ minor_premise, minor_premiss, subsumption, premise,@ noun.cognition:syllogism,#p (the premise of a syllogism that contains the minor term (which is the subject of the conclusion)) }
{ major_term, term1,@ conclusion1,#p major_premise,#p (the term in a syllogism that is the predicate of the conclusion) }
{ minor_term, term1,@ conclusion1,#p minor_premise,#p (the term in a syllogism that is the subject of the conclusion) }
{ middle_term, term1,@ major_premise,#p minor_premise,#p (the term in a syllogism that is common to both premises and excluded from the conclusion) }
{ specious_argument, argument2,@ (an argument that appears good at first view but is really fallacious) }
{ vicious_circle, specious_argument,@ (an argument that assumes that which is to be proved) }
{ thesis, premise,@ (an unproved statement put forward as a premise in an argument) }
{ [ condition1, verb.communication:condition,+ ] precondition, stipulation, premise,@ (an assumption on which rests the validity or effect of something else) }
{ boundary_condition, condition1,@ noun.cognition:math,;c ((mathematics) a condition specified for the solution to a set of differential equations) }
{ [ provision, adj.all:conditional^provisionary,+ verb.communication:provide,+ ] proviso, condition1,@ (a stipulated condition; "he accepted subject to one provision") }
{ scenario1, premise,@ (a postulated sequence of possible events; "planners developed several scenarios in case of an attack") }
{ [ quotation2, verb.communication:quote13,+ ] statement,@ (a statement of the current market price of a security or commodity) }
{ [ falsehood, truth,! ] [ falsity, adj.all:insincere^false,+ adj.all:false,+ verb.communication:falsify,+ verb.change:falsify,+ ] untruth, statement,@ (a false statement) }
{ [ dodge, verb.communication:dodge,+ ] dodging, scheme, falsehood,@ (a statement that evades the question by cleverness or trickery) }
{ [ lie, verb.communication:lie,+ ] [ prevarication, verb.communication:prevaricate,+ ] falsehood,@ (a statement that deviates from or perverts the truth) }
{ [ fib, verb.communication:fib,+ ] story2, tale1, tarradiddle, taradiddle, lie,@ (a trivial lie; "he told a fib about eating his spinach"; "how can I stop my child from telling stories?") }
{ fairytale1, fairy_tale1, fairy_story1, cock-and-bull_story, song_and_dance2, fib,@ (an interesting but highly implausible story; often told as an excuse) }
{ jactitation1, lie,@ noun.group:law,;c ((law) a false boast that can harm others; especially a false claim to be married to someone (formerly actionable at law)) }
{ whopper, walloper, lie,@ (a gross untruth; a blatant lie) }
{ white_lie, lie,@ (an unimportant lie (especially one told to be tactful or polite)) }
{ [ fabrication, verb.creation:fabricate,+ ] [ fiction1, adj.all:unreal^fictional,+ adj.all:counterfeit^fictitious,+ verb.creation:fictionalize,+ ] [ fable2, adj.all:incredible^fabulous,+ noun.person:fabulist,+ ] falsehood,@ (a deliberately false or improbable account) }
{ canard, fabrication,@ (a deliberately misleading fabrication) }
{ [ misrepresentation, verb.social:misrepresent,+ verb.communication:misrepresent,+ ] deceit, [ deception, verb.social:deceive,+ ] falsehood,@ (a misleading falsehood) }
{ half-truth, misrepresentation,@ (a partially true statement intended to deceive or mislead) }
{ facade, window_dressing, misrepresentation,@ (a showy misrepresentation intended to conceal something unpleasant) }
{ [ exaggeration, verb.communication:exaggerate,+ ] [ overstatement, verb.communication:overstate,+ understatement,! ] [ magnification, verb.communication:magnify,+ verb.change:magnify,+ ] misrepresentation,@ (making to seem more important than it really is) }
{ [ understatement, verb.communication:understate,+ overstatement,! ] statement,@ (a statement that is restrained in ironic contrast to what might have been said) }
{ snow_job, misrepresentation,@ (a long and elaborate misrepresentation) }
{ [ pretense, adj.all:pretentious,+ verb.communication:pretend,+ ] pretence, [ feigning, verb.communication:feign,+ ] [ dissembling, verb.communication:dissemble,+ ] misrepresentation,@ (pretending with intention to deceive) }
{ [ bluff, verb.communication:bluff,+ ] pretense,@ (pretense that your position is stronger than it really is; "his bluff succeeded in getting him accepted") }
{ pretext, stalking-horse, pretense,@ (something serving to conceal plans; a fictitious reason that is concocted in order to conceal the real reason) }
{ [ putoff, verb.stative:put_off,+ ] pretext,@ (a pretext for delay or inaction) }
{ [ hypocrisy, adj.all:insincere^hypocritical,+ ] lip_service, pretense,@ (an expression of agreement that is not supported by real conviction) }
{ crocodile_tears, hypocrisy,@ (a hypocritical display of sorrow; false or insincere weeping; "the secretaries wept crocodile tears over the manager's dilemma"; "politicians shed crocodile tears over the plight of the unemployed") }
{ subterfuge, blind, misrepresentation,@ (something intended to misrepresent the true nature of an activity; "he wasn't sick--it was just a subterfuge"; "the holding company was just a blind") }
{ [ trickery, verb.social:trick,+ ] hocus-pocus, [ slickness, adj.all:artful^slick,+ ] hanky_panky, jiggery-pokery, skulduggery, skullduggery, misrepresentation,@ (verbal misrepresentation intended to take advantage of you in some way) }
{ fraudulence, [ duplicity, adj.all:dishonest^duplicitous,+ ] misrepresentation,@ (a fraudulent or duplicitous representation) }
{ evasion, [ equivocation, verb.communication:equivocate,+ ] misrepresentation,@ (a statement that is not literally false but that cleverly avoids an unpleasant truth) }
{ [ circumlocution1, adj.all:indirect2^circumlocutious,+ ] indirect_expression, evasion,@ (an indirect way of expressing something) }
{ doublespeak, evasion,@ (any language that pretends to communicate but actually does not) }
{ [ hedge, verb.communication:hedge,+ ] [ hedging, verb.communication:hedge,+ ] evasion,@ (an intentionally noncommittal or ambiguous statement; "when you say `maybe' you are just hedging") }
{ [ quibble, verb.communication:quibble1,+ ] quiddity, [ cavil, verb.communication:cavil,+ ] evasion,@ (an evasion of the point of an argument by raising irrelevant distinctions or objections) }
{ fine_print1, small_print1, reservation,@ contract,#p (the part of a contract that contains reservations and qualifications that are often printed in small type; "don't sign a contract without reading the fine print") }
{ weasel_word, reservation,@ (an equivocal qualification; a word used to avoid making an outright assertion) }
{ reservation, [ qualification, verb.change:qualify2,+ ] statement,@ (a statement that limits or restricts some claim; "he recommended her without any reservations") }
{ cautious_statement, statement,@ (a statement made with careful qualifications) }
{ [ comment1, verb.communication:commentate11,+ verb.communication:comment10,+ verb.communication:comment1,+ ] [ commentary, verb.communication:comment,+ verb.communication:commentate11,+ ] statement,@ (a written explanation or criticism or illustration that is added to a book or other textual material; "he wrote an extended comment on the proposal") }
{ Midrash, comment1,@ noun.cognition:Judaism,;c ((Judaism) an ancient commentary on part of the Hebrew scriptures that is based on Jewish methods of interpretation and attached to the biblical text) }
{ [ note2, verb.communication:note,+ verb.creation:annotate,+ verb.communication:annotate,+ ] [ annotation, verb.creation:annotate,+ ] [ notation1, verb.communication:note1,+ ] comment1,@ (a comment or instruction (usually added); "his notes were appended at the end of the article"; "he added a short notation to the address on the envelope") }
{ [ citation1, verb.creation:cite,+ verb.communication:cite6,+ verb.communication:cite2,+ verb.communication:cite,+ ] cite, [ acknowledgment1, verb.communication:acknowledge7,+ ] [ credit2, verb.cognition:credit12,+ ] [ reference3, verb.creation:reference,+ ] [ mention2, verb.communication:mention2,+ ] quotation1, note2,@ (a short note recognizing a source of information or of a quoted passage; "the student's essay failed to list several important citations"; "the acknowledgments are usually printed at the front of a book"; "the article includes mention of similar clinical cases") }
{ [ footnote, verb.creation:footnote,+ ] footer, note2,@ (a printed note placed below the text on a printed page) }
{ nota_bene, NB, N.B., note2,@ (a Latin phrase (or its abbreviation) used to indicate that special attention should be paid to something; "the margins of his book were generously supplied with pencilled NBs") }
{ postscript, PS, note2,@ letter,#p (a note appended to a letter after the signature) }
{ photo_credit, credit2,@ (a note acknowledging the source of a published photograph) }
{ cross-reference, [ cross-index, verb.social:cross-index,+ ] citation1,@ (a reference at one place in a work to information at another place in the same work) }
{ [ remark, verb.communication:remark,+ ] [ comment, verb.communication:commentate,+ verb.communication:comment,+ ] input1, statement,@ (a statement that expresses a personal opinion or belief or adds information; "from time to time she contributed a personal comment on his account"; "we would appreciate input from our users on how we can improve our software" ) }
{ gambit, ploy, remark,@ (an opening remark intended to secure an advantage for the speaker) }
{ fatwah, opinion,@ noun.group:Islam,;c ((Islam) a legal opinion or ruling issued by an Islamic scholar; "bin Laden issued three fatwahs calling upon Muslims to take up arms against the United States") }
{ obiter_dictum, dictum2, opinion,@ noun.group:law,;c (an opinion voiced by a judge on a point of law not directly bearing on the case in question and therefore not binding) }
{ obiter_dictum2, passing_comment, remark,@ (an incidental remark) }
{ [ mention1, verb.communication:mention,+ verb.communication:mention2,+ ] [ reference2, verb.communication:refer1,+ ] remark,@ (a remark that calls attention to something or someone; "she made frequent mention of her promotion"; "there was no mention of it"; "the speaker made several references to his wife") }
{ [ allusion, verb.communication:allude,+ ] mention1,@ (passing reference or indirect mention) }
{ [ retrospection, verb.cognition:retrospect,+ ] mention1,@ (reference to things past; "the story begins with no introductory retrospections") }
{ name-dropping, mention1,@ (the practice of casually mentioning important people in order to impress your listener; "the hard thing about name-dropping is to avoid being too obvious about it") }
{ [ observation, verb.social:observe,+ verb.perception:observe2,+ verb.perception:observe1,+ verb.perception:observe,+ verb.cognition:observe,+ ] reflection, reflexion, remark,@ (a remark expressing careful consideration) }
{ Parkinson's_law1, observation,@i (C. Northcote Parkinson's cynical observation that the number of subordinates in an organization will increase linearly regardless of the amount of work to be done) }
{ Parkinson's_law2, observation,@i (C. Northcote Parkinson's cynical observation that work will expand so as to fill the time available for its completion) }
{ [ rib, verb.communication:rib,+ ] remark,@ (a teasing remark) }
{ [ wisecrack, verb.communication:wisecrack,+ ] [ crack, verb.communication:crack,+ ] sally, [ quip, verb.communication:quip,+ ] remark,@ (witty remark) }
{ shot, shaft1, slam, dig, barb, jibe, [ gibe, verb.communication:gibe,+ ] remark,@ (an aggressive remark directed at a person like a missile and intended to have a telling effect; "his parting shot was `drop dead'"; "she threw shafts of sarcasm"; "she takes a dig at me every chance she gets") }
{ cheap_shot, shot,@ (an unnecessarily aggressive and unfair remark directed at a defenseless person) }
{ conversation_stopper, stopper1, remark,@ (a remark to which there is no polite conversational reply) }
{ rhetorical_question, statement,@ (a statement that is formulated as a question but that is not supposed to be answered; "he liked to make his points with rhetorical questions") }
{ [ misstatement, verb.communication:misstate,+ ] statement,@ (a statement that contains a mistake) }
{ [ restatement, verb.communication:restate,+ ] statement,@ (a revised statement) }
{ [ demythologization, verb.change:demythologize,+ ] [ demythologisation, verb.change:demythologise,+ ] restatement,@ noun.cognition:religion,;c (the restatement of a message (as a religious one) in rational terms) }
{ [ mythologization, verb.change:mythologize,+ ] [ mythologisation, verb.change:mythologise,+ ] restatement,@ (the restatement of a message as a myth) }
{ error, [ mistake, verb.cognition:mistake1,+ ] misstatement,@ (part of a statement that is not correct; "the book was full of errors") }
{ corrigendum, error,@ (a printer's error; to be corrected) }
{ [ misprint, verb.creation:misprint,+ ] erratum, typographical_error, typo, literal_error, literal, error,@ (a mistake in printed matter resulting from mechanical failures of some kind) }
{ malapropism, malaprop, misstatement,@ (the unintentional misuse of a word by confusion with one that sounds similar) }
{ slip_of_the_tongue, misstatement,@ (an accidental and usually trivial mistake in speaking) }
{ spoonerism, slip_of_the_tongue,@ (transposition of initial consonants in a pair of words) }
{ [ agreement1, verb.communication:agree1,+ ] understanding, statement,@ (the statement (oral or written) of an exchange of promises; "they had an agreement that they would not interfere in each other's business"; "there was an understanding between management and the workers") }
{ [ condition2, verb.communication:condition,+ ] strings, term2, statement,@ agreement1,#p noun.communication:plural,;u ((usually plural) a statement of what is required as part of an agreement; "the contract set out the conditions of the lease"; "the terms of the treaty were generous") }
{ [ bargain, verb.possession:bargain,+ ] deal, agreement1,@ (an agreement between parties (usually arrived at after discussion) fixing obligations of each; "he made a bargain with the devil"; "he rose to prominence through a series of shady deals") }
{ working_agreement, agreement1,@ (an informal agreement to work together) }
{ gentlemen's_agreement, agreement1,@ (a personal agreement based on honor and not legally binding) }
{ written_agreement, agreement1,@ legal_document,@ noun.group:law,;c (a legal document summarizing the agreement between parties) }
{ submission1, agreement1,@ (an agreement between parties in a dispute to abide by the decision of an arbiter) }
{ submission2, written_agreement,@ (a legal document summarizing an agreement between parties in a dispute to abide by the decision of an arbiter) }
{ [ covenant, verb.communication:covenant,+ ] compact, concordat, written_agreement,@ (a signed written agreement between two or more parties (nations) to perform some action) }
{ entente, entente_cordiale, agreement1,@ (a friendly understanding between political powers) }
{ oral_contract, agreement1,@ (an agreement that is not in writing and is not signed by the parties but is a real existing contract that lacks only the formal requirement of a memorandum to render it enforceable in litigation) }
{ [ indenture1, verb.communication:indenture,+ verb.communication:indent2,+ ] contract,@ (a contract binding one party into the service of another for a specified term) }
{ indenture2, written_agreement,@ (formal agreement between the issuer of bonds and the bondholders as to terms of the debt) }
{ [ obligation, verb.communication:obligate,+ verb.communication:oblige,+ ] written_agreement,@ (a legal agreement specifying a payment or action and the penalty for failure to comply) }
{ debt, obligation,@ (an obligation to pay or do something) }
{ treaty, pact, accord1, written_agreement,@ (a written agreement between two states or sovereigns) }
{ alliance, treaty,@ (a formal agreement establishing an association or alliance between nations or other groups to achieve a particular aim) }
{ commercial_treaty, treaty,@ (a treaty governing commerce between two or more nations) }
{ [ peace, verb.creation:pacify,+ ] peace_treaty, [ pacification, verb.creation:pacify,+ ] treaty,@ (a treaty to cease hostilities; "peace came on November 11th") }
{ Peace_of_Westphalia, peace_treaty,@i (the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648) }
{ convention, treaty,@ noun.communication:diplomacy,;c ((diplomacy) an international agreement) }
{ Chemical_Weapons_Convention, convention,@i (a global treaty banning the production or acquisition or stockpiling or transfer or use of chemical weapons) }
{ Geneva_Convention, convention,@i (an agreement first drawn up in Geneva in 1864 and later revised concerning the treatment of captured and wounded military personnel and civilians in wartime) }
{ Lateran_Treaty, concordat,@i (the agreement signed in the Lateran Palace in 1929 by Italy and the Holy See which recognized the Vatican City as a sovereign and independent papal state) }
{ North_Atlantic_Treaty, treaty,@i (the treaty signed in 1949 by 12 countries that established NATO) }
{ SALT_I, treaty,@i (the first treaty between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics resulting from the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) }
{ SALT_II, treaty,@i (the second treaty between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics resulting from the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) }
{ Treaty_of_Versailles, peace_treaty,@i (the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans) }
{ sentimentalism, formulation,@ (the excessive expression of tender feelings, nostalgia, or sadness in any form) }
{ [ treacle, adj.all:sweet2^treacly,+ ] mush, [ slop, adj.all:emotional^sloppy,+ ] glop, sentimentalism,@ (writing or music that is excessively sweet and sentimental) }
{ [ wit, adj.all:humorous^witty,+ ] [ humor, adj.all:humorous,+ noun.person:humorist,+ ] [ humour, adj.all:humourous,+ noun.person:humourist,+ ] witticism, [ wittiness, adj.all:humorous^witty,+ ] message,@ (a message whose ingenuity or verbal skill or incongruity has the power to evoke laughter) }
{ jeu_d'esprit, wit,@ noun.location:France,;r (a witty comment or writing) }
{ bon_mot, mot, wit,@ noun.location:France,;r (a clever remark) }
{ esprit_de_l'escalier, wit,@ (a witty remark that occurs to you too late) }
{ [ pungency, adj.all:sarcastic^pungent,+ ] bite, wit,@ (wit having a sharp and caustic quality; "he commented with typical pungency"; "the bite of satire") }
{ [ sarcasm, adj.all:sarcastic,+ ] [ irony1, adj.all:humorous^ironical,+ adj.all:humorous^ironic,+ noun.person:ironist,+ ] [ satire, adj.all:sarcastic^satiric,+ adj.all:sarcastic^satirical,+ noun.person:satirist,+ verb.communication:satirize,+ verb.communication:satirise,+ ] caustic_remark, wit,@ (witty language used to convey insults or scorn; "he used sarcasm to upset his opponent"; "irony is wasted on the stupid"; "Satire is a sort of glass, wherein beholders do generally discover everybody's face but their own"--Jonathan Swift) }
{ repartee, wit,@ (adroitness and cleverness in reply) }
{ [ banter, verb.communication:banter,+ ] raillery, give-and-take1, backchat, repartee,@ (light teasing repartee) }
{ badinage, banter,@ (frivolous banter) }
{ persiflage, banter,@ (light teasing) }
{ [ joke, adj.all:humorous^jocular,+ noun.person:jokester,+ verb.body:joke,+ verb.communication:joke,+ ] [ gag, noun.person:gagster,+ verb.communication:gag,+ ] [ laugh1, verb.body:laugh,+ ] [ jest, verb.body:jest,+ verb.communication:jest,+ ] jape, wit,@ (a humorous anecdote or remark intended to provoke laughter; "he told a very funny joke"; "he knows a million gags"; "thanks for the laugh"; "he laughed unpleasantly at his own jest"; "even a schoolboy's jape is supposed to have some ascertainable point") }
{ punch_line, laugh_line, gag_line, tag_line, line2,@ joke,#p (the point of a joke or humorous story) }
{ belly_laugh, sidesplitter, [ howler, verb.body:howl,+ ] thigh-slapper, scream1, wow, riot, joke,@ (a joke that seems extremely funny) }
{ dirty_joke, dirty_story, blue_joke, blue_story, joke,@ (an indelicate joke) }
{ ethnic_joke, joke,@ (a joke at the expense of some ethnic group) }
{ funny_story, good_story, funny_remark, funny, joke,@ (an account of an amusing incident (usually with a punch line); "she told a funny story"; "she made a funny") }
{ in-joke, joke,@ (a joke that is appreciated only by members of some particular group of people) }
{ one-liner, joke,@ (a one-line joke) }
{ shaggy_dog_story, joke,@ (a long rambling joke whose humor derives from its pointlessness) }
{ sick_joke, joke,@ (a joke in bad taste) }
{ sight_gag, visual_joke, joke,@ (a joke whose effect is achieved by visual means rather than by speech (as in a movie)) }
{ [ caricature, noun.person:caricaturist,+ verb.communication:caricature,+ ] imitation, [ impersonation, verb.communication:impersonate1,+ ] wit,@ (a representation of a person that is exaggerated for comic effect) }
{ [ parody, noun.person:parodist,+ verb.communication:parody,+ ] [ lampoon, verb.communication:lampoon,+ ] [ spoof, verb.communication:spoof,+ ] sendup, send-up, mockery1, [ takeoff, verb.creation:take_off,+ ] [ burlesque1, adj.pert:burlesque,+ verb.communication:burlesque,+ ] travesty1, pasquinade, put-on, caricature,@ (a composition that imitates or misrepresents somebody's style, usually in a humorous way) }
{ [ cartoon, noun.person:cartoonist,+ verb.creation:cartoon,+ ] sketch2, wit,@ publication,#p (a humorous or satirical drawing published in a newspaper or magazine) }
{ fun, play2, sport, wit,@ (verbal wit or mockery (often at another's expense but not to be taken seriously); "he became a figure of fun"; "he said it in sport") }
{ [ jocosity, adj.all:humorous^jocose,+ ] [ jocularity, adj.all:humorous^jocular,+ ] fun,@ (fun characterized by humor) }
{ waggery, [ waggishness, adj.all:humorous^waggish,+ ] fun,@ (waggish behavior) }
{ drollery, [ clowning, verb.body:clown,+ ] [ comedy1, adj.all:humorous^comic,+ adj.all:humorous^comical,+ ] [ funniness, adj.all:humorous^funny,+ ] fun,@ (a comic incident or series of incidents) }
{ [ pun, noun.person:punster,+ verb.creation:pun,+ ] [ punning, verb.creation:pun,+ ] wordplay, paronomasia, fun,@ (a humorous play on words; "I do it for the pun of it"; "his constant punning irritated her")}
{ ribaldry, wit,@ (ribald humor) }
{ [ topper, verb.stative:top,+ ] wit,@ (an exceedingly good witticism that surpasses all that have gone before) }

{ [ opinion1, verb.communication:opine,+ ] [ view, verb.cognition:view,+ ] message,@ (a message expressing a belief about something; the expression of a belief that is held with confidence but not substantiated by positive knowledge or proof; "his opinions appeared frequently on the editorial page") }
{ adverse_opinion, opinion1,@ (an opinion concerning financial statements (usually based on an audit by a CPA) that the statements as a whole do not present results fairly or are not in conformity with the generally accepted accounting practices of the United States) }
{ [ guess, verb.cognition:guess,+ verb.cognition:guess1,+ verb.communication:guess,+ ] [ conjecture, adj.all:theoretical^conjectural,+ ] [ supposition, adj.all:theoretical^suppositional,+ adj.all:theoretical^supposititious,+ adj.all:theoretical^suppositious,+ verb.communication:suppose,+ ] [ surmise, verb.communication:surmise,+ verb.cognition:surmise,+ ] [ surmisal, verb.cognition:surmise,+ ] [ speculation3, verb.communication:speculate,+ ] [ hypothesis1, adj.all:theoretical^hypothetical,+ verb.cognition:hypothecate,+ verb.cognition:hypothesize,+ ] opinion1,@ (a message expressing an opinion based on incomplete evidence) }
{ divination1, guess,@ (successful conjecture by unusual insight or good luck) }
{ side, position, opinion1,@ (an opinion that is held in opposition to another in an argument or dispute; "there are two sides to every question") }
{ approximation, version1,@ (an imprecise or incomplete account; "newspapers gave only an approximation of the actual events") }
{ [ estimate1, verb.cognition:estimate,+ ] statement,@ (a statement indicating the likely cost of some job; "he got an estimate from the car repair shop") }
{ question1, head2, subject,@ (the subject matter at issue; "the question of disease merits serious discussion"; "under the head of minor Roman poets") }
{ problem, question1,@ (a question raised for consideration or solution; "our homework consisted of ten problems to solve") }
{ question_of_fact, matter_of_fact, question1,@ (a disputed factual contention that is generally left for a jury to decide) }
{ question_of_law, matter_of_law, question1,@ noun.group:law,;c (a disputed legal contention that is generally left for a judge to decide) }
{ [ puzzle, verb.emotion:puzzle3,+ verb.cognition:puzzle,+ ] [ puzzler, verb.cognition:puzzle,+ ] [ mystifier, verb.cognition:mystify,+ ] teaser, problem,@ (a particularly baffling problem that is said to have a correct solution; "he loved to solve chessmate puzzles"; "that's a real puzzler") }
{ case2, problem,@ (a problem requiring investigation; "Perry Mason solved the case of the missing heir") }
{ homework_problem, problem,@ (a problem that students are assigned to do outside of class) }
{ [ riddle, verb.communication:riddle,+ verb.cognition:riddle1,+ ] conundrum, enigma, brain-teaser, problem,@ (a difficult problem) }
{ [ poser, verb.cognition:pose9,+ ] [ stumper, verb.cognition:stump,+ ] toughie, sticker1, problem,@ (a particularly difficult or baffling question or problem) }
{ Gordian_knot, problem,@ (any very difficult problem; insoluble in its own terms) }
{ crossword_puzzle, crossword, noun.artifact:puzzle,@ (a puzzle in which words corresponding to numbered clues are to be found and written in to squares in the puzzle) }
{ koan, problem,@ (a paradoxical anecdote or a riddle that has no solution; used in Zen Buddhism to show the inadequacy of logical reasoning) }
{ sudoku, puzzle,@ (a number puzzle in which the numbers 1 through 9 must be placed into a grid of cells so that each row or column contains only one of each number) }
{ word_square, acrostic, puzzle,@ (a puzzle where you fill a square grid with words reading the same down as across) }
{ pons_asinorum, problem,@ (a problem that severely tests the ability of an inexperienced person) }
{ rebus, problem,@ (a puzzle where you decode a message consisting of pictures representing syllables and words) }
{ direction2, [ instruction4, adj.pert:instructional,+ ] message,@ (a message describing how something is to be done; "he gave directions faster than she could follow them") }
{ [ misdirection, verb.motion:misdirect,+ ] direction2,@ (incorrect directions or instructions) }
{ [ address2, verb.communication:address3,+ ] destination, name_and_address, direction2,@ letter,#p (written directions for finding some location; written on letters or packages that are to be delivered to that location) }
{ return_address, address2,@ (the address of the sender of a letter or parcel indicating where it should be returned if it cannot be delivered) }
{ markup, direction2,@ (detailed stylistic instructions for typesetting something that is to be printed; manual markup is usually written on the copy (e.g. underlining words that are to be set in italics)) }
{ markup_language, terminology,@ (a set of symbols and rules for their use when doing a markup of a document) }
{ standard_generalized_markup_language, SGML, markup_language,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) a standardized language for the descriptive markup of documents; a set of rules for using whatever markup vocabulary is adopted) }
{ hypertext_markup_language, hypertext_mark-up_language, HTML, markup_language,@ (a set of tags and rules (conforming to SGML) for using them in developing hypertext documents) }
{ toponymy, toponomy, terminology,@ (the nomenclature of regional anatomy) }
{ [ prescription, verb.communication:prescribe,+ ] direction2,@ (directions prescribed beforehand; the action of prescribing authoritative rules or directions; "I tried to follow her prescription for success") }
{ recipe, [ formula2, verb.creation:formulate1,+ ] direction2,@ (directions for making something) }
{ rule2, direction2,@ noun.group:book,#p (directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted; "he knew the rules of chess") }
{ stage_direction, direction2,@ play1,#p (an instruction written as part of the script of a play) }
{ [ style1, adj.all:rhetorical^stylistic,+ verb.communication:style4,+ ] direction2,@ (editorial directions to be followed in spelling and punctuation and capitalization and typographical display) }
{ religious_doctrine, church_doctrine, gospel1, [ creed, adj.pert:credal,+ adj.pert:creedal,+ ] noun.cognition:doctrine,@ (the written body of teachings of a religious group that are generally accepted by that group) }
{ ahimsa, religious_doctrine,@ noun.cognition:Buddhism,;c noun.cognition:Hinduism,;c noun.cognition:Jainism,;c (a Buddhist and Hindu and especially Jainist doctrine holding that all forms of life are sacred and urging the avoidance of violence) }
{ [ dogma, adj.all:narrow-minded^dogmatic,+ verb.communication:dogmatize1,+ verb.communication:dogmatize,+ ] tenet, religious_doctrine,@ (a religious doctrine that is proclaimed as true without proof) }
{ [ ecumenism, adj.all:nonsectarian^ecumenic,+ adj.all:nonsectarian^ecumenical,+ ] ecumenicism, ecumenicalism, religious_doctrine,@ noun.cognition:Christianity,;c ((Christianity) the doctrine of the ecumenical movement that promotes cooperation and better understanding among different religious denominations: aimed at universal Christian unity) }
{ Immaculate_Conception, Immaculate_Conception_of_the_Virgin_Mary, religious_doctrine,@ noun.cognition:Christianity,;c noun.group:Roman_Catholic,;c ((Christianity) the Roman Catholic dogma that God preserved the Virgin Mary from any stain of original sin from the moment she was conceived) }
{ Incarnation, religious_doctrine,@ noun.cognition:Christianity,;c ((Christianity) the Christian doctrine of the union of God and man in the person of Jesus Christ) }
{ Nicene_Creed, religious_doctrine,@ noun.cognition:Christianity,;c ((Christianity) a formal creed summarizing Christian beliefs; first adopted in 325 and later expanded) }
{ real_presence, religious_doctrine,@ noun.cognition:Christianity,;c ((Christianity) the Christian doctrine that the body of Christ is actually present in the Eucharist) }

{ [ signal, verb.communication:signal1,+ verb.communication:signal,+ verb.possession:signalize,+ verb.communication:signalize2,+ verb.communication:signalize1,+ verb.communication:signalize,+ ] [ signaling, verb.communication:signal,+ ] [ sign3, verb.communication:sign3,+ verb.communication:sign1,+ verb.communication:signify,+ ] noun.Tops:communication,@ (any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message; "signals from the boat suddenly stopped") }
{ starting_signal, start, signal,@ (a signal to begin (as in a race); "the starting signal was a green light"; "the runners awaited the start") }
{ storm_signal, signal,@ (a signal announcing the approach of a storm (particularly a storm of marked violence)) }
{ storm_cone, storm_signal,@ noun.location:Britain,;r (a canvas cone hoisted to warn of high winds) }
{ radio_beam, [ beam, verb.communication:beam,+ ] signal,@ (a signal transmitted along a narrow path; guides airplane pilots in darkness or bad weather) }
{ tickler, tickler_file, file,@ (a file of memoranda or notices that remind of things to be done) }
{ ticktack, signal,@ noun.location:Britain,;r (system of signalling by hand signs used by bookmakers at racetracks) }
{ time_signal, signal,@ (a signal (especially electronic or by radio) indicating the precisely correct time) }
{ [ sign, verb.contact:sign2,+ ] noun.Tops:communication,@ (a public display of a message; "he posted signs in all the shop windows") }
{ [ poster, verb.contact:post2,+ verb.communication:post3,+ ] [ posting, verb.contact:post2,+ verb.contact:post,+ verb.communication:post3,+ ] [ placard, verb.communication:placard,+ verb.contact:placard1,+ ] notice, [ bill, verb.communication:bill1,+ verb.communication:bill,+ ] card2, sign,@ (a sign posted in a public place as an advertisement; "a poster advertised the coming attractions") }
{ show_bill, show_card, theatrical_poster, poster,@ (a poster advertising a show or play) }
{ flash_card, flashcard, poster,@ (a card with words or numbers or pictures that is flashed to a class by the teacher) }
{ street_sign, sign,@ (a sign visible from the street) }
{ address1, street_sign,@ (a sign in front of a house or business carrying the conventional form by which its location is described) }
{ [ signpost, verb.communication:signpost,+ ] guidepost, sign,@ (a post bearing a sign that gives directions or shows the way) }
{ fingerpost, fingerboard, signpost,@ (a guidepost resembling a hand with a pointing index finger) }
{ [ mark1, verb.social:mark,+ ] [ stigma, adj.pert:stigmatic1,+ verb.social:stigmatize,+ ] [ brand1, verb.social:brand,+ verb.communication:brand,+ ] [ stain, verb.contact:stain5,+ ] symbol,@ (a symbol of disgrace or infamy; "And the Lord set a mark upon Cain"--Genesis) }
{ demerit, mark1,@ (a mark against a person for misconduct or failure; usually given in school or armed forces; "ten demerits and he loses his privileges") }
{ dog-ear, signal,@ page,#p (a corner of a page turned down to mark your place) }
{ bar_sinister, bend_sinister, mark1,@ noun.artifact:ordinary,@ (a mark of bastardy; lines from top right to bottom left) }
{ earmark, marker,@ (identification mark on the ear of a domestic animal) }
{ [ brand2, verb.social:brand1,+ ] marker,@ (identification mark on skin, made by burning) }
{ cloven_hoof, cloven_foot, mark1,@ (the mark of Satan) }
{ token, [ item1, verb.communication:itemize,+ verb.communication:itemise,+ ] symbol,@ (an individual instance of a type of symbol; "the word `error' contains three tokens of `r'") }
{ type, symbol,@ (all of the tokens of the same symbol; "the word `element' contains five different types of character") }
{ [ postage, verb.communication:post2,+ ] postage_stamp, [ stamp1, verb.contact:stamp2,+ ] token,@ (a small adhesive token stuck on a letter or package to indicate that that postal fees have been paid) }
{ trading_stamp, token,@ (a token resembling a stamp given by a retailer to a buyer; the token is redeemable for articles on a special list) }
{ animal_communication, signal,@ (communication between animals (of the same species)) }
{ birdcall, [ call3, verb.communication:call11,+ verb.communication:call3,+ ] birdsong, [ song2, noun.animal:songster,+ verb.communication:sing8,+ ] animal_communication,@ (the characteristic sound produced by a bird; "a bird will not learn its song unless it hears it at an early age") }
{ bell-like_call, birdcall,@ (a birdcall that resembles the tone of a bell) }
{ two-note_call, birdcall,@ (a birdcall having two notes; "the two-note call of the cuckoo") }
{ [ indication, verb.communication:indicate2,+ verb.communication:indicate1,+ ] [ indicant1, verb.communication:indicate2,+ verb.communication:indicate1,+ ] noun.Tops:communication,@ (something that serves to indicate or suggest; "an indication of foul play"; "indications of strain"; "symptoms are the prime indicants of disease") }
{ [ indication2, verb.communication:indicate4,+ verb.communication:indicate1,+ contraindication,! ] noun.cognition:reason1,@ noun.cognition:medicine,;c ((medicine) a reason to prescribe a drug or perform a procedure; "the presence of bacterial infection was an indication for the use of antibiotics") }
{ [ contraindication, verb.communication:contraindicate,+ indication2,! ] noun.cognition:reason1,@ noun.cognition:medicine,;c ((medicine) a reason that makes it inadvisable to prescribe a particular drug or employ a particular procedure or treatment) }
{ [ symptom, adj.all:characteristic^symptomatic,+ ] indication,@ (anything that accompanies X and is regarded as an indication of X's existence) }
{ [ signalization, verb.communication:signalize,+ ] [ signalisation, verb.communication:signalise,+ ] indication,@ (a conspicuous indication) }
{ pointing_out, indication,@ (indication by demonstration) }
{ [ manifestation, verb.communication:manifest,+ ] indication,@ (a manifest indication of the existence or presence or nature of some person or thing; "a manifestation of disease") }
{ [ mark3, verb.contact:mark1,+ verb.change:mark,+ verb.communication:mark2,+ ] print1, indication,@ (a visible indication made on a surface; "some previous reader had covered the pages with dozens of marks"; "paw prints were everywhere") }
{ mintmark, mark3,@ (a mark on a coin that identifies the mint where it was produced) }
{ stroke1, mark3,@ (a mark made on a surface by a pen, pencil, or paintbrush; "she applied the paint in careful strokes") }
{ downstroke, stroke1,@ (a stroke normally made in a downward direction) }
{ upstroke, stroke1,@ (a stroke normally made in an upward direction) }
{ flick1, stroke1,@ (a short stroke) }
{ hoofprint, hoof_mark, hoof-mark, mark3,@ (a visible impression on a surface made by the hoof of an animal) }
{ [ line1, verb.contact:line2,+ verb.contact:line1,+ ] mark3,@ (a mark that is long relative to its width; "He drew a line on the chart") }
{ dotted_line, line1,@ (a line made up of dots or dashes; often used to indicate where you are supposed to sign a contract; "just sign on the dotted line") }
{ ascender, line1,@ noun.communication:printing,;c ((printing) the part of tall lowercase letters that extends above the other lowercase letters) }
{ bar_line, line1,@ musical_notation,@ (a vertical line before the accented beat marking the boundary between musical bars) }
{ descender, line1,@ noun.communication:printing,;c ((printing) the part of lowercase letters that extends below the other lowercase letters) }
{ [ squiggle, adj.all:crooked1^squiggly,+ ] curlicue, line1,@ (a short twisting line) }
{ spectrum_line, line1,@ noun.phenomenon:spectrum,#p (an isolated component of a spectrum formed by radiation at a uniform frequency) }
{ trend_line, line1,@ (a line on a graph indicating a statistical trend) }
{ [ underscore, verb.communication:underscore3,+ ] [ underline, verb.communication:underline3,+ ] stroke1,@ (a line drawn underneath (especially under written matter)) }
{ [ contour, verb.creation:contour,+ ] contour_line, isometric_line,@ (a line drawn on a map connecting points of equal height) }
{ isometric_line, isometric, line1,@ (a line connecting isometric points) }
{ thalweg, contour,@ (a line following the lowest points of a valley) }
{ [ graduation, verb.change:graduate,+ ] line1,@ (a line (as on a vessel or ruler) that marks a measurement; "the ruler had 16 graduations per inch") }
{ guideline1, line1,@ (a light line that is used in lettering to help align the letters) }
{ hairline, line1,@ (a very thin line) }
{ hair_stroke, hairline,@ (a very fine line in writing or printing) }
{ glimpse, indication,@ (a vague indication; "he caught only a glimpse of the professor's meaning") }
{ [ harbinger, verb.communication:harbinger,+ ] forerunner, predecessor, [ herald, verb.communication:herald,+ ] precursor, indication,@ (something that precedes and indicates the approach of something or someone) }
{ [ hint1, verb.communication:hint,+ ] clue, indication,@ (a slight indication) }
{ smoke, indication,@ (an indication of some hidden activity; "with all that smoke there must be a fire somewhere") }
{ air_alert, alarm,@ (the warning signal that begins a period of preparation for an enemy air attack) }
{ alarm, [ alert1, verb.communication:alert,+ ] warning_signal, alarum, signal,@ (an automatic signal (usually a sound) warning of danger) }
{ burglar_alarm, alarm,@ (a loud warning signal produced by a burglar alarm; "they could hear the burglar alarm a mile away") }
{ distress_signal, distress_call, signal,@ (an internationally recognized signal sent out by a ship or plane indicating that help is needed) }
{ SOS, distress_signal,@ (an internationally recognized distress signal in radio code) }
{ Mayday, distress_signal,@ (an internationally recognized distress signal via radiotelephone (from the French m'aider)) }
{ all_clear, signal,@ (a signal (usually a siren) that danger is over) }
{ bugle_call, signal,@ (a signal broadcast by the sound of a bugle) }
{ recall1, bugle_call,@ (a bugle call that signals troops to return) }
{ taps, lights-out, bugle_call,@ noun.group:military,;c ((military) signal to turn the lights out) }
{ curfew, signal,@ (a signal (usually a bell) announcing the start of curfew restrictions) }
{ reveille, wake-up_signal, bugle_call,@ noun.group:military,;c ((military) signal to wake up) }
{ retreat, bugle_call,@ noun.group:military,;c ((military) a bugle call signaling the lowering of the flag at sunset) }
{ retreat1, signal,@ noun.group:military,;c ((military) a signal to begin a withdrawal from a dangerous position) }
{ drumbeat, signal,@ noun.group:military,;c ((military) the beating of a drum as a signal for lowering the flag at sundown) }
{ [ tattle, verb.communication:tattle1,+ ] [ singing2, verb.communication:sing1,+ ] [ telling3, adj.all:informative^telling,+ verb.communication:tell3,+ ] disclosure,@ (disclosing information or giving evidence about another) }
{ tattoo, drumbeat,@ bugle_call,@ noun.group:military,;c (a drumbeat or bugle call that signals the military to return to their quarters) }
{ telegraphic_signal, radiotelegraphic_signal, signal,@ (a signal transmitted by telegraphy) }
{ dot, dit, telegraphic_signal,@ Morse,#p (the shorter of the two telegraphic signals used in Morse code) }
{ dash, dah, telegraphic_signal,@ Morse,#p (the longer of the two telegraphic signals used in Morse code) }
{ [ whistle, verb.communication:whistle2,+ ] [ whistling, verb.communication:whistle2,+ ] signal,@ (the act of signalling (e.g., summoning) by whistling or blowing a whistle; "the whistle signalled the end of the game") }
{ high_sign, signal,@ (a silent signal of warning or recognition; "she started to speak but he gave her the high sign") }
{ [ symbol, adj.pert:symbolical,+ adj.pert:symbolic,+ verb.communication:symbolize,+ verb.communication:symbolise,+ ] signal,@ (an arbitrary sign (written or printed) that has acquired a conventional significance) }
{ [ nose, adj.all:curious^nosy,+ adj.all:curious^nosey,+ ] symbol,@ (a symbol of inquisitiveness; "keep your nose out of it") }
{ numeral, [ number1, verb.change:number,+ verb.communication:number,+ verb.communication:number1,+ verb.communication:number3,+ verb.stative:number,+ ] symbol,@ (a symbol used to represent a number; "he learned to write the numerals before he went to school") }
{ [ Arabic_numeral, Roman_numeral,! ] Hindu_numeral, Hindu-Arabic_numeral, numeral,@ (one of the symbols 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0) }
{ [ Roman_numeral, Arabic_numeral,! ] numeral,@ (a symbol in the old Roman notation; I,V,X,L,C,D,M represent 1,5,10,50,100,500,1000 respectively in Arabic notation) }
{ [ symbolism, noun.person:symbolist1,+ ] symbol,@ (a system of symbols and symbolic representations) }
{ crossbones, noun.cognition:symbol,@ (two crossed bones (or a representation of two crossed bones) used as a symbol danger or death) }
{ horn_of_plenty, cornucopia, noun.cognition:symbol,@ (a goat's horn filled with grain and flowers and fruit symbolizing prosperity) }
{ death's_head, noun.cognition:symbol,@ (a human skull (or a representation of a human skull) used as a symbol of death) }
{ lingam, symbol,@ (the Hindu phallic symbol of Siva) }
{ [ notation, verb.communication:notate,+ ] notational_system, writing1,@ (a technical system of symbols used to represent special things) }
{ mathematical_notation, notation,@ mathematical_statement,#p (a notation used by mathematicians) }
{ numeration_system, number_system, number_representation_system, system_of_numeration, mathematical_notation,@ (any notation for the representation of numbers) }
{ oriflamme, noun.cognition:symbol,@ (an inspiring symbol or ideal that serves as a rallying point in a struggle) }
{ positional_notation, positional_representation_system, numeration_system,@ (a numeration system in which a real number is represented by an ordered set of characters where the value of a character depends on its position) }
{ pound, pound_sign, symbol,@ (a symbol for a unit of currency (especially for the pound sterling in Great Britain)) }
{ binary_notation, mathematical_notation,@ (any notation that uses 2 characters (usually 0 and 1)) }
{ binary_numeration_system, pure_binary_numeration_system, binary_number_system, binary_system, positional_notation,@ (a positional system of numeration that uses binary digits and a radix of two) }
{ octal_numeration_system, octal_number_system, positional_notation,@ (a positional system of numeration that uses octal digits and a radix of eight) }
{ decimal_notation, mathematical_notation,@ (any notation that uses 10 different characters (usually the digits 0 to 9)) }
{ octal_notation, mathematical_notation,@ (any mathematical notation that uses 8 different characters (usually the digits 0 to 7)) }
{ algorism, decimal_numeration_system,@ (the Arabic (or decimal) system of numeration) }
{ decimal_numeration_system, decimal_number_system, decimal_system, positional_notation,@ (a positional system of numeration that uses decimal digits and a base of ten) }
{ duodecimal_notation, mathematical_notation,@ (any notation that uses 12 different characters) }
{ duodecimal_number_system, duodecimal_system, positional_notation,@ (a positional system of numeration that uses duodecimal digits and a radix of twelve) }
{ hexadecimal_notation, sexadecimal_notation, mathematical_notation,@ (any notation that uses 16 different characters) }
{ hexadecimal_number_system, sexadecimal_number_system, hexadecimal_system, positional_notation,@ (a positional system of numeration that uses hexadecimal digits and a radix of sixteen) }
{ [ sign4, verb.communication:signify2,+ verb.communication:signify,+ ] mathematical_notation,@ (a character indicating a relation between quantities; "don't forget the minus sign") }
{ equal_sign, sign4,@ (a sign indicating that the quantities on either side are equal) }
{ plus_sign, sign4,@ (a sign indicating the operation of addition) }
{ minus_sign, sign4,@ (a sign indicating the operation of subtraction) }
{ radical_sign, sign4,@ (a sign indicating the extraction of a root) }
{ decimal_point, percentage_point, point4, mathematical_notation,@ (the dot at the left of a decimal fraction) }
{ [ exponent, adj.pert:exponential,+ ] power, index2, mathematical_notation,@ (a mathematical notation indicating the number of times a quantity is multiplied by itself) }
{ [ logarithm, adj.pert:logarithmic,+ ] log1, exponent,@ (the exponent required to produce a given number) }
{ antilogarithm, antilog, numeral,@ (the number of which a given number is the logarithm) }
{ common_logarithm, logarithm,@ (a logarithm to the base 10) }
{ natural_logarithm, Napierian_logarithm, logarithm,@ (a logarithm to the base e) }
{ mantissa, fixed-point_part, noun.quantity:fraction,@ (the positive fractional part of the representation of a logarithm; in the expression log 643 = 2.808 the mantissa is .808) }
{ characteristic, noun.quantity:integer,@ (the integer part (positive or negative) of the representation of a logarithm; in the expression log 643 = 2.808 the characteristic is 2) }
{ fixed-point_notation, fixed-point_representation_system, mathematical_notation,@ (a radix numeration system in which the location of the decimal point is fixed by convention) }
{ floating-point_notation, floating-point_representation_system, mathematical_notation,@ (a radix numeration system in which the location of the decimal point is indicated by an exponent of the radix; in the floating-point representation system, 0.0012 is represented as 0.12-2 where -2 is the exponent) }
{ infix_notation, mathematical_notation,@ (a notation for forming mathematical expressions using parentheses and governed by rules of operator precedence; operators are dispersed among the operands) }
{ parenthesis-free_notation, mathematical_notation,@ (a notation for forming mathematical expressions that does not use parentheses to delimit components) }
{ prefix_notation, Lukasiewicz_notation, Polish_notation, parenthesis-free_notation,@ (a parenthesis-free notation for forming mathematical expressions in which each operator precedes its operands) }
{ postfix_notation, suffix_notation, reverse_Polish_notation, parenthesis-free_notation,@ (a parenthesis-free notation for forming mathematical expressions in which each operator follows its operands) }
{ musical_notation, notation,@ score,#p music,;c ((music) notation used by musicians) }
{ lead_sheet, sheet_music,@ (a sheet containing the words and melody for a song (and some indication of harmony) written in simple form) }
{ piano_music, sheet_music,@ (sheet music to be played on a piano) }
{ [ score, verb.creation:score,+ ] musical_score, sheet_music,@ (a written form of a musical composition; parts for different instruments appear on separate staves on large pages; "he studied the score of the sonata") }
{ obbligato, obligato, section,@ (a part of the score that must be performed without change or omission) }
{ sheet_music, musical_composition,@ music,;c (a musical composition in printed or written form; "she turned the pages of the music as he played") }
{ tablature, musical_notation,@ (a musical notation indicating the fingering to be used) }
{ choreography1, notation,@ (a notation used by choreographers) }
{ Labanotation, choreography1,@ (a system of notation for dance movements that uses symbols to represent points on a dancer's body and the direction of the dancer's movement and the tempo and the dynamics) }
{ chemical_notation, notation,@ chemical_formula,#p (a notation used by chemists to express technical facts in chemistry) }
{ [ formula3, adj.pert:formulary,+ verb.communication:formularize,+ ] chemical_formula, statement,@ (a representation of a substance using symbols for its constituent elements) }
{ molecular_formula, formula3,@ (a chemical formula based on analysis and molecular weight) }
{ structural_formula, molecular_formula,@ (an expanded molecular formula showing the arrangement of atoms within the molecule) }
{ empirical_formula, formula3,@ (a chemical formula showing the ratio of elements in a compound rather than the total number of atoms) }
{ written_symbol, printed_symbol, symbol,@ (a written or printed symbol) }
{ [ mark, verb.communication:mark,+ ] written_symbol,@ (a written or printed symbol (as for punctuation); "his answer was just a punctuation mark") }
{ arrow, [ pointer, verb.stative:point,+ verb.competition:point2,+ verb.communication:point,+ ] mark,@ (a mark to indicate a direction or relation) }
{ broad_arrow, mark,@ (a mark shaped like an arrowhead; used to mark convicts' clothing) }
{ call_mark, call_number, pressmark, mark,@ (a mark consisting of characters written on a book; used to indicate shelf location) }
{ caret, mark,@ (a mark used by an author or editor to indicate where something is to be inserted into a text) }
{ check_mark, [ check1, verb.cognition:check1,+ ] tick, mark,@ (a mark indicating that something has been noted or completed etc.; "as he called the role he put a check mark by each student's name") }
{ [ character, verb.contact:character,+ ] graph2, grapheme, graphic_symbol, written_symbol,@ (a written symbol that is used to represent speech; "the Greek alphabet has 24 characters") }
{ allograph, grapheme,@ (a variant form of a grapheme, as `m' or `M' or a handwritten version of that grapheme) }
{ readout, read-out, information,@ (the information displayed or recorded on an electronic device) }
{ check_character, character,@ transmission,;c (a character that is added to the end of a block of transmitted data and used to check the accuracy of the transmission) }
{ [ superscript, subscript,!] superior, character,@ (a character or symbol set or printed or written above and immediately to one side of another character) }
{ [ subscript, adj.all:subscript,+ superscript,!] inferior, character,@ (a character or symbol set or printed or written beneath or slightly below and to the side of another character) }
{ ASCII_character, character,@ ASCII,#p (any member of the standard code for representing characters by binary numbers) }
{ control_character, ASCII_control_character, ASCII_character,@ (ASCII characters to indicate carriage return or tab or backspace; typed by depressing a key and the control key at the same time) }
{ backspace_character, control_character,@ (a control character that indicates moving a space to the left) }
{ diacritical_mark, [ diacritic, adj.all:discriminating^diacritic,+ adj.all:discriminating^diacritical,+ ] mark,@ (a mark added to a letter to indicate a special pronunciation) }
{ ditto_mark, [ ditto, verb.communication:ditto,+ ] mark,@ (a mark used to indicate the word above it should be repeated) }
{ dollar_mark, dollar_sign, mark,@ (a mark ($) written before a number to indicate that it stands for the number of dollars) }
{ dollar, dollar_mark1, dollar_sign1, symbol,@ (a symbol of commercialism or greed; "he worships the almighty dollar"; "the dollar sign means little to him") }
{ shaft, line1,@ arrow,#p (a line that forms the length of an arrow pointer) }
{ [ phonogram, adj.pert:phonogramic,+ ] written_symbol,@ (any written symbol standing for a sound or syllable or morpheme or word) }
{ point2, head1, mark,@ arrow,#p (a V-shaped mark at one end of an arrow pointer; "the point of the arrow was due north") }
{ [ accent2, adj.pert:accentual,+ verb.communication:accentuate1,+ ] accent_mark, diacritical_mark,@ noun.communication:language,;c (a diacritical mark used to indicate stress or placed above a vowel to indicate a special pronunciation) }
{ stress_mark, accent_mark,@ (a mark indicating the stress on a syllable) }
{ acute_accent, acute, ague, accent_mark,@ (a mark placed above a vowel to indicate pronunciation) }
{ grave_accent, grave, accent2,@ (a mark (`) placed above a vowel to indicate pronunciation) }
{ breve, diacritical_mark,@ (a diacritical mark (U-shaped) placed over a vowel to indicate a short sound) }
{ cedilla, diacritical_mark,@ (a diacritical mark (,) placed below the letter c to indicate that it is pronounced as an s) }
{ circumflex, diacritical_mark,@ (a diacritical mark (^) placed above a vowel in some languages to indicate a special phonetic quality) }
{ hacek, wedge, diacritical_mark,@ (a diacritical mark (an inverted circumflex) placed above certain letters (such as the letter c) to indicate pronunciation) }
{ macron, diacritical_mark,@ (a diacritical mark (-) placed above a vowel to indicate a long sound) }
{ tilde, diacritical_mark,@ (a diacritical mark (~) placed over the letter n in Spanish to indicate a palatal nasal sound or over a vowel in Portuguese to indicate nasalization) }
{ umlaut, diacritical_mark,@ (a diacritical mark (two dots) placed over a vowel to indicate a change in sound in some languages) }
{ dieresis, diaeresis, diacritical_mark,@ (a diacritical mark (two dots) placed over a vowel to indicate that it does not form a diphthong with an adjacent vowel) }
{ ligature1, character,@ (character consisting of two or more letters combined into one) }
{ monogram, symbol,@ (a graphic symbol consisting of 2 or more letters combined (usually your initials); printed on stationery or embroidered on clothing) }
{ [ capital, adj.all:uppercase^capital,+ verb.creation:capitalize,+ verb.creation:capitalise,+ ] capital_letter, [ uppercase, lowercase,! ] upper-case_letter, [ majuscule, adj.all:majuscule^majuscular,+ ] character,@ (one of the large alphabetic characters used as the first letter in writing or printing proper names and sometimes for emphasis; "printers once kept the type for capitals and for small letters in separate cases; capitals were kept in the upper half of the type case and so became known as upper-case letters") }
{ small_letter, [ lowercase, uppercase,! ] lower-case_letter, minuscule1, character,@ (the characters that were once kept in bottom half of a compositor's type case) }
{ small_capital, small_cap, capital,@ (a character having the form of an upper-case letter but the same height as lower-case letters) }
{ [ type1, verb.communication:type,+ ] character,@ (printed characters; "small type is hard to read") }
{ type_family, type1,@ (a complete set of type suitable for printing text) }
{ font, fount, typeface, face, case3, type1,@ type_family,#m (a specific size and style of type within a type family) }
{ unicameral_script, font,@ (a script with a single case) }
{ bicameral_script, font,@ (a script having two distinct cases) }
{ typewriter_font, constant-width_font, [ fixed-width_font, proportional_font,! ] monospaced_font, font,@ (a typeface is which each character is given the same width (as by a typewriter)) }
{ [ proportional_font, fixed-width_font,! ] font,@ (any font whose different characters have different widths) }
{ font_cartridge, cartridge_font, font,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c (any font that is contained in a cartridge that can be plugged into a computer printer) }
{ [ Gothic1, adj.pert:gothic2,+ ] black_letter, font,@ (a heavy typeface in use from 15th to 18th centuries) }
{ [ modern, old_style,! ] modern_font, Bodoni, Bodoni_font, proportional_font,@ (a typeface (based on an 18th century design by Gianbattista Bodoni) distinguished by regular shape and hairline serifs and heavy downstrokes) }
{ [ old_style, modern,! ] old_style_font, proportional_font,@ (a typeface (based on an 18th century design) distinguished by irregularity and slanted ascender serifs and little contrast between light and heavy strokes) }
{ [ boldface, verb.creation:boldface,+ ] bold_face, bold, font,@ (a typeface with thick heavy lines) }
{ [ italic1, adj.pert:italic1,+ verb.creation:italicize,+ verb.creation:italicise,+ ] font,@ (a typeface with letters slanting upward to the right) }
{ [ roman1, adj.pert:roman3,+ adj.pert:romanic,+ ] roman_type, roman_letters, roman_print, proportional_font,@ (a typeface used in ancient Roman inscriptions) }
{ screen_font, raster_font, font,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c (the font that is displayed on a computer screen; "when the screen font resembles a printed font a document may look approximately the same on the screen as it will when printed") }
{ sans_serif, Helvetica, font,@ (a typeface in which characters have no serifs) }
{ serif, seriph, line1,@ noun.communication:printing,;c (a short line at the end of the main strokes of a character) }
{ percent_sign, percentage_sign, character,@ (a sign (`%') used to indicate that the number preceding it should be understood as a proportion multiplied by 100) }
{ [ asterisk, verb.change:asterisk,+ ] [ star, verb.change:star,+ ] character,@ (a star-shaped character * used in printing) }
{ dagger, obelisk, character,@ (a character used in printing to indicate a cross reference or footnote) }
{ double_dagger, double_obelisk, diesis, character,@ (a character used in printing to indicate a cross reference or footnote) }
{ [ letter1, verb.creation:letter,+ verb.creation:letter1,+ ] letter_of_the_alphabet, alphabetic_character, character,@ alphabet,#m spelling,#p (the conventional characters of the alphabet used to represent speech; "his grandmother taught him his letters") }
{ [ ascender1, verb.motion:ascend1,+ ] letter1,@ (a lowercase letter that has a part extending above other lowercase letters) }
{ descender1, letter1,@ (a lowercase letter that has a part extending below other lowercase letters) }
{ digraph, digram, letter1,@ (two successive letters (especially two letters used to represent a single sound: `sh' in `shoe')) }
{ [ initial, verb.communication:initial,+ ] letter1,@ (the first letter of a word (especially a person's name); "he refused to put the initials FRS after his name") }
{ A, a, letter1,@ Roman_alphabet,#m (the 1st letter of the Roman alphabet) }
{ B, b, letter1,@ Roman_alphabet,#m (the 2nd letter of the Roman alphabet) }
{ C, c, letter1,@ Roman_alphabet,#m (the 3rd letter of the Roman alphabet) }
{ D, d, letter1,@ Roman_alphabet,#m (the 4th letter of the Roman alphabet) }
{ E, e, letter1,@ Roman_alphabet,#m (the 5th letter of the Roman alphabet) }
{ F, f, letter1,@ Roman_alphabet,#m (the 6th letter of the Roman alphabet) }
{ G, g, letter1,@ Roman_alphabet,#m (the 7th letter of the Roman alphabet) }
{ H, h, letter1,@ Roman_alphabet,#m (the 8th letter of the Roman alphabet) }
{ I, i, letter1,@ Roman_alphabet,#m (the 9th letter of the Roman alphabet) }
{ J, j, letter1,@ Roman_alphabet,#m (the 10th letter of the Roman alphabet) }
{ K, k, letter1,@ Roman_alphabet,#m (the 11th letter of the Roman alphabet) }
{ L, l, letter1,@ Roman_alphabet,#m (the 12th letter of the Roman alphabet) }
{ M, m, letter1,@ Roman_alphabet,#m (the 13th letter of the Roman alphabet) }
{ N, n, letter1,@ Roman_alphabet,#m (the 14th letter of the Roman alphabet) }
{ O, o, letter1,@ Roman_alphabet,#m (the 15th letter of the Roman alphabet) }
{ P, p, letter1,@ Roman_alphabet,#m (the 16th letter of the Roman alphabet) }
{ Q, q, letter1,@ Roman_alphabet,#m (the 17th letter of the Roman alphabet) }
{ R, r, letter1,@ Roman_alphabet,#m (the 18th letter of the Roman alphabet) }
{ S, s, letter1,@ Roman_alphabet,#m (the 19th letter of the Roman alphabet) }
{ T, t, letter1,@ Roman_alphabet,#m (the 20th letter of the Roman alphabet) }
{ U, u, letter1,@ Roman_alphabet,#m (the 21st letter of the Roman alphabet) }
{ V, v, letter1,@ Roman_alphabet,#m (the 22nd letter of the Roman alphabet) }
{ W, w, double-u, letter1,@ Roman_alphabet,#m (the 23rd letter of the Roman alphabet) }
{ X, x, ex, letter1,@ Roman_alphabet,#m (the 24th letter of the Roman alphabet) }
{ Y, y, wye, letter1,@ Roman_alphabet,#m (the 25th letter of the Roman alphabet) }
{ Z, z, zee, zed, ezed, izzard, letter1,@ Roman_alphabet,#m (the 26th letter of the Roman alphabet; "the British call Z zed and the Scots call it ezed but Americans call it zee"; "he doesn't know A from izzard") }
{ alpha, letter1,@ Greek_alphabet,#m (the 1st letter of the Greek alphabet) }
{ beta, letter1,@ Greek_alphabet,#m (the 2nd letter of the Greek alphabet) }
{ gamma, letter1,@ Greek_alphabet,#m (the 3rd letter of the Greek alphabet) }
{ delta, letter1,@ Greek_alphabet,#m (the 4th letter of the Greek alphabet) }
{ epsilon, letter1,@ Greek_alphabet,#m (the 5th letter of the Greek alphabet) }
{ zeta, letter1,@ Greek_alphabet,#m (the 6th letter of the Greek alphabet) }
{ eta, letter1,@ Greek_alphabet,#m (the 7th letter of the Greek alphabet) }
{ theta, letter1,@ Greek_alphabet,#m (the 8th letter of the Greek alphabet) }
{ iota, letter1,@ Greek_alphabet,#m (the 9th letter of the Greek alphabet) }
{ kappa, letter1,@ Greek_alphabet,#m (the 10th letter of the Greek alphabet) }
{ lambda, letter1,@ Greek_alphabet,#m (the 11th letter of the Greek alphabet) }
{ mu, letter1,@ Greek_alphabet,#m (the 12th letter of the Greek alphabet) }
{ nu, letter1,@ Greek_alphabet,#m (the 13th letter of the Greek alphabet) }
{ xi, letter1,@ Greek_alphabet,#m (the 14th letter of the Greek alphabet) }
{ omicron, letter1,@ Greek_alphabet,#m (the 15th letter of the Greek alphabet) }
{ pi, letter1,@ Greek_alphabet,#m (the 16th letter of the Greek alphabet) }
{ rho, letter1,@ Greek_alphabet,#m (the 17th letter of the Greek alphabet) }
{ sigma, letter1,@ Greek_alphabet,#m (the 18th letter of the Greek alphabet) }
{ tau, letter1,@ Greek_alphabet,#m (the 19th letter of the Greek alphabet) }
{ upsilon, letter1,@ Greek_alphabet,#m (the 20th letter of the Greek alphabet) }
{ phi, letter1,@ Greek_alphabet,#m (the 21st letter of the Greek alphabet) }
{ chi, khi, letter1,@ Greek_alphabet,#m (the 22nd letter of the Greek alphabet) }
{ psi, letter1,@ Greek_alphabet,#m (the 23rd letter of the Greek alphabet) }
{ omega, letter1,@ Greek_alphabet,#m (the last (24th) letter of the Greek alphabet) }
{ aleph, letter1,@ Hebrew_alphabet,#m (the 1st letter of the Hebrew alphabet) }
{ beth, letter1,@ Hebrew_alphabet,#m (the 2nd letter of the Hebrew alphabet) }
{ gimel, letter1,@ Hebrew_alphabet,#m (the 3rd letter of the Hebrew alphabet) }
{ daleth, letter1,@ Hebrew_alphabet,#m (the 4th letter of the Hebrew alphabet) }
{ he, letter1,@ Hebrew_alphabet,#m (the 5th letter of the Hebrew alphabet) }
{ waw, letter1,@ Hebrew_alphabet,#m (the 6th letter of the Hebrew alphabet) }
{ zayin, letter1,@ Hebrew_alphabet,#m (the 7th letter of the Hebrew alphabet) }
{ heth, letter1,@ Hebrew_alphabet,#m (the 8th letter of the Hebrew alphabet) }
{ teth, letter1,@ Hebrew_alphabet,#m (the 9th letter of the Hebrew alphabet) }
{ yodh, letter1,@ Hebrew_alphabet,#m (the 10th letter of the Hebrew alphabet) }
{ kaph, letter1,@ Hebrew_alphabet,#m (the 11th letter of the Hebrew alphabet) }
{ lamedh, letter1,@ Hebrew_alphabet,#m (the 12th letter of the Hebrew alphabet) }
{ mem, letter1,@ Hebrew_alphabet,#m (the 13th letter of the Hebrew alphabet) }
{ nun1, letter1,@ Hebrew_alphabet,#m (the 14th letter of the Hebrew alphabet) }
{ samekh, letter1,@ Hebrew_alphabet,#m (the 15th letter of the Hebrew alphabet) }
{ ayin, letter1,@ Hebrew_alphabet,#m (the 16th letter of the Hebrew alphabet) }
{ pe, letter1,@ Hebrew_alphabet,#p (the 17th letter of the Hebrew alphabet) }
{ sadhe, letter1,@ Hebrew_alphabet,#p (the 18th letter of the Hebrew alphabet) }
{ qoph, letter1,@ Hebrew_alphabet,#p (the 19th letter of the Hebrew alphabet) }
{ resh, letter1,@ Hebrew_alphabet,#p (the 20th letter of the Hebrew alphabet) }
{ sin, letter1,@ Hebrew_alphabet,#p (the 21st letter of the Hebrew alphabet) }
{ shin, letter1,@ Hebrew_alphabet,#p (the 22nd letter of the Hebrew alphabet) }
{ taw, letter1,@ Hebrew_alphabet,#p (the 23rd letter of the Hebrew alphabet) }
{ [ space, verb.motion:space,+ ] blank, character,@ (a blank character used to separate successive words in writing or printing; "he said the space is the most important character in the alphabet") }
{ [ polyphone, adj.pert:polyphonic1,+ ] polyphonic_letter, letter1,@ (a letter that has two or more pronunciations; "`c' is a polyphone because it is pronounced like `k' in `car' but like `s' in `cell'") }
{ block_letter, block_capital, letter1,@ (a plain hand-drawn letter) }
{ scarlet_letter, emblem,@ (the letter A in red; Puritans required adulterers to wear it) }
{ phonetic_symbol, character,@ phonetic_alphabet,#m phonetic_transcription,#p (a written character used in phonetic transcription of represent a particular speech sound) }
{ mathematical_symbol, character,@ (a character that is used to indicates a mathematical relation or operation) }
{ [ rune, adj.pert:runic,+ ] runic_letter, character,@ (any character from an ancient Germanic alphabet used in Scandinavia from the 3rd century to the Middle Ages; "each rune had its own magical significance") }
{ thorn, rune,@ (a Germanic character of runic origin) }
{ [ pictograph, adj.pert:pictographic,+ ] character,@ (a graphic character used in picture writing) }
{ ideogram, ideograph, character,@ (a graphic character that indicates the meaning of a thing without indicating the sounds used to say it; "Chinese characters are ideograms") }
{ [ logogram, adj.pert:logogrammatic,+ ] logograph, ideogram,@ (a single written symbol that represents an entire word or phrase without indicating its pronunciation; "7 is a logogram that is pronounced `seven' in English and `nanatsu' in Japanese") }
{ radical1, character,@ ideogram,#p (a character conveying the lexical meaning of a logogram) }
{ stenograph, character,@ (a shorthand character) }
{ [ punctuation, verb.change:punctuate,+ ] punctuation_mark, mark,@ orthography,#p (the marks used to clarify meaning by indicating separation of words into sentences and clauses and phrases) }
{ ampersand, punctuation_mark,@ (a punctuation mark (&) used to represent conjunction (and)) }
{ [ apostrophe1, verb.communication:apostrophize,+ verb.communication:apostrophise,+ ] punctuation_mark,@ (the mark (') used to indicate the omission of one or more letters from a printed word) }
{ brace, punctuation_mark,@ (either of two punctuation marks ({ or }) used to enclose textual material) }
{ [ bracket, verb.communication:bracket,+ ] square_bracket, punctuation_mark,@ (either of two punctuation marks ([ or ]) used to enclose textual material) }
{ [ bracket1, verb.communication:bracket,+ ] angle_bracket, punctuation_mark,@ (either of two punctuation marks (`<' or `>') used in computer programming and sometimes used to enclose textual material) }
{ colon, punctuation_mark,@ (a punctuation mark (:) used after a word introducing a series or an example or an explanation (or after the salutation of a business letter)) }
{ comma, punctuation_mark,@ (a punctuation mark (,) used to indicate the separation of elements within the grammatical structure of a sentence) }
{ exclamation_mark, exclamation_point, punctuation_mark,@ (a punctuation mark (!) used after an exclamation) }
{ [ hyphen, verb.creation:hyphenate,+ verb.creation:hyphen,+ ] dash1, punctuation_mark,@ (a punctuation mark (-) used between parts of a compound word or between the syllables of a word when the word is divided at the end of a line of text) }
{ parenthesis, punctuation_mark,@ (either of two punctuation marks (or) used to enclose textual material) }
{ period, [ point, verb.contact:point12,+ verb.contact:point11,+ verb.contact:point13,+ ] full_stop, stop1, full_point, punctuation_mark,@ (a punctuation mark (.) placed at the end of a declarative sentence to indicate a full stop or after abbreviations; "in England they call a period a stop") }
{ suspension_point, period,@ noun.communication:plural,;u ((usually plural) one of a series of points indicating that something has been omitted or that the sentence is incomplete) }
{ question_mark, interrogation_point, punctuation_mark,@ (a punctuation mark (?) placed at the end of a sentence to indicate a question) }
{ quotation_mark, [ quote, verb.communication:quote7,+ ] inverted_comma, punctuation_mark,@ (a punctuation mark used to attribute the enclosed text to someone else) }
{ single_quote, quotation_mark,@ (a single quotation mark) }
{ double_quotes, quotation_mark,@ (a pair of quotation marks) }
{ scare_quote, quotation_mark,@ (the use of quotation marks to indicate that it is not the authors preferred terminology) }
{ semicolon, punctuation_mark,@ (a punctuation mark (`;') used to connect independent clauses; indicates a closer relation than does a period) }
{ solidus, slash, virgule, diagonal, stroke, separatrix, punctuation_mark,@ (a punctuation mark (/) used to separate related items of information) }
{ swung_dash, punctuation_mark,@ (a punctuation mark used in text to indicate the omission of a word) }
{ company_name, name,@ (the name by which a corporation is identified) }
{ domain_name, name,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c (strings of letters and numbers (separated by periods) that are used to name organizations and computers and addresses on the internet; "domain names are organized hierarchically with the more generic parts to the right") }
{ trade_name, brand_name, brand, marque, name,@ (a name given to a product or service) }
{ label2, recording_label, trade_name,@ (trade name of a company that produces musical recordings; "the artists and repertoire department of a recording label is responsible for finding new talent") }
{ trademark, marker,@ (a formally registered symbol identifying the manufacturer or distributor of a product) }
{ [ authentication, verb.cognition:authenticate,+ ] hallmark, assay-mark, marker,@ (a mark on an article of trade to indicate its origin and authenticity) }
{ [ stamp, verb.contact:stamp3,+ verb.contact:stamp1,+ ] impression, symbol,@ (a symbol that is the result of printing or engraving; "he put his stamp on the envelope") }
{ [ imprint, verb.contact:imprint,+ ] embossment, stamp,@ (an impression produced by pressure or printing) }
{ imprint1, identification1,@ (an identification of a publisher; a publisher's name along with the date and address and edition that is printed at the bottom of the title page; "the book was published under a distinguished imprint") }
{ revenue_stamp, stamp2, sheet,@ (a small piece of adhesive paper that is put on an object to show that a government tax has been paid) }
{ [ seal1, verb.contact:seal1,+ verb.contact:seal,+ ] stamp,@ (a stamp affixed to a document (as to attest to its authenticity or to seal it); "the warrant bore the sheriff's seal") }
{ phylactery, tefillin, reminder,@ noun.cognition:Judaism,;c ((Judaism) either of two small leather cases containing texts from the Hebrew Scriptures (known collectively as tefillin); traditionally worn (on the forehead and the left arm) by Jewish men during morning prayer) }
{ white_feather, noun.cognition:symbol,@ (a symbol of cowardice) }

{ [ scale, adj.pert:scalar1,+ adj.pert:scalic,+ ] musical_scale, musical_notation,@ music,;c ((music) a series of notes differing in pitch according to a specific scheme (usually within an octave)) }
{ flourish3, fanfare1, tucket, tune,@ music,;c ((music) a short lively tune played on brass instruments; "he entered to a flourish of trumpets"; "her arrival was greeted with a rousing fanfare") }
{ glissando, tune,@ (a rapid series of ascending or descending notes on the musical scale) }
{ [ swoop, verb.motion:swoop1,+ ] [ slide, verb.motion:slide2,+ ] glissando,@ music,;c ((music) rapid sliding up or down the musical scale; "the violinist was indulgent with his swoops and slides") }
{ gamut, scale,@ music,;c (the entire scale of musical notes) }
{ roulade, tune,@ music,;c ((music) an elaborate run of several notes sung to one syllable) }
{ tonic, keynote, note4,@ music,;c ((music) the first note of a diatonic scale) }
{ supertonic, note4,@ music,;c ((music) the second note of a diatonic scale) }
{ mediant, note4,@ music,;c ((music) the third note of a diatonic scale; midway between the tonic and the dominant) }
{ subdominant, note4,@ music,;c ((music) the fourth note of the diatonic scale) }
{ dominant, note4,@ music,;c ((music) the fifth note of the diatonic scale) }
{ submediant, note4,@ music,;c ((music) the sixth note of a major or minor scale (or the third below the tonic)) }
{ subtonic, leading_tone, note4,@ music,;c ((music) the seventh note of the diatonic scale) }
{ pedal_point, [ pedal, verb.creation:pedal,+ ] note4,@ (a sustained bass note) }
{ interval, musical_interval, musical_notation,@ (the difference in pitch between two notes) }
{ tone, whole_tone, step, whole_step, interval,@ (a musical interval of two semitones) }
{ semitone, half_step, interval,@ (the musical interval between adjacent keys on a keyboard instrument) }
{ quarter_tone, quarter-tone, interval,@ (half of a semitone) }
{ octave, musical_octave, interval,@ (a musical interval of eight tones) }
{ third, interval,@ (the musical interval between one note and another three notes away from it; "a simple harmony written in major thirds") }
{ fourth, interval,@ (the musical interval between one note and another four notes away from it) }
{ fifth, interval,@ (the musical interval between one note and another five notes away from it) }
{ sixth, interval,@ (the musical interval between one note and another six notes away from it) }
{ seventh, interval,@ (the musical interval between one note and another seven notes away from it) }
{ [ trill, verb.communication:trill,+ ] shake1, note4,@ (a note that alternates rapidly with another note a semitone above it) }
{ diatonic_scale, scale,@ (a scale with eight notes in an octave; all but two are separated by whole tones) }
{ ecclesiastical_mode, Gregorian_mode, church_mode, medieval_mode, mode,@ (any of a system of modes used in Gregorian chants up until 1600; derived historically from the Greek mode) }
{ Greek_mode, mode,@ (any of the descending diatonic scales in the music of classical Greece) }
{ major_scale, major_diatonic_scale, mode,@ (a diatonic scale with notes separated by whole tones except for the 3rd and 4th and 7th and 8th) }
{ minor_scale, minor_diatonic_scale, mode,@ (a diatonic scale with notes separated by whole tones except for the 2nd and 3rd and 5th and 6th) }
{ chromatic_scale, scale,@ (a 12-note scale including all the semitones of the octave) }
{ gapped_scale, scale,@ (a musical scale with fewer than seven notes) }
{ pentatonic_scale, [ pentatone, adj.pert:pentatonic,+ ] gapped_scale,@ (a gapped scale with five notes; usually the fourth and seventh notes of the diatonic scale are omitted) }
{ [ mode, adj.pert:modal1,+ ] musical_mode, diatonic_scale,@ (any of various fixed orders of the various diatonic notes within an octave) }
{ staff, stave, musical_notation,@ music,;c ((music) the system of five horizontal lines on which the musical notes are written) }
{ staff_line, line1,@ musical_notation,#p staff,#p (any of the 5 horizontal marks comprising a staff) }
{ space2, noun.attribute: area,@ musical_notation,#p staff,#p (one of the areas between or below or above the lines of a musical staff; "the spaces are the notes F-A-C-E") }
{ ledger_line, leger_line, line1,@ musical_notation,#p (a short line; a notation for extending the range above or below the staff) }
{ clef, musical_notation,@ (a musical notation written on a staff indicating the pitch of the notes following it) }
{ treble_clef, treble_staff, G_clef, clef,@ (a clef that puts the G above middle C on the second line of a staff) }
{ bass_clef, F_clef, clef,@ (a clef that puts the F below middle C on the fourth line of a staff) }
{ alto_clef, viola_clef, clef,@ (a clef that puts middle C on the third line of a staff) }
{ C_clef, clef,@ (a movable clef that puts middle C on one of the lines of a staff) }
{ soprano_clef, clef,@ (a clef that puts middle C on the bottom line of the staff) }
{ tenor_clef, clef,@ (a clef that puts middle C on the fourth line of the staff; used for writing music for bassoons or cellos or tenor horns) }
{ key_signature, signature2, musical_notation,@ (the sharps or flats that follow the clef and indicate the key) }
{ [ key, verb.change:key10,+ ] [ tonality, adj.all:tonal,+ atonality,! ] musical_notation,@ (any of 24 major or minor diatonic scales that provide the tonal framework for a piece of music) }
{ [ atonality, adj.all:atonal,+ tonality,! ] [ atonalism, adj.pert:atonalistic,+ ] musical_notation,@ (the absence of a key; alternative to the diatonic system) }
{ major_key, major_mode, key,@ (a key whose harmony is based on the major scale) }
{ minor_key, minor_mode, key,@ (a key based on the minor scale) }
{ tonic_key, home_key, key,@ (the basic key in which a piece of music is written) }
{ time_signature, musical_time_signature, musical_notation,@ (a musical notation indicating the number of beats to a measure and kind of note that takes a beat) }
{ measure, bar, musical_notation,@ (musical notation for a repeating pattern of musical beats; "the orchestra omitted the last twelve bars of the song") }
{ double_bar, bar_line,@ (notation marking the end of principal parts of a musical composition; two adjacent bar lines) }
{ alla_breve, time_signature,@ (a musical time signature indicating two or four half notes to a measure) }
{ rest, musical_notation,@ (a musical notation indicating a silence of a specified duration) }
{ note4, musical_note, [ tone2, adj.all:tonal^tonic,+ ] musical_notation,@ scale,#m (a notation representing the pitch and duration of a musical sound; "the singer held the note too long") }
{ [ slur1, verb.creation:slur,+ ] musical_notation,@ noun.communication:music,;c ((music) a curved line spanning notes that are to be played legato) }
{ [ tie, verb.contact:tie2,+ ] slur1,@ noun.communication:music,;c ((music) a slur over two notes of the same pitch; indicates that the note is to be sustained for their combined time value) }
{ C2, tonic,@ noun.communication:music,;c ((music) the keynote of the scale of C major) }
{ C_major, C_major_scale, scale_of_C_major, major_scale,@ music,;c ((music) the major scale having no sharps or flats) }
{ [ sharp, adj.all:sharp3,+ ] musical_notation,@ (a musical notation indicating one half step higher than the note named) }
{ double_sharp, sharp,@ (a musical notation of two sharps in front of a note indicating that it is to be raised by two semitones) }
{ flat, musical_notation,@ (a musical notation indicating one half step lower than the note named) }
{ double_flat, flat,@ (a musical notation of two flats in front of a note indicating that it is to be lowered by two semitones) }
{ natural, [ cancel, verb.social:cancel,+ ] musical_notation,@ (a notation cancelling a previous sharp or flat) }
{ accidental, musical_notation,@ (a musical notation that makes a note sharp or flat or natural although that is not part of the key signature) }
{ fermata, musical_notation,@ (a musical notation (over a note or chord or rest) that indicates it is to be prolonged by an unspecified amount) }
{ [ solmization, verb.creation:solmizate1,+ verb.creation:solmizate,+ ] solmisation, musical_notation,@ (a system of naming the notes of a musical scale by syllables instead of letters) }
{ tonic_solfa, solfa, solmization,@ (a system of solmization using the solfa syllables: do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, ti) }
{ solfa_syllable, syllable,@ tonic_solfa,#p (one of the names for notes of a musical scale in solmization) }
{ do, doh, ut, solfa_syllable,@ (the syllable naming the first (tonic) note of any major scale in solmization) }
{ re, ray, solfa_syllable,@ (the syllable naming the second (supertonic) note of any major scale in solmization) }
{ mi, solfa_syllable,@ (the syllable naming the third (mediant) note of any major scale in solmization) }
{ fa, solfa_syllable,@ (the syllable naming the fourth (subdominant) note of the diatonic scale in solmization) }
{ sol, soh, so, solfa_syllable,@ (the syllable naming the fifth (dominant) note of any musical scale in solmization) }
{ la, lah, solfa_syllable,@ (the syllable naming the sixth (submediant) note of a major or minor scale in solmization) }
{ ti, te, si, solfa_syllable,@ (the syllable naming the seventh (subtonic) note of any musical scale in solmization) }
{ segno, musical_notation,@ music,;c ((music) a notation written at the beginning or end of a passage that is to be repeated) }
{ sforzando, musical_notation,@ music,;c ((music) a notation written above a note and indicating that it is to be played with a strong initial attack) }
{ arpeggio, chord,@ (a chord whose notes are played in rapid succession rather than simultaneously) }
{ sforzando1, chord,@ (an accented chord) }
{ middle_C, note4,@ (the note designated by the first ledger line below the treble staff; 261.63 hertz) }
{ [ chord, adj.pert:chordal,+ verb.creation:chord,+ verb.change:chord,+ ] note4,@ (a combination of three or more notes that blend harmoniously when sounded together) }
{ common_chord, triad, chord,@ (a three-note major or minor chord; a note and its third and fifth tones) }
{ seventh_chord, chord,@ (a triad with a seventh added) }
{ passing_note, passing_tone, note4,@ (a nonharmonic note inserted for transition between harmonic notes) }
{ whole_note, semibreve, note4,@ (a musical note having the longest time value (equal to four beats in common time)) }
{ whole_rest, rest,@ (a musical rest equal in duration to four beats in common time) }
{ half_note, minim, note4,@ (a musical note having the time value of half a whole note) }
{ half_rest, rest,@ (a musical rest having the time value of half a whole rest or equal in duration to two beats in common time) }
{ quarter_note, crotchet, note4,@ (a musical note having the time value of a quarter of a whole note) }
{ quarter_rest, rest,@ (a musical rest having one-fourth the time value of a whole rest) }
{ eighth_note, [ quaver, verb.communication:quaver,+ ] note4,@ (a musical note having the time value of an eighth of a whole note) }
{ sixteenth_note, semiquaver, note4,@ (a musical note having the time value of a sixteenth of a whole note) }
{ thirty-second_note, demisemiquaver, note4,@ (a musical note having the time value of a thirty-second of a whole note) }
{ sixty-fourth_note, hemidemisemiquaver, note4,@ (a musical note having the time value of a sixty-fourth of a whole note) }
{ grace_note, appoggiatura, acciaccatura, note4,@ (an embellishing note usually written in smaller size) }
{ singing_voice, voice,@ (the musical quality of the voice while singing) }
{ bass, bass_voice, basso, singing_voice,@ (the lowest adult male singing voice) }
{ basso_profundo, bass,@ (a very deep bass voice) }
{ baritone, baritone_voice, singing_voice,@ (the second lowest adult male singing voice) }
{ tenor, tenor_voice, singing_voice,@ (the adult male singing voice above baritone) }
{ countertenor, [ alto1, adj.all:high3^alto2,+ ] singing_voice,@ (the highest adult male singing voice) }
{ contralto, [ alto, adj.all:low3^alto3,+ ] singing_voice,@ (the lowest female singing voice) }
{ mezzo-soprano, mezzo, singing_voice,@ (the female singing voice between contralto and soprano) }
{ soprano, singing_voice,@ (the highest female voice; the voice of a boy before puberty) }

{ visual_communication, noun.Tops:communication,@ (communication that relies on vision) }
{ visual_signal, signal,@ visual_communication,#p (a signal that involves visual communication) }
{ watch_fire, visual_signal,@ (a fire lighted at night as a signal) }
{ light, visual_signal,@ (a visual warning signal; "they saw the light of the beacon"; "there was a light at every corner") }
{ traffic_light, traffic_signal, stoplight, light,@ (a visual signal to control the flow of traffic at intersections) }
{ green_light, [ go-ahead, verb.communication:go_ahead,+ ] traffic_light,@ (a signal to proceed) }
{ red_light, traffic_light,@ (the signal to stop) }
{ red_light1, warning_light, visual_signal,@ (a cautionary sign of danger) }
{ idiot_light, red_light1,@ noun.artifact:instrument_panel,#p (a colored warning light on an instrument panel (as for low oil pressure)) }
{ yellow_light, traffic_light,@ (the signal to proceed with caution) }
{ flare, flash1, visual_signal,@ (a burst of light used to communicate or illuminate) }
{ [ flag, verb.communication:flag,+ ] signal_flag, visual_signal,@ (a rectangular piece of fabric used as a signalling device) }
{ pennant, flag,@ (a flag longer than it is wide (and often tapering)) }
{ code_flag, nautical_signal_flag, flag,@ (one of an international code of flag signals used between ships) }
{ blue_peter, code_flag,@ (a blue flag with a white square in the center indicates that the vessel is ready to sail) }
{ sign_language, [ signing, verb.communication:sign1,+ ] language,@ (language expressed by visible hand gestures) }
{ finger_spelling, [ fingerspelling, verb.communication:fingerspell,+ ] sign_language,@ (an alphabet of manual signs) }
{ ASL, American_sign_language, sign_language,@ (the sign language used in the United States) }
{ [ sign1, verb.communication:sign4,+ verb.communication:sign1,+ verb.communication:signify,+ ] gesture,@ sign_language,#p (a gesture that is part of a sign language) }
{ [ gesture, verb.communication:gesture,+ verb.communication:gesticulate,+ ] [ motion, verb.communication:motion,+ ] visual_communication,@ (the use of movements (especially of the hands) to communicate familiar or prearranged signals) }
{ [ gesticulation, verb.communication:gesticulate,+ ] gesture,@ (a deliberate and vigorous gesture or motion) }
{ body_language, visual_communication,@ (communication via the movements or attitudes of the body) }
{ beck, gesture,@ (a beckoning gesture) }
{ facial_expression, facial_gesture, gesture,@ (a gesture executed with the facial muscles) }
{ [ gape, verb.perception:gape,+ ] facial_expression,@ (an expression of openmouthed astonishment) }
{ rictus, gape,@ (a gaping grimace) }
{ [ grimace, verb.body:grimace,+ ] face1, facial_expression,@ (a contorted facial expression; "she made a grimace at the prospect") }
{ [ pout, verb.body:pout,+ ] moue, wry_face, grimace,@ (a disdainful grimace) }
{ [ frown, verb.body:frown,+ ] [ scowl, verb.body:scowl,+ ] facial_expression,@ (a facial expression of dislike or displeasure) }
{ simper, smile,@ (a silly self-conscious smile) }
{ [ smile, verb.communication:smile,+ verb.body:smile,+ ] [ smiling, adj.all:cheerful^smiling,+ verb.body:smile,+ ] [ grin, verb.body:grin,+ ] [ grinning, verb.body:grin,+ ] facial_expression,@ (a facial expression characterized by turning up the corners of the mouth; usually shows pleasure or amusement) }
{ [ laugh2, verb.body:laugh,+ ] facial_expression,@ (a facial expression characteristic of a person laughing; "his face wrinkled in a silent laugh of derision") }
{ [ smirk, verb.body:smirk,+ ] smile,@ (a smile expressing smugness or scorn instead of pleasure) }
{ [ snarl1, verb.communication:snarl,+ ] facial_expression,@ (an angry vicious expression) }
{ straight_face, facial_expression,@ (a serious facial expression giving no evidence of interest or amusement) }
{ [ wink, verb.body:wink2,+ verb.body:wink1,+ ] facial_expression,@ (closing one eye quickly as a signal) }
{ [ wince, verb.motion:wince,+ verb.body:wince,+ ] facial_expression,@ (the facial expression of sudden pain) }
{ [ demonstration, verb.perception:demonstrate1,+ ] [ demo, verb.perception:demo,+ ] visual_communication,@ (a visual presentation showing how something works; "the lecture was accompanied by dramatic demonstrations"; "the lecturer shot off a pistol as a demonstration of the startle response") }
{ display1, show3, demonstration,@ (something intended to communicate a particular impression; "made a display of strength"; "a show of impatience"; "a good show of looking interested") }
{ eye_contact, visual_communication,@ (a meeting of the eyes between two people that expresses meaningful nonverbal communication; "it was a mere glance, but the eye contact was enough to tell her that he was desperate to leave") }
{ big_stick, display1,@ (a display of force or power; "speak softly but carry a big stick") }
{ gaudery, [ pomp, adj.all:pretentious^pompous,+ ] display1,@ (cheap or pretentious or vain display) }
{ expression2, [ manifestation1, verb.communication:manifest,+ ] reflection1, reflexion1, demonstration,@ (expression without words; "tears are an expression of grief"; "the pulse is a reflection of the heart's condition") }
{ [ exemplification, verb.communication:exemplify,+ ] [ illustration1, verb.communication:illustrate,+ ] demonstration,@ (showing by example) }
{ [ emblem, adj.all:typical^emblematic,+ adj.all:representative^emblematic,+ adj.all:representative^emblematical,+ ] [ allegory2, adj.all:representative^allegorical,+ verb.cognition:allegorize,+ verb.change:allegorize,+ verb.cognition:allegorise,+ verb.change:allegorise,+ ] noun.cognition:symbol,@ (a visible symbol representing an abstract idea) }
{ cupid, emblem,@ (a symbol for love in the form of a cherubic naked boy with wings and a bow and arrow) }
{ donkey, emblem,@ (the symbol of the Democratic Party; introduced in cartoons by Thomas Nast in 1874) }
{ dove, emblem,@ (an emblem of peace) }
{ eagle, emblem,@ (an emblem representing power; "the Roman eagle") }
{ elephant, emblem,@ (the symbol of the Republican Party; introduced in cartoons by Thomas Nast in 1874) }
{ fasces, emblem,@ (bundle of rods containing an axe with the blade protruding; in ancient Rome it was a symbol of a magistrate's power; in modern Italy it is a symbol of fascism) }
{ national_flag, ensign1, emblem,@ noun.artifact:flag,@ (an emblem flown as a symbol of nationality) }
{ hammer_and_sickle, emblem,@ (the emblem on the flag of the Soviet Union) }
{ red_flag1, emblem,@ (the emblem of socialist revolution) }
{ Star_of_David, Shield_of_David, Magen_David, Mogen_David, Solomon's_seal, emblem,@ noun.shape:hexagram,@ (a six-pointed star formed from two equilateral triangles; an emblem symbolizing Judaism) }
{ [ badge, verb.contact:badge,+ ] emblem,@ (an emblem (a small piece of plastic or cloth or metal) that signifies your status (rank or membership or affiliation etc.); "they checked everyone's badge before letting them in") }
{ merit_badge, badge,@ (a badge award to Boy Scouts in recognition of special projects) }
{ insignia, badge,@ (a badge worn to show official position) }
{ Agnus_Dei, Paschal_Lamb, emblem,@ (figure of a lamb; emblematic of Christ) }
{ maple-leaf, emblem,@ (the emblem of Canada) }
{ medallion1, emblem,@ (an emblem indicating that a taxicab is registered) }
{ spread_eagle, emblem,@ (an emblem (an eagle with wings and legs spread) on the obverse of the Great Seal of the United States) }
{ swastika, Hakenkreuz, emblem,@ noun.artifact:tetraskelion,@ noun.location:Germany,;r (the official emblem of the Nazi Party and the Third Reich; a cross with the arms bent at right angles in a clockwise direction) }
{ mantle, symbol,@ (the cloak as a symbol of authority; "place the mantle of authority on younger shoulders") }
{ [ Crown1, verb.social:crown,+ verb.social:coronate,+ ] symbol,@ (the Crown (or the reigning monarch) as the symbol of the power and authority of a monarchy; "the colonies revolted against the Crown") }
{ British_Crown, crown1,@i (the symbol of the power of the British monarchy; "members of the British Commonwealth owe allegiance to the British Crown") }

{ [ caduceus, adj.pert:caducean,+ ] insignia,@ (an insignia used by the medical profession; modeled after the staff of Hermes) }
{ insignia_of_rank, insignia,@ noun.group:military,;c (an insignia worn on a military uniform) }
{ shoulder_flash, insignia,@ noun.location:Britain,;r (something worn on the shoulder of a military uniform as an emblem of a division etc.) }
{ service_stripe, hashmark, hash_mark, insignia,@ (an insignia worn to indicate years of service) }
{ [ identification1, verb.communication:identify,+ ] evidence1,@ (evidence of identity; something that identifies a person or thing) }
{ positive_identification, identification1,@ (evidence proving that you are who you say you are; evidence establishing that you are among the group of people already known to the system; recognition by the system leads to acceptance; "a system for positive identification can prevent the use of a single identity by several people") }
{ negative_identification, identification1,@ (evidence proving that you are not who you say you are not; evidence establishing that you are not among a group of people already known to the system; recognition by the system leads to rejection; "a system for negative identification can prevent the use of multiple identities by a single person") }
{ facial_profiling, identification1,@ noun.act:terrorism,;c (identification of criminals and terrorist by means of videotapes of their faces; "facial profiling is a new form of airport security") }
{ fingerprint, identification1,@ (a generic term for any identifying characteristic; "that tax bill had the senator's fingerprints all over it") }
{ linguistic_profiling, identification1,@ (using speech characteristics or dialect to identify a speaker's race or religion or social class) }
{ profiling, identification1,@ (recording a person's behavior and analyzing psychological characteristics in order to predict or assess their ability in a certain sphere or to identify a particular group of people) }
{ green_card, positive_identification,@ (a card that identifies the bearer as an alien with permanent resident status in the United States; "he was surprised to discover that green cards are no longer green") }
{ ID, I.D., badge,@ positive_identification,@ (a card or badge used to identify the bearer; "you had to show your ID in order to get in") }
{ personal_identification_number, PIN, PIN_number, number2,@ (a number you choose and use to gain access to various accounts) }
{ [ projection, verb.perception:project1,+ ] visual_communication,@ (the projection of an image from a film onto a screen) }
{ display, noun.Tops:communication,@ (exhibiting openly in public view; "a display of courage") }
{ acting_out1, display,@ noun.cognition:psychiatry,;c ((psychiatry) the display of previously inhibited emotions (often in actions rather than words); considered to be healthy and therapeutic) }
{ array, display,@ (an impressive display; "it was a bewildering array of books"; "his tools were in an orderly array on the basement wall") }
{ [ screening, verb.perception:screen,+ ] [ showing1, verb.perception:show2,+ ] viewing, display,@ (the display of a motion picture) }
{ [ preview, verb.perception:preview,+ ] screening,@ (a screening for a select audience in advance of release for the general public) }
{ preview1, prevue, trailer, ad,@ (an advertisement consisting of short scenes from a motion picture that will appear in the near future) }
{ sneak_preview, preview,@ (a preview to test audience reactions) }
{ [ sight, verb.perception:sight,+ ] display,@ (anything that is seen; "he was a familiar sight on the television"; "they went to Paris to see the sights") }
{ [ spectacle, adj.all:conspicuous^spectacular,+ ] sight,@ (something or someone seen (especially a notable or unusual sight); "the tragic spectacle of cripples trying to escape") }
{ [ ostentation, adj.all:ostentatious,+ verb.perception:ostentate,+ ] fanfare, [ flash2, adj.all:tasteless2^flash,+ adj.all:colorful3^flashy,+ ] display,@ (a gaudy outward display) }
{ bravado, [ bluster, verb.communication:bluster,+ ] ostentation,@ (a swaggering show of courage) }
{ [ exhibitionism1, adj.all:unconcealed^exhibitionistic,+ noun.person:exhibitionist,+ ] ostentation,@ (extravagant and conspicuous behavior intended to attract attention to yourself) }
{ [ ritz, adj.all:elegant^ritzy,+ ] ostentation,@ (ostentatious display of elegance; "they put on the ritz") }
{ [ splurge, verb.perception:splurge,+ ] ostentation,@ (an ostentatious display (of effort or extravagance etc.)) }
{ [ pedantry, adj.all:scholarly^pedantic,+ ] ostentation,@ (an ostentatious and inappropriate display of learning) }
{ [ flourish, verb.contact:flourish,+ ] [ brandish, verb.contact:brandish,+ ] wave1,@ (the act of waving) }
{ flourish1, grandiosity,@ (a display of ornamental speech or language) }
{ flourish2, gesture,@ (a showy gesture; "she entered with a great flourish") }
{ flourish4, noun.artifact:embellishment,@ (an ornamental embellishment in writing) }
{ paraph, flourish4,@ signature,#p (a flourish added after or under your signature (originally to protect against forgery)) }
{ [ flaunt, adj.all:ostentatious^flaunty,+ verb.perception:flaunt,+ ] display,@ (the act of displaying something ostentatiously; "his behavior was an outrageous flaunt") }
{ [ presentation, verb.perception:present,+ verb.communication:present2,+ verb.communication:present,+ ] display,@ (the act of making something publicly available; presenting news or other information by broadcasting or printing it; "he prepared his presentation carefully in advance") }
{ [ unveiling, verb.contact:unveil1,+ ] presentation,@ (putting on display for the first time; "he attended the unveiling of the statue") }
{ [ performance, verb.creation:perform1,+ ] public_presentation, show,@ (a dramatic or musical entertainment; "they listened to ten different performances"; "the play ran for 100 performances"; "the frequent performances of the symphony testify to its popularity") }
{ [ act2, verb.stative:act,+ verb.creation:act3,+ verb.creation:act,+ ] routine1, number4, turn, bit, performance,@ (a short performance that is part of a longer program; "he did his act three times every evening"; "she had a catchy little routine"; "it was one of the best numbers he ever did") }
{ show-stopper, showstopper, stopper, act2,@ (an act so striking or impressive that the show must be delayed until the audience quiets down) }
{ benefit, performance,@ (a performance to raise money for a charitable cause) }
{ benefit_concert, benefit,@ (a concert given for the benefit of some charitable cause) }
{ [ concert, verb.creation:concertize,+ verb.creation:concertise,+ ] performance,@ (a performance of music by players or singers not involving theatrical staging) }
{ rock_concert, concert,@ (a performance of rock music) }
{ pianism, performance,@ (performance by or technique of a pianist; "a program of pianism") }
{ play_reading, performance,@ (performance of a play by a group of readers) }
{ [ premiere, adj.all:first^premiere,+ verb.creation:premiere,+ verb.creation:premiere1,+ ] performance,@ (the first public performance of a play or movie) }
{ [ recital3, noun.person:recitalist,+ ] performance,@ (performance of music or dance especially by soloists) }
{ rendition, [ rendering1, verb.creation:render3,+ ] performance,@ (a performance of a musical composition or a dramatic role etc.; "they heard a live rendition of three pieces by Schubert") }
{ song_and_dance1, performance,@ (theatrical performance combining singing and dancing) }
{ theatrical_performance, [ theatrical, adj.all:theatrical,+ ] [ representation1, verb.creation:represent11,+ verb.creation:represent2,+ ] [ histrionics, adj.all:theatrical^histrionic,+ ] performance,@ (a performance of a play) }
{ matinee, theatrical_performance,@ (a theatrical performance held during the daytime (especially in the afternoon)) }
{ spectacular, performance,@ (a lavishly produced performance; "they put on a Christmas spectacular") }
{ world_premiere, performance,@ music,;c ((music) the first public performance (as of a dramatic or musical work) anywhere in the world) }

{ [ artificial_language, natural_language,! ] language,@ (a language that is deliberately created for a specific purpose) }
{ Antido, artificial_language,@ (an artificial language related to Ido) }
{ Arulo, artificial_language,@ (an artificial language intended for international use as an auxiliary language) }
{ Basic_English, artificial_language,@ (a simplified form of English proposed for use as an auxiliary language for international communication; devised by C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards) }
{ Blaia_Zimondal, artificial_language,@ (an artificial language) }
{ Esperantido, artificial_language,@ (an artificial language based on Esperanto and Ido) }
{ Esperanto, artificial_language,@ (an artificial language based as far as possible on words common to all the European languages) }
{ Europan, artificial_language,@ (an artificial language proposed as an auxiliary European language) }
{ Idiom_Neutral, artificial_language,@ (an artificial language proposed for use as an auxiliary international language; based on Volapuk but with a vocabulary selected on the basis of the maximum internationality of the roots) }
{ Interlingua, artificial_language,@ (an artificial language proposed for use as an auxiliary international language; based on words common to English and the Romance languages) }
{ Ido, artificial_language,@ (an artificial language that is a revision and simplification of Esperanto) }
{ Latinesce, artificial_language,@ (an artificial language based on Latin) }
{ Lingualumina, artificial_language,@ (an artificial language) }
{ Lingvo_Kosmopolita, artificial_language,@ (an artificial language) }
{ Monario, artificial_language,@ (an artificial language) }
{ Nov-Esperanto, artificial_language,@ (an artificial language based on Esperanto) }
{ Novial, artificial_language,@ (an artificial language) }
{ Nov-Latin, artificial_language,@ (an artificial language based on Latin) }
{ Occidental, artificial_language,@ (an artificial language) }
{ Optez, artificial_language,@ (an artificial language) }
{ Pasigraphy, artificial_language,@ (an artificial international language using characters (as mathematical symbols) instead of words to express ideas) }
{ Ro, artificial_language,@ (an artificial language for international use that rejects all existing words and is based instead on an abstract analysis of ideas) }
{ Romanal, artificial_language,@ (an artificial language) }
{ Solresol, artificial_language,@ (an artificial language) }
{ Volapuk, artificial_language,@ (one of the first artificial language constructed for use as an auxiliary international language; based largely on English but with some German and French and Latin roots) }
{ programming_language, programing_language, artificial_language,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) a language designed for programming computers) }
{ algebraic_language, algorithmic_language,@ (an algorithmic language having statements that resemble algebraic expressions) }
{ algorithmic_language, programming_language,@ (an artificial language designed to express algorithms) }
{ application-oriented_language, problem-oriented_language, source_language,@ (a language whose statements resemble terminology of the user) }
{ assembly_language, programming_language,@ (a low-level programing language; close approximation to machine language) }
{ command_language, query_language, search_language, source_language,@ (a source language consisting of procedural operators that invoke functions to be executed) }
{ computer_language, computer-oriented_language, machine_language2, machine-oriented_language, programming_language,@ (a programming language designed for use on a specific class of computers) }
{ high-level_language, application-oriented_language,@ (a problem-oriented language requiring little knowledge of the computer on which it will be run) }
{ job-control_language, application-oriented_language,@ (a problem-oriented language used to describe job requirements to an operating system) }
{ metalanguage, language,@ (a language that can be used to describe languages) }
{ [ multidimensional_language, one-dimensional_language,! ] programming_language,@ (a programming language whose expressions are assembled in more than one dimension) }
{ object_language2, target_language2, programming_language,@ (a computer language into which something written in another computer language is to be translated) }
{ object-oriented_programming_language, object-oriented_programing_language, programming_language,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) a programming language that enables the programmer to associate a set of procedures with each type of data structure; "C++ is an object-oriented programming language that is an extension of C") }
{ Java, object-oriented_programming_language,@ (a platform-independent object-oriented programming language) }
{ [ one-dimensional_language, multidimensional_language,! ] programming_language,@ (a programming language whose expressions are represented by strings of characters) }

{ [ stratified_language, unstratified_language,! ] programming_language,@ (a language that cannot be used as its own metalanguage) }
{ syntax_language, metalanguage,@ (a language used to describe the syntax of another language) }
{ [ unstratified_language, stratified_language,! ] programming_language,@ (a programming language that (like natural language) can be used as its own metalanguage) }
{ ALGOL, algebraic_language,@ ((from a combination of ALGOrithmic and Language); a programming language used to express computer programs as algorithms) }
{ LISP, list-processing_language, programming_language,@ (a flexible procedure-oriented programing language that manipulates symbols in the form of lists) }
{ LISP_program, program2,@ (a program written in LISP) }
{ Prolog, logic_programing, logic_programming, programming_language,@ (a computer language designed in Europe to support natural language processing) }
{ FORTRAN, algebraic_language,@ (a high-level programing language for mathematical and scientific purposes; stands for formula translation) }
{ FORTRAN_program, program2,@ (a program written in FORTRAN) }
{ COBOL, programming_language,@ (common business-oriented language) }
{ C1, programming_language,@ (a general-purpose programing language closely associated with the UNIX operating system) }
{ C_program, program2,@ (a program written in C) }
{ BASIC, programming_language,@ (a popular programming language that is relatively easy to learn; an acronym for beginner's all-purpose symbolic instruction code; no longer in general use) }
{ Pascal, programming_language,@ (a programing language designed to teach programming through a top-down modular approach) }
{ [ upgrade, verb.change:upgrade,+ ] software,@ (software that provides better performance than an earlier version did) }
{ native_language, language,@ (the language that a person has spoken from earliest childhood) }
{ indigenous_language, language,@ (a language that originated in a specified place and was not brought to that place from elsewhere) }
{ substrate, substratum, indigenous_language,@ (an indigenous language that contributes features to the language of an invading people who impose their language on the indigenous population; "the Celtic languages of Britain are a substrate for English") }
{ superstrate, superstratum, language,@ (the language of a later invading people that is imposed on an indigenous population and contributes features to their language) }

{ [ natural_language, artificial_language,! ] tongue, language,@ (a human written or spoken language used by a community; opposed to e.g. a computer language) }
{ mother_tongue, maternal_language, first_language, natural_language,@ (one's native language; the language learned by children and passed from one generation to the next) }
{ tone_language, tonal_language, natural_language,@ (a language in which different tones distinguish different meanings) }
{ contour_language, tone_language,@ (a tone language that uses pitch changes) }
{ register_language, tone_language,@ (a tone language that uses different voice registers) }
{ [ creole, verb.change:creolize,+ ] natural_language,@ (a mother tongue that originates from contact between two languages) }
{ Haitian_Creole, creole,@ Romance_language,@ (a creole language spoken by most Haitians; based on French and various African languages) }
{ pidgin, artificial_language,@ (an artificial language used for trade between speakers of different languages) }
{ Chinook_Jargon, Oregon_Jargon, pidgin,@ (a pidgin incorporating Chinook and French and English words; formerly used as a lingua franca in northwestern North America) }
{ Sango, Niger-Congo,@ (a trade language widely used in Chad) }
{ lingua_franca, interlanguage, koine1, language,@ (a common language used by speakers of different languages; "Koine is a dialect of ancient Greek that was the lingua franca of the empire of Alexander the Great and was widely spoken throughout the eastern Mediterranean area in Roman times") }

{ [ Amerind, adj.pert:amerind,+ ] Amerindian_language, American-Indian_language, American_Indian, Indian, natural_language,@ (any of the languages spoken by Amerindians) }
{ Algonquian, [ Algonquin, adj.pert:algonquin,+ ] Algonquian_language, Amerind,@ (family of North American Indian languages spoken from Labrador to South Carolina and west to the Great Plains) }
{ Atakapa, Atakapan, Attacapa, Attacapan, Amerind,@ (a language spoken by the Atakapa of the Gulf Coast of Louisiana and Texas) }
{ Athapaskan, Athapascan, Athabaskan, Athabascan, Athapaskan_language, Amerind,@ noun.location:US,;r (a group of Amerindian languages (the name coined by an American anthropologist, Edward Sapir)) }
{ Abnaki, Algonquian,@ (the Algonquian language spoken by the Abnaki and Penobscot) }
{ [ Algonkian, adj.pert:algonkian,+ ] Algonkin, Algonquian,@ (the Algonquian language spoken by the Algonkian) }
{ Arapaho, Arapahoe, Algonquian,@ (the Algonquian language spoken by the Arapaho) }
{ Biloxi, Siouan,@ (the Siouan language spoken by the Biloxi) }
{ Blackfoot, Algonquian,@ (any of the Algonquian languages spoken by the Blackfoot) }
{ Catawba, Siouan,@ (the Siouan language spoken by the Catawba) }
{ Cheyenne, Algonquian,@ (the Algonquian language spoken by the Cheyenne) }
{ Chiwere, Siouan,@ (the Siouan language spoken by the Iowa and Oto and Missouri) }
{ Iowa, Ioway, Chiwere,@ (a dialect of the Chiwere language spoken by the Iowa) }
{ Missouri, Chiwere,@ (a dialect of the Chiwere language spoken by the Missouri) }
{ Oto, Otoe, Chiwere,@ (a dialect of the Chiwere language spoken by the Oto) }
{ Cree, Algonquian,@ (the Algonquian language spoken by the Cree) }
{ Crow1, Siouan,@ (a Siouan language spoken by the Crow) }
{ Dakota, Siouan,@ (the Siouan language spoken by the Dakota) }
{ Delaware, Algonquian,@ (the Algonquian language spoken by the Delaware) }
{ Dhegiha, Siouan,@ (a branch of the Siouan languages) }
{ Fox, Algonquian,@ (the Algonquian language of the Fox) }
{ Hidatsa, Gros_Ventre, Siouan,@ (a Siouan language spoken by the Hidatsa) }
{ Hunkpapa, Siouan,@ (a Siouan language spoken by the Hunkpapa) }
{ Illinois, Algonquian,@ (the Algonquian language of the Illinois and Miami) }
{ Haida, Na-Dene,@ (the Na-Dene language of the Haida) }
{ Kansa, Kansas, Dhegiha,@ (the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Kansa) }
{ Kickapoo, Algonquian,@ (the Algonquian language of the Kickapoo) }
{ Malecite, Maleseet, Algonquian,@ (the Algonquian language of the Malecite and Passamaquody) }
{ Massachuset, Massachusetts, Algonquian,@ (the Algonquian language of the Massachuset) }
{ Menomini, Menominee, Algonquian,@ (the Algonquian language spoken by the Menomini) }
{ Micmac, Algonquian,@ (the Algonquian language of the Micmac) }
{ Mohican, Mahican, Algonquian,@ (the Algonquian language spoken by the Mohican) }
{ Nanticoke, Algonquian,@ (the Algonquian language spoken by the Nanticoke and Conoy) }
{ Ofo, Siouan,@ (a Siouan language spoken by the Ofo) }
{ Oglala, Ogalala, Siouan,@ (a Siouan language spoken by the Oglala) }
{ Ojibwa, Ojibway, Chippewa, Algonquian,@ (the Algonquian language spoken by the Ojibwa) }
{ Omaha, Dhegiha,@ (the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Omaha) }
{ Osage, Dhegiha,@ (the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Osage) }
{ Pamlico, Algonquian,@ (the Algonquian language of the Pamlico) }
{ Ponca, Ponka, Dhegiha,@ (the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Ponca) }
{ Potawatomi, Algonquian,@ (the Algonquian language spoken by the Potawatomi) }
{ Powhatan, Algonquian,@ (the Algonquian language of the Powhatan) }
{ Quapaw, Dhegiha,@ (the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Quapaw) }
{ Shawnee, Algonquian,@ (the Algonquian language spoken by the Shawnee) }
{ Alabama, Muskhogean,@ (the Muskhogean language of the Alabama) }
{ Chickasaw, Muskhogean,@ (the Muskhogean language of the Chickasaw) }
{ Choctaw, Chahta, Muskhogean,@ (the Muskhogean language of the Choctaw) }
{ Hitchiti, Muskhogean,@ (the Muskhogean language spoken by the Hitchiti) }
{ Koasati, Muskhogean,@ (the Muskhogean language spoken by the Koasati) }
{ Muskogee, Muskhogean,@ (the Muskhogean language spoken by the Muskogee) }
{ Santee, Siouan,@ (the Siouan language spoken by the Santee) }
{ Seminole, Muskhogean,@ (the Muskhogean language of the Seminole) }
{ Tlingit, Na-Dene,@ (the Na-Dene language spoken by the Tlingit) }
{ Tutelo, Siouan,@ (the Siouan language spoken by the Tutelo) }
{ Winnebago, Siouan,@ (the Siouan language spoken by the Winnebago) }
{ Muskhogean, Muskhogean_language, Muskogean, Muskogean_language, Amerind,@ (a family of North American Indian languages spoken in the southeastern United States) }
{ Na-Dene, Amerind,@ (a family of North American Indian languages) }
{ Mosan, Amerind,@ (a family of Amerindian languages spoken in Washington and British Columbia) }
{ Chemakuan, Mosan,@ (a group of Mosan languages spoken in Washington) }
{ Chemakum, Chemakuan,@ (a Chemakuan language spoken by the Chemakum) }
{ Salish, Salishan, Mosan,@ (a family of Mosan language spoken in northwestern United States and western Canada) }
{ Skagit, Salish,@ (a Salishan dialect spoken by the Skagit) }
{ Wakashan, Wakashan_language, Mosan,@ (a family of North American Indian languages of British Columbia and Washington) }
{ Kwakiutl, Wakashan,@ (a Wakashan language spoken by the Kwakiutl) }
{ Nootka, Wakashan,@ (a Wakashan language spoken by the Nootka) }
{ Shoshone, Shoshonean,@ (the language spoken by the Shoshone (belonging to the Uto-Aztecan family)) }
{ Comanche, Shoshonean,@ (the Shoshonean language spoken by the Comanche) }
{ Hopi, Shoshonean,@ (the Shoshonean language spoken by the Hopi) }
{ Paiute, Shoshonean,@ (the Shoshonean language spoken by the Paiute) }
{ Ute, Shoshonean,@ (the Shoshonean language spoken by the Utes) }
{ Shoshonean, Shoshonean_language, Shoshonian, Shoshonian_language, Uto-Aztecan,@ (a subfamily of Uto-Aztecan languages spoken mainly in the southwestern United States) }
{ Caddo, Caddoan, Caddoan_language, Amerind,@ (a family of North American Indian languages spoken widely in the Midwest by the Caddo) }
{ Arikara, Aricara, Caddoan,@ (the Caddoan language spoken by the Arikara) }
{ Pawnee, Caddoan,@ (the Caddoan language spoken by the Pawnee) }
{ Wichita, Caddoan,@ (the Caddoan language spoken by the Wichita) }
{ Cherokee, Iroquoian,@ (the Iroquoian language spoken by the Cherokee) }
{ Cayuga, Iroquoian,@ (the Iroquoian language spoken by the Cayuga) }
{ Mohawk, Iroquoian,@ (the Iroquoian language spoken by the Mohawk) }
{ Seneca, Iroquoian,@ (the Iroquoian language spoken by the Seneca) }
{ Oneida, Iroquoian,@ (the Iroquoian language spoken by the Oneida) }
{ Onondaga, Iroquoian,@ (the Iroquoian language spoken by the Onondaga) }
{ Tuscarora, Iroquoian,@ (the Iroquoian language spoken by the Tuscarora) }
{ Iroquoian, Iroquois, Iroquoian_language, Amerind,@ (a family of North American Indian languages spoken by the Iroquois) }
{ [ Quechua, adj.pert:quechuan,+ ] Quechuan, Quechuan_language, Kechua, [ Kechuan, adj.pert:kechuan,+ ] Amerind,@ (the language of the Quechua which was spoken by the Incas) }
{ Guarani, Tupi-Guarani,@ (the language spoken by the Guarani of Paraguay and Bolivia) }
{ Maraco, Maracan_language, Amerind,@ (the language spoken by the Maraco) }
{ Tupi, Tupi-Guarani,@ (the language spoken by the Tupi of Brazil and Paraguay) }
{ Tupi-Guarani, Tupi-Guarani_language, Amerind,@ (a family of South American Indian languages) }
{ [ Arawak, adj.pert:arawakan,+ ] Arawakan, Amerind,@ (a family of South American Indian languages spoken in northeastern South America) }
{ Carib, Caribbean_language, Amerind,@ (the family of languages spoken by the Carib) }
{ Eskimo-Aleut, Eskimo-Aleut_language, natural_language,@ (the family of languages that includes Eskimo and Aleut) }
{ Eskimo, Esquimau, Eskimo-Aleut,@ (the language spoken by the Eskimo) }
{ Aleut, Eskimo-Aleut,@ (the language spoken by the Aleut) }
{ Uto-Aztecan, Uto-Aztecan_language, Amerind,@ (a family of American Indian languages) }
{ Pima, Uto-Aztecan,@ (the Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Pima) }
{ Aztecan, Uto-Aztecan,@ (the Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Aztec) }
{ Nahuatl, Uto-Aztecan,@ (the Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Nahuatl) }
{ Cahita, Uto-Aztecan,@ (the Uto-Aztecan language of the Cahita) }
{ Tatahumara, Uto-Aztecan,@ (the Uto-Aztecan language of the Tatahumara) }
{ Zapotec, Zapotecan, Uto-Aztecan,@ (the language of the Zapotec) }
{ Maya, Mayan, Mayan_language, Amerind,@ (a family of American Indian languages spoken by Mayas) }
{ Apache, Athapaskan,@ (the language of the Apache) }
{ Chiricahua_Apache, Apache,@ (an Apache language) }
{ San_Carlos_Apache, Apache,@ (an Apache language) }
{ Navaho, Navajo, Athapaskan,@ (the Athapaskan language spoken by the Navaho) }
{ Hupa, Athapaskan,@ (the Athapaskan language spoken by the Hupa) }
{ Mattole, Athapaskan,@ (the Athapaskan language spoken by the Mattole) }
{ Chipewyan, Chippewyan, Chippewaian, Athapaskan,@ (the language spoken by the Chipewyan) }
{ Siouan, Siouan_language, Amerind,@ (a family of North American Indian languages spoken by the Sioux) }
{ Tanoan, Tanoan_language, Amerind,@ (a family of North American Indian language spoken in southwestern United States) }
{ Kiowa, Tanoan,@ (the Tanoan language spoken by the Kiowa) }
{ Hokan, Hoka, Amerind,@ (a family of Amerindian languages spoken in California) }
{ Chimariko, Hokan,@ (the Hokan language spoken by the Chimariko) }
{ Esselen, Hokan,@ (the Hokan language spoken by the Esselen) }
{ Kulanapan, Hokan,@ (a group of languages of the Hokan family) }
{ Pomo, Kulanapan,@ (the Kulanapan language spoken by the Pomo) }
{ Quoratean, Hokan,@ (a group of languages of the Hokan family) }
{ Karok, Quoratean,@ (the Quoratean language of the Karok) }
{ Shastan, Hokan,@ (a group of languages of the Hokan family in California) }
{ Achomawi, Shastan,@ (the Shastan language spoken by the Achomawi) }
{ Atsugewi, Shastan,@ (the Shastan language spoken by the Atsugewi) }
{ Shasta, Shastan,@ (the Shastan language spoken by the Shasta) }
{ Yuman, Hokan,@ (a group of language of the Hokan family in Arizona and California and Mexico) }
{ Akwa'ala, Yuman,@ (the Yuman language spoken by the Akwa'ala) }
{ Cochimi, Yuman,@ (the Yuman language spoken by the Cochimi) }
{ Cocopa, Cocopah, Yuman,@ (the Yuman language spoken by the Cocopa) }
{ Diegueno, Yuman,@ (the Yuman language spoken by the Diegueno) }
{ Havasupai, Yuman,@ (the Yuman language spoken by the Havasupai) }
{ Kamia, Yuman,@ (the Yuman language spoken by the Kamia) }
{ Kiliwa, Kiliwi, Yuman,@ (the Yuman language spoken by the Kiliwa) }
{ Maricopa, Yuman,@ (the Yuman language spoken by the Maricopa and the Halchidhoma) }
{ Mohave, Mojave, Yuman,@ (the Yuman language spoken by the Mohave) }
{ Walapai, Hualapai, Hualpai, Yuman,@ (the Yuman language spoken by the Walapai) }
{ Yavapai, Yuman,@ (the Yuman language spoken by the Yavapai) }
{ Yuma, Yuman,@ (the Yuman language spoken by the Yuma) }
{ Yanan, Hokan,@ (a language group of the Hokan family) }
{ Yahi, Yanan,@ (the Yanan language spoken by the Yahi) }
{ Yana, Yanan,@ (the Yanan language spoken by the Yana) }

{ Penutian, Amerind,@ (a family of Amerindian language spoken in the great interior valley of California) }
{ Copehan, Penutian,@ (a group of Penutian languages spoken to the west of the Sacramento river) }
{ Patwin, Copehan,@ (a Copehan language spoken by the Patwin) }
{ Wintun, Copehan,@ (a Copehan language spoken by the Wintun) }
{ Costanoan, Penutian,@ (a Penutian language spoken by the Costanoan) }
{ Mariposan, Yokuts, Penutian,@ (a Penutian language spoken by the Yokuts in the San Joaquin Valley) }
{ Moquelumnan, Miwok, Penutian,@ (a Penutian language spoken by the Miwok) }
{ Pujunan, Maidu, Penutian,@ (a Penutian language spoken by the Maidu) }
{ Chinookan, Chinook, Penutian,@ (a Penutian language spoken by the Chinook) }
{ Kalapooian, Kalapuyan, Penutian,@ (a Penutian language spoken by the Kalapuya) }
{ Kusan, Penutian,@ (a Penutian language spoken by the Kusan) }
{ Shahaptian, Sahaptin, Penutian,@ (a Penutian language spoken by the Shahaptian) }
{ Nez_Perce, Shahaptian,@ (the Shahaptian language spoken by the Nez Perce) }
{ Takilman, Takelma, Penutian,@ (a Penutian language spoken by the Takelma) }
{ Tsimshian, Penutian,@ (a Penutian language spoken by the Tsimshian) }

{ Kekchi, Mayan,@ (a Mayan language spoken by the Kekchi) }
{ Mam, Mayan,@ (a Mayan language spoken by the Mam) }
{ Yucatec, Yucateco, Mayan,@ (a Mayan language spoken by the Yucatec) }
{ Quiche, Mayan,@ (the Mayan language spoken by the Quiche) }
{ Cakchiquel, Mayan,@ (the Mayan language spoken by the Cakchiquel) }

{ [ Altaic, adj.pert:altaic,+ ] Altaic_language, Ural-Altaic,@ (a group of related languages spoken in Asia and southeastern Europe) }

{ Turki, Turkic, Turko-Tatar, Turkic_language, Altaic,@ (a subfamily of Altaic languages) }
{ Turkish, Turki,@ (a Turkic language spoken by the Turks) }
{ Turkmen, Turkoman, Turcoman, Turki,@ (the Turkic language spoken by the Turkoman) }
{ [ Azerbaijani, adj.pert:azerbaijani,+ ] Turki,@ (the Turkic language spoken by the Azerbaijani) }
{ Kazak, Kazakh, Turki,@ (the Turkic language spoken by the Kazak) }
{ Tatar, Turki,@ (the Turkic language spoken by the Tatar living from the Volga to the Ural Mountains) }
{ Uzbek, Uzbeg, Uzbak, Usbek, Usbeg, Turki,@ (the Turkic language spoken by the Uzbek) }
{ Uighur, Uigur, Uygur, Turki,@ (the Turkic language spoken by approximately 7,000,000 Uighur in extreme northwestern China) }
{ Yakut, Turki,@ (the Turkic language spoken by the Yakut) }
{ Kirghiz, Kirgiz, Khirghiz, Turki,@ (the Turkic language spoken by the Kirghiz) }
{ Karakalpak, Turki,@ (the Turkic language spoken by the Karakalpak) }
{ Chuvash, Turki,@ (the Turkic language spoken by the Chuvash) }
{ Chagatai, Jagatai, Jaghatai, Eastern_Turki, Turki,@ (a Turkic literary language of medieval central Asia (named for one of the sons of Genghis Khan)) }

{ Chukchi, Chukchi_language, natural_language,@ (an indigenous and isolated language of unknown origin spoken by the Chukchi that is pronounced differently by men and women) }
{ Tungusic, Tungusic_language, Altaic,@ (a family of Altaic languages spoken in Mongolia and neighboring areas) }
{ Tungus, Tunguz, Evenki, Ewenki, Tungusic,@ (the Tungusic language of the Evenki in eastern Siberia) }
{ Manchu, Tungusic,@ (the Tungusic language spoken by the Manchu) }
{ [ Mongolian, adj.pert:mongolian1,+ ] Mongolic, Mongolic_language, Altaic,@ (a family of Altaic language spoken in Mongolia) }
{ Khalkha, Khalka, Kalka, Mongolian,@ (the language of the Khalkha that is the official language of the Mongolian People's Republic) }
{ [ Korean, adj.pert:korean,+ ] Altaic,@ (the Altaic language spoken by Koreans) }
{ Japanese, Altaic,@ noun.location:Japan,;r (the language (usually considered to be Altaic) spoken by the Japanese) }
{ Ryukyuan, Japanese,@ noun.location:Japan,;r (the language (related to Japanese) that is spoken by the people of the Ryukyu Islands) }
{ Sinitic, Sinitic_language, Sino-Tibetan,@ (a group of Sino-Tibetan languages) }
{ Chinese, Sinitic,@ noun.location:China,;r (any of the Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in China; regarded as dialects of a single language (even though they are mutually unintelligible) because they share an ideographic writing system) }
{ Mandarin, Mandarin_Chinese, Mandarin_dialect, Beijing_dialect, Chinese,@ (the dialect of Chinese spoken in Beijing and adopted as the official language for all of China) }
{ Wu, Wu_dialect, Shanghai_dialect, Chinese,@ (a dialect of Chinese spoken in the Yangtze delta) }
{ Yue, Yue_dialect, Cantonese, Cantonese_dialect, Chinese,@ (the dialect of Chinese spoken in Canton and neighboring provinces and in Hong Kong and elsewhere outside China) }
{ Min, Min_dialect, Fukien, Fukkianese, Hokkianese, Amoy, Taiwanese, Chinese,@ (any of the forms of Chinese spoken in Fukien province) }
{ Hakka, Hakka_dialect, Chinese,@ (a dialect of Chinese spoken in southeastern China by the Hakka) }
{ Sino-Tibetan, Sino-Tibetan_language, natural_language,@ noun.location:China,;r noun.location:Tibet,;r noun.location:Burma,;r noun.location:Thailand,;r (the family of tonal languages spoken in eastern Asia) }
{ Tibeto-Burman, Tibeto-Burman_language, Sino-Tibetan,@ (a branch of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages spoken from Tibet to the Malay Peninsula) }
{ Qiang, Qiangic, Tibeto-Burman,@ (the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Sichuan) }
{ Bai, Baic, Tibeto-Burman,@ (the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in the Dali region of Yunnan) }
{ Himalayish, Tibeto-Burman,@ (the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Tibet and Nepal and Bhutan and Sikkim) }
{ Kamarupan, Tibeto-Burman,@ (the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in northeastern India and adjacent regions of western Burma) }
{ Karen, Karenic, Tibeto-Burman,@ (the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in the Thailand and Burmese borderlands) }
{ Lolo-Burmese, Burmese-Yi, Tibeto-Burman,@ (the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in northern Burma and Yunnan) }
{ [ Burmese, adj.pert:burmese,+ ] Lolo-Burmese,@ (the official language of Burma) }
{ Loloish, Lolo-Burmese,@ (languages spoken by hill tribes in northern Burma and neighboring areas) }
{ Lisu, Loloish,@ (a Loloish language) }
{ Hani, Akha, Loloish,@ (a Loloish language) }
{ Lahu, Loloish,@ (a Loloish language) }
{ Lolo, Yi, Loloish,@ (a Loloish language) }
{ Kachin, Kachinic, Tibeto-Burman,@ (Tibeto-Burman languages spoken in northernmost Burma and adjacent China and India) }
{ Jinghpo, Jinghpaw, Chingpo, Kachinic,@ (a Kachinic language) }
{ Kuki, Chin, Kuki-Chin, Kamarupan,@ (Kamarupan languages spoken in western Burma and Bangladesh and easternmost India) }
{ Naga, Kamarupan,@ (Kamarupan languages spoken in northeastern India and western Burma) }
{ Mikir-Meithei, Kamarupan,@ (Kamarupan languages spoken in the states of Manipur and Assam in northeastern India) }
{ Bodo-Garo, Barish, Kamarupan,@ (Kamarupan languages spoken in the state of Assam in northeastern India) }
{ Miri, Mirish, Abor, Dafla, Kamarupan,@ (little known Kamarupan languages) }
{ Tibetan, Himalayish,@ (Himalayish language spoken in Tibet) }
{ Newari, Himalayish,@ (Himalayish language spoken in the Kathmandu valley of Nepal) }
{ Kadai, Kam-Tai, Kadai_language, Sino-Tibetan,@ (a family of Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in southeastern Asia) }
{ Kam-Sui, Kadai,@ (a group of Kadai languages) }
{ Tai, Kadai,@ (the most widespread and best known of the Kadai family of languages) }
{ White_Tai, Tai,@ (a branch of the Tai languages) }
{ Red_Tai, Tai,@ (a branch of the Tai languages) }
{ Tai_Dam, Black_Tai, Tai,@ (a branch of the Tai languages) }
{ Tai_Nuea, Chinese_Shan, Dehong_Dai, Tai,@ (a branch of the Tai languages) }
{ Tai_Long, Shan, Tai,@ (a branch of the Tai languages) }
{ Tai_Lue, Xishuangbanna_Dai, Tai,@ (a branch of the Tai languages) }
{ Tai_Yuan, Kam_Muang, Tai,@ (a branch of the Tai languages) }
{ Khuen, Tai,@ (a branch of the Tai languages) }
{ Lao, Tai,@ (the Tai language of a Buddhist people living in the area of the Mekong River in Thailand and Laos) }
{ Khamti, Tai,@ (a branch of the Tai languages) }
{ Southern_Tai, Tai,@ (a branch of the Tai languages) }
{ Tay, Tai,@ (a branch of the Tai languages) }
{ Nung2, Tai,@ (a branch of the Tai languages) }
{ Tho, Tai,@ (a branch of the Tai languages) }
{ [ Thai, adj.pert:thai1,+ ] [ Siamese, adj.pert:siamese1,+ ] Central_Thai, Tai,@ (a branch of the Tai languages) }
{ Bouyei, Buyi, Tai,@ (a branch of the Tai languages) }
{ Zhuang, Tai,@ (a branch of the Tai languages) }
{ Yay, Tai,@ (a branch of the Tai languages) }
{ Saek, Tai,@ (a branch of the Tai languages) }
{ Austro-Asiatic, Austro-Asiatic_language, Munda-Mon-Khmer, natural_language,@ (a family of languages spoken in southern and southeastern Asia) }
{ Munda, Austro-Asiatic,@ (a family of languages spoken by people scattered throughout central India) }
{ Mon-Khmer, Austro-Asiatic,@ (a branch of the Austro-Asiatic languages) }
{ Hmong, Hmong_language, Miao, natural_language,@ (a language of uncertain affiliation spoken by the Hmong) }
{ Vietnamese, Annamese, Annamite, Mon-Khmer,@ (the Mon-Khmer language spoken in Vietnam) }
{ Khmer, Mon-Khmer,@ (the Mon-Khmer language spoken in Cambodia) }
{ Mon, Mon-Khmer,@ (the Mon-Khmer language spoken by the Mon) }
{ [ Austronesian, adj.pert:austronesian,+ ] Austronesian_language, natural_language,@ (the family of languages spoken in Australia and Formosa and Malaysia and Polynesia) }
{ Malayo-Polynesian, Polynesian, Austronesian,@ (the branch of the Austronesian languages spoken from Madagascar to the central Pacific) }
{ Oceanic, Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Polynesian,@ (an eastern subfamily of Malayo-Polynesian languages) }
{ Tongan, Malayo-Polynesian,@ (the Polynesian language spoken by the Tongan people) }
{ Tahitian, Oceanic,@ (the Oceanic language spoken on Tahiti) }
{ Maori, Oceanic,@ (the Oceanic language spoken by the Maori in New Zealand) }
{ [ Hawaiian, adj.pert:hawaiian,+ ] Oceanic,@ noun.location:Hawaii,;r (the Oceanic languages spoken on Hawaii) }
{ [ Fijian, adj.pert:fijian,+ ] Oceanic,@ (the Oceanic language spoken on Fiji) }
{ Western_Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Polynesian,@ (a western subfamily of Malayo-Polynesian languages) }
{ [ Malay, adj.pert:malay,+ ] Western_Malayo-Polynesian,@ (a western subfamily of Western Malayo-Polynesian languages) }
{ Malaysian, Bahasa_Malaysia, Bahasa_Melayu, Bahasa_Kebangsaan, Malay,@ (the Malay language spoken in Malaysia) }
{ Indonesian, Bahasa_Indonesia, Bahasa, Malay,@ (the dialect of Malay used as the national language of the Republic of Indonesia or of Malaysia) }
{ [ Javanese, adj.pert:javanese,+ ] Indonesian,@ (the Indonesian language spoken on Java) }
{ Sundanese, Indonesian,@ (the Indonesian language spoken on West Java) }
{ Balinese, Indonesian,@ (the Indonesian language of the people of Bali) }
{ [ Philippine, adj.pert:philippine,+ ] [ Filipino, adj.pert:filipino,+ ] Western_Malayo-Polynesian,@ (official language of the Philippines; based on Tagalog; draws its lexicon from other Philippine languages) }
{ Tagalog, Philippine,@ (the language of the Tagalog on which Filipino is based) }
{ Cebuan, Cebuano, Philippine,@ (language of the people of Cebu in the Philippines; its lexicon contributes to the official language of the Philippines) }
{ [ Australian, adj.pert:australian,+ ] Aboriginal_Australian, Austronesian,@ noun.location:Australia,;r (the Austronesian languages spoken by Australian aborigines) }
{ Dyirbal, Jirrbal, Australian,@ (a language of Australian aborigines) }
{ Walbiri, Warlpiri, Australian,@ (a language of Australian aborigines) }
{ Formosan, Austronesian,@ (the Austronesian languages spoken on Formosa) }
{ Tayalic, Atayalic, Formosan,@ (a language spoken by a Malaysian people on Formosa) }
{ Tsouic, Formosan,@ (a Formosan language) }
{ Paiwanic, Formosan,@ (a Formosan language) }
{ [ Papuan, adj.pert:papuan,+ ] Papuan_language, natural_language,@ (any of the indigenous languages spoken in Papua New Guinea or New Britain or the Solomon Islands that are not Malayo-Polynesian languages) }
{ Khoisan, Khoisan_language, natural_language,@ (a family of languages spoken in southern Africa) }
{ Khoikhoin, Khoikhoi, Hottentot, Khoisan,@ (any of the Khoisan languages spoken by the pastoral people of Namibia and South Africa) }
{ Indo-European, Indo-European_language, Indo-Hittite, natural_language,@ (the family of languages that by 1000 BC were spoken throughout Europe and in parts of southwestern and southern Asia) }
{ Proto-Indo_European, PIE, Indo-European,@ (a prehistoric unrecorded language that was the ancestor of all Indo-European languages) }
{ [ Albanian, adj.pert:albanian,+ ] Indo-European,@ (the Indo-European language spoken by the people of Albania) }
{ Gheg, Gheg_dialect, Albanian,@ (the dialect of Albanian spoken in northern Albania and Yugoslavia) }
{ Tosk, Tosk_dialect, Albanian,@ (the dialect of Albanian spoken in southern Albania and in areas of Greece and Italy) }
{ [ Armenian, adj.pert:armenian,+ ] Armenian_language, Indo-European,@ (the Indo-European language spoken predominantly in Armenia, but also in Azerbaijan) }
{ Illyrian, Indo-European,@ (a minor and almost extinct branch of the Indo-European languages; spoken along the Dalmatian coast) }
{ Thraco-Phrygian, Indo-European,@ (an extinct branch of the Indo-European language family thought by some to be related to Armenian) }
{ Thracian, Thraco-Phrygian,@ (a Thraco-Phrygian language spoken by the ancient people of Thrace but extinct by the early Middle Ages) }
{ Phrygian, Thraco-Phrygian,@ (a Thraco-Phrygian language spoken by the ancient inhabitants of Phrygia and now extinct--preserved only in a few inscriptions) }
{ Balto-Slavic, Balto-Slavic_language, Balto-Slavonic, Indo-European,@ (a family of Indo-European languages including the Slavic and Baltic languages) }
{ [ Slavic, adj.pert:slavic,+ ] Slavic_language, Slavonic, Slavonic_language, Balto-Slavic,@ (a branch of the Indo-European family of languages) }
{ Old_Church_Slavonic, Old_Church_Slavic, Church_Slavic, Old_Bulgarian, Slavic,@ (the Slavic language into which the Bible was translated in the 9th century) }
{ Russian, Slavic,@ noun.location:Russia,;r (the Slavic language that is the official language of Russia) }
{ [ Belarusian, adj.pert:belarusian,+ ] Byelorussian, White_Russian, Slavic,@ (the Slavic language spoken in Belarus) }
{ Ukrainian, Slavic,@ (the Slavic language spoken in the Ukraine) }
{ [ Polish, adj.pert:polish,+ ] Slavic,@ (the Slavic language of Poland) }
{ Slovak, Slavic,@ (the Slavic language spoken in Slovakia) }
{ [ Czech, adj.pert:czech,+ ] Slavic,@ (the Slavic language of Czechs) }
{ Slovene, Slavic,@ (the Slavic language of Slovenes) }
{ Serbo-Croat, Serbo-Croatian, Slavic,@ (the Slavic language of the Serbs and Croats; the Serbian dialect is usually written in the Cyrillic alphabet and the Croatian dialect is usually written in the Roman alphabet) }
{ Sorbian, Lusatian, Slavic,@ (a Slavonic language spoken in rural area of southeastern Germany) }
{ Macedonian, Slavic,@ (the Slavic language of modern Macedonia) }
{ [ Bulgarian, adj.pert:bulgarian,+ ] Slavic,@ (a Slavic language spoken in Bulgaria) }
{ [ Baltic, adj.pert:baltic1,+ ] Baltic_language, Balto-Slavic,@ (a branch of the Indo-European family of languages related to the Slavonic languages; Baltic languages have preserved many archaic features that are believed to have existed in Proto-Indo European) }
{ Old_Prussian, Baltic,@ (a dead language of the (non-German) Prussians (extinct after 1700); thought to belong to the Baltic branch of Indo-European) }
{ [ Lithuanian, adj.pert:lithuanian,+ ] Baltic,@ (the official language of Lithuania; belongs to the Baltic branch of Indo-European) }
{ Latvian, Lettish, Baltic,@ (the official language of Latvia; belongs to the Baltic branch of Indo-European) }
{ [ Germanic, adj.pert:germanic2,+ ] Germanic_language, Indo-European,@ (a branch of the Indo-European family of languages; members that are spoken currently fall into two major groups: Scandinavian and West Germanic) }
{ West_Germanic, West_Germanic_language, Germanic,@ (a branch of the Germanic languages) }
{ [ English, adj.pert:english1,+ adj.pert:english,+ ] English_language, West_Germanic,@ (an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries) }
{ American_English, American_language, [ American, adj.pert:american1,+ ] English,@ (the English language as used in the United States) }
{ African_American_Vernacular_English, AAVE, African_American_English, Black_English, Black_English_Vernacular, Black_Vernacular, Black_Vernacular_English, [ Ebonics, noun.communication:colloquialism,;u ] American_English,@ (a nonstandard form of American English characteristically spoken by African Americans in the United States) }
{ [ cockney, adj.pert:cockney1,+ ] English,@ (the nonstandard dialect of natives of the east end of London) }
{ geordie, English,@ (the nonstandard dialect of natives of Newcastle-upon-Tyne) }
{ King's_English, Queen's_English, English,@ (English as spoken by educated persons in southern England) }
{ Received_Pronunciation, pronunciation1,@ English,@ (the approved pronunciation of British English; originally based on the King's English as spoken at public schools and at Oxford and Cambridge Universities (and widely accepted elsewhere in Britain); until recently it was the pronunciation of English used in British broadcasting) }
{ Middle_English, English,@ (English from about 1100 to 1450) }
{ East_Midland, Middle_English,@ (the dialect of Middle English that replaced West Saxon as the literary language and which developed into Modern English) }
{ West_Midland, Middle_English,@ (a dialect of Middle English) }
{ Northern, Middle_English,@ (a dialect of Middle English that developed into Scottish Lallans) }
{ Kentish1, Middle_English,@ (a dialect of Middle English) }
{ Southwestern, West_Saxon1, Middle_English,@ (a dialect of Middle English) }
{ Modern_English, English,@ (English since about 1450) }
{ Old_English, [ Anglo-Saxon, adj.pert:anglo-saxon,+ ] English,@ (English prior to about 1100) }
{ West_Saxon, Old_English,@ (a literary dialect of Old English) }
{ Anglian, Old_English,@ (one of the major dialects of Old English) }
{ Kentish, Jutish, Old_English,@ (one of the major dialects of Old English) }
{ Oxford_English, English,@ (the dialect of English spoken at Oxford University and regarded by many as affected and pretentious) }
{ [ Scottish, adj.pert:scottish,+ ] [ Scots, adj.pert:scots,+ ] Scots_English, English,@ noun.location:Scotland,;r (the dialect of English used in Scotland) }
{ Lallans, Scottish_Lallans, Scottish,@ (a dialect of English spoken in the Lowlands of Scotland) }
{ [ German, adj.pert:german,+ adj.pert:germanic2,+ adj.pert:germanic,+ ] High_German, German_language, West_Germanic,@ noun.location:Germany,;r (the standard German language; developed historically from West Germanic) }
{ Old_High_German, German,@ (High German prior to 1200) }
{ Middle_High_German, German,@ (High German from 1100 to 1500) }
{ Yiddish, German,@ (a dialect of High German including some Hebrew and other words; spoken in Europe as a vernacular by many Jews; written in the Hebrew script) }
{ Pennsylvania_Dutch, German,@ (a dialect of High German spoken in parts of Pennsylvania and Maryland) }
{ Low_German, Plattdeutsch, West_Germanic,@ (a German dialect spoken in northern Germany) }
{ Old_Saxon, Low_German,@ (Low German prior to 1200) }
{ Middle_Low_German, Low_German,@ (Low German from 1100 to 1500) }
{ Dutch, West_Germanic,@ (the West Germanic language of the Netherlands) }
{ [ Flemish, adj.pert:flemish,+ ] Flemish_dialect, Dutch,@ (one of two official languages of Belgium; closely related to Dutch) }
{ [ Afrikaans, adj.pert:afrikaans,+ ] Taal, Dutch,@ (an official language of the Republic of South Africa; closely related to Dutch and Flemish) }
{ Proto-Norse, Germanic,@ (the Germanic language of Scandinavia up until about 700) }
{ Old_Norse, Germanic,@ (the extinct Germanic language of medieval Scandinavia and Iceland from about to 700 to 1350) }
{ Old_Icelandic, Old_Norse,@ (the extinct dialect of Old Norse that was spoken in Iceland up until about 1600) }
{ Edda, ballad,@ (either of two distinct works in Old Icelandic dating from the late 13th century and consisting of 34 mythological and heroic ballads composed between 800 and 1200; the primary source for Scandinavian mythology) }
{ Scandinavian, Scandinavian_language, Nordic, Norse, North_Germanic, North_Germanic_language, Germanic,@ (the northern family of Germanic languages that are spoken in Scandinavia and Iceland) }
{ [ Danish, adj.pert:danish,+ ] Scandinavian,@ (a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Denmark) }
{ Icelandic, Scandinavian,@ (a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Iceland) }
{ [ Norwegian, adj.pert:norwegian,+ ] Scandinavian,@ (a Scandinavian language that is spoken in Norway) }
{ Bokmal, Bokmaal, Dano-Norwegian, Norwegian,@ (book language; one of two official languages of Norway; closely related to Danish) }
{ Riksmal, Riksmaal, Bokmal,@ (in 1929 this dialect of Norwegian was officially renamed Bokmal) }
{ Nynorsk, New_Norwegian, Landsmal, Landsmaal, Norwegian,@ (one of two official languages of Norway; based on rural dialects) }
{ Swedish, Scandinavian,@ (a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Sweden and one of two official languages of Finland) }
{ Faroese, Faeroese, Scandinavian,@ (a Scandinavian language (closely related to Icelandic) that is spoken on the Faroe Islands) }
{ Frisian, West_Germanic,@ (a West Germanic language spoken in Friesland in the northwestern Netherlands; a near relative of English) }
{ Old_Frisian, Frisian,@ (the Frisian language until the 16th century; the Germanic language of ancient Frisia) }
{ East_Germanic, East_Germanic_language, Germanic,@ (an extinct branch of the Germanic languages) }
{ [ Gothic, adj.pert:gothic1,+ ] East_Germanic,@ (extinct East Germanic language of the ancient Goths; the only surviving record being fragments of a 4th-century translation of the Bible by Bishop Ulfilas) }
{ Ural-Altaic, natural_language,@ (a (postulated) group of languages including many of the indigenous languages of Russia (but not Russian)) }
{ Uralic, Uralic_language, Ural-Altaic,@ (a family of Ural-Altaic languages) }
{ Finno-Ugric, Finno-Ugrian, Uralic,@ (a family of Uralic languages indigenous to Scandinavia and Hungary and Russia and western Siberia (prior to the Slavic expansion into those regions)) }
{ Fennic, Finnic, Non-Ugric, Finno-Ugric,@ (one of two branches of the Finno-Ugric languages; a family of languages including Finnish and Estonian (but not Hungarian)) }
{ Udmurt, Votyak, Permic,@ (the Finnic language spoken by the Votyak) }
{ Permic, Fennic,@ (a group of Finnic languages spoken in the northwest Urals) }
{ Komi, Zyrian, Permic,@ (the Finnic language spoken by the Komi) }
{ Volgaic, Fennic,@ (a group of Finnic languages spoken around the Volga river) }
{ Cheremis, Cheremiss, Mari, Volgaic,@ (the Finnic language spoken by the Cheremis) }
{ Mordva, Mordvin, Mordvinian, Volgaic,@ (the Finnic language spoken by the Mordvinians) }
{ Baltic-Finnic, Fennic,@ (a group of Finnic languages including Finnish and Estonian) }
{ Livonian, Baltic-Finnic,@ (the Finnic language spoken by the people of Livonia in Estonia and Latvia) }
{ [ Estonian, adj.pert:estonian,+ ] Esthonian, Baltic-Finnic,@ (the official language of Estonia; belongs to the Baltic-Finnic family of languages) }
{ Karelian, Carelian, Baltic-Finnic,@ (a Finnic language spoken by the people of Karelia) }
{ Ludian, Baltic-Finnic,@ (a Baltic-Finnic language) }
{ [ Finnish, adj.pert:finnish,+ ] Suomi, Baltic-Finnic,@ (the official language of Finland; belongs to the Baltic Finnic family of languages) }
{ Veps, Vepse, Vepsian, Baltic-Finnic,@ (a Finnic language spoken by the Veps) }
{ Ingrian, Baltic-Finnic,@ (a Finnic language spoken by the Ingrian) }
{ Ugric, Ugrian, Finno-Ugric,@ (one of the two branches of the Finno-Ugric family of languages; spoken in Hungary and northwestern Siberia) }
{ Hungarian, [ Magyar, adj.pert:magyar,+ ] Ugric,@ (the official language of Hungary (also spoken in Rumania); belongs to the Ugric family of languages) }
{ Khanty, Ostyak, Ugric,@ (a Ugric language (related to Hungarian) spoken by the Ostyak) }
{ Mansi, Vogul, Ugric,@ (the Ugric language (related to Hungarian) spoken by the Vogul) }
{ Lappic, Lappish, Uralic,@ (any of the languages spoken by the Lapps and generally assumed to be Uralic languages) }
{ Lapp, Sami, Saami, Same, Saame, Lappic,@ (the language of nomadic Lapps in northern Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula) }
{ Samoyedic, Samoyed, Uralic,@ (the Uralic languages spoken by the Samoyed in northwestern Siberia) }
{ Nenets, Nentsi, Nentsy, Yurak-Samoyed, Samoyedic,@ (a Uralic language spoken by a Samoyed of northern Siberia) }
{ Enets, Entsi, Entsy, Yenisei, Yenisei-Samoyed, Yeniseian, Samoyedic,@ (the Uralic language spoken by the Yeniseian) }
{ Nganasan, Samoyedic,@ (the Uralic language spoken by the Nganasan) }
{ Selkup, Ostyak-Samoyed, Samoyedic,@ (the Uralic language spoken by the Ostyak-Samoyed) }
{ [ Celtic, adj.pert:celtic,+ ] Celtic_language, Indo-European,@ (a branch of the Indo-European languages that (judging from inscriptions and place names) was spread widely over Europe in the pre-Christian era) }
{ [ Gaelic, adj.pert:gaelic,+ ] Goidelic, Erse, Celtic,@ (any of several related languages of the Celts in Ireland and Scotland) }
{ [ Irish, adj.pert:irish,+ ] Irish_Gaelic, Gaelic,@ noun.location:Ireland,;r (the Celtic language of Ireland) }
{ Old_Irish, Irish,@ (Irish Gaelic up to about 1100) }
{ Middle_Irish, Irish,@ (Irish Gaelic from 1100 to 1500) }
{ Scottish_Gaelic, Scots_Gaelic, Gaelic,@ (the Gaelic of Scotland) }
{ [ Manx, adj.pert:manx,+ ] Gaelic,@ (the ancient Gaelic formerly spoken on the Isle of Man; the language is sometimes used on ceremonial occasions) }
{ Brythonic, Brittanic, Celtic,@ (a southern group of Celtic languages) }
{ [ Welsh, adj.pert:welsh,+ ] Cymric, Brythonic,@ noun.location:Wales,;r (a Celtic language of Wales) }
{ Cornish, Brythonic,@ (a Celtic language spoken in Cornwall) }
{ Breton, Brythonic,@ (a Celtic language of Brittany) }
{ [ Italic, adj.pert:italic,+ ] Italic_language, Indo-European,@ (a branch of the Indo-European languages of which Latin is the chief representative) }
{ Osco-Umbrian, Italic,@ (a group of dead languages of ancient Italy; they were displace by Latin) }
{ Umbrian, Osco-Umbrian,@ (an extinct Italic language of ancient southern Italy) }
{ Oscan, Osco-Umbrian,@ (an extinct Italic language of ancient southern Italy) }
{ Sabellian, Osco-Umbrian,@ (an extinct Osco-Umbrian language of ancient Italy that survives only in a few inscriptions) }
{ [ Latin, noun.person:latinist,+ ] Italic,@ (any dialect of the language of ancient Rome) }
{ Old_Latin, Latin,@ (the oldest recorded Latin (dating back at early as the 6th century B.C.)) }
{ classical_Latin, Latin,@ (the language of educated people in ancient Rome; "Latin is a language as dead as dead can be. It killed the ancient Romans--and now it's killing me") }
{ Low_Latin, Latin,@ (any dialect of Latin other than classical Latin) }
{ Vulgar_Latin, Low_Latin,@ (nonclassical Latin dialects spoken in the Roman Empire; source of Romance languages) }
{ Late_Latin, Biblical_Latin, Latin,@ (the form of Latin written between the 3rd and 8th centuries) }
{ Medieval_Latin, Low_Latin,@ (Latin used for liturgical purposes during the Middle Ages) }
{ Neo-Latin, New_Latin, Latin,@ (Latin since the Renaissance; used for scientific nomenclature) }
{ Romance, Romance_language, Latinian_language, Latin,@ (the group of languages derived from Latin) }
{ [ Italian, adj.pert:italian,+ ] Romance,@ noun.location:Italy,;r (the Romance language spoken in Italy) }
{ Old_Italian, Italian,@ (the Italian language up to the middle of the 16th century) }
{ [ Sardinian, adj.pert:sardinian,+ ] Italian,@ (the Italian dialect spoken in Sardinia; sometimes considered a separate language with many loan words from Spanish) }
{ Tuscan, Italian,@ (a dialect of Italian spoken in Tuscany (especially Florence)) }
{ French, Romance,@ noun.location:France,;r (the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France) }
{ Langue_d'oil, Langue_d'oil_French, French,@ (medieval provincial dialects of French spoken in central and northern France) }
{ Langue_d'oc, Langue_d'oc_French, French,@ (medieval provincial dialects of French formerly spoken in the south of France) }
{ Old_French, French,@ (the earliest form of the French language; 9th to 15th century) }
{ Norman-French, Norman_French, Old_North_French, French,@ (the medieval Norman dialect of Old French) }
{ Anglo-French, Anglo-Norman, French,@ (the French (Norman) language used in medieval England) }
{ Canadian_French, French,@ (the French language as spoken in Quebec, Canada) }
{ Walloon, French,@ (a dialect of French spoken in Belgium and adjacent parts of France) }
{ Provencal, Occitan, Langue_d'oc,@ (the medieval dialects of Langue d'oc (southern France)) }
{ [ Portuguese, adj.pert:portuguese,+ ] Romance,@ noun.location:Portugal,;r (the Romance language spoken in Portugal and Brazil) }
{ Galician, Romance,@ noun.location:Spain,;r (a language spoken in Galicia, an Autonomus Community of Spain) }
{ Basque, natural_language,@ (the language of the Basque people; of no known relation to any other language) }
{ Spanish, Romance,@ noun.location:Spain,;r (the Romance language spoken in most of Spain and the countries colonized by Spain) }
{ Castilian, Spanish,@ (the Spanish language as spoken in Castile) }
{ Judeo-Spanish, Ladino, Spanish,@ (the Spanish dialect spoken by Sephardic Jews but written in the Hebrew script) }
{ Mexican_Spanish, Spanish,@ (the dialect of Spanish spoken in Mexico) }
{ [ Catalan, adj.pert:catalan,+ ] Romance,@ noun.location:Spain,;r (the Romance language spoken in Catalonia in eastern Spain (related to Spanish and Occitan)) }
{ Rhaeto-Romance, Rhaeto-Romanic, Romance_language,@ (Romance dialects spoken in parts of southeastern Switzerland and northern Italy and the Tyrol) }
{ Friulian, Friuli, Rhaeto-Romance,@ (a Rhaeto-Romance dialect spoken in northeastern Italy) }
{ Ladin, Rhaeto-Romance,@ (a Rhaeto-Romance dialect of Romansh spoken in southeastern Switzerland) }
{ Romansh, Rumansh, Rhaeto-Romance,@ (the Rhaeto-Romance language spoken in southeastern Switzerland; it is an official language of Switzerland) }
{ Romanian, Rumanian, Romance,@ (an eastern Romance language spoken in Romania) }
{ Elamitic, Elamite, Susian, natural_language,@ (an extinct ancient language of unknown affinities; spoken by the Elamites) }
{ Kassite, Cassite, natural_language,@ (an ancient language spoken by the Kassites) }
{ Tocharian, Indo-European,@ (a branch of the Indo-European language family that originated in central Asia during the first millennium A.D.) }
{ Turfan, East_Tocharian, Turfan_dialect, Tocharian,@ (a dialect of Tocharian) }
{ Kuchean, West_Tocharian, Kuchean_dialect1, Tocharian,@ (a dialect of Tocharian) }
{ Sanskrit, Sanskritic_language, Indic,@ noun.cognition:Hinduism,;c ((Hinduism) an ancient language of India (the language of the Vedas and of Hinduism); an official language of India although it is now used only for religious purposes) }
{ Sindhi, Indic,@ (the Indic language of Sind which is spoken also in western India) }
{ Romany, Gypsy, Sanskrit,@ (the Indic language of the Gypsies) }
{ Urdu, Sanskrit,@ (the official literary language of Pakistan, closely related to Hindi; widely used in India (mostly by Moslems); written in Arabic script) }
{ [ Hindi, adj.pert:hindi,+ ] Sanskrit,@ (the most widely spoken of modern Indic vernaculars; spoken mostly in the north of India; along with English it is the official language of India; usually written in Devanagari script) }
{ [ Hindustani, adj.pert:hindustani,+ ] Hindoostani, Hindostani, Hindi,@ (a form of Hindi spoken around Delhi) }
{ Bihari, Sanskrit,@ (the Indic language spoken in Bihar (and by some people in Pakistan and Bangladesh)) }
{ Magadhan, Sanskrit,@ (a subfamily of Indic languages) }
{ [ Assamese, adj.pert:assamese,+ ] Asamiya, Magadhan,@ (the Magadhan language spoken by the Assamese people; closely related to Bengali) }
{ [ Bengali, adj.pert:bengali,+ ] Bangla, Magadhan,@ (a Magadhan language spoken by the Bengali people; the official language of Bangladesh and Bengal) }
{ Oriya, Magadhan,@ (a Magadhan language that is spoken by the Oriya and is the official language of the Indian state of Orissa) }
{ Marathi, Mahratti, Sanskrit,@ (an Indic language; the state language of Maharashtra in west central India; written in the Devanagari script) }
{ Gujarati, Gujerati, Sanskrit,@ (the Indic language spoken by the people of India who live in Gujarat in western India) }
{ Punjabi, Panjabi, Sanskrit,@ (the Indic language spoken by people in Pakistan and Punjab) }
{ Sinhalese, Singhalese, Sinhala, Sanskrit,@ (the Indic language spoken by the people of Sri Lanka) }
{ Indo-Iranian, Indo-Iranian_language, Indo-European,@ (the branch of the Indo-European family of languages including the Indic and Iranian language groups) }
{ Indic, Indo-Aryan, Indo-Iranian,@ (a branch of the Indo-Iranian family of languages) }
{ Dard, Dardic, Dardic_language, Indic,@ (any of a group of Indic languages spoken in Kashmir and eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan) }
{ Shina, Dard,@ (a Dardic language spoken in northern Kashmir) }
{ Khowar, Dard,@ (a Dardic language spoken in northwestern Pakistan) }
{ Kafiri, Dard,@ (a Dardic language spoken by the Kafir in northeastern Afghanistan) }
{ [ Kashmiri, adj.pert:kashmiri,+ ] Dard,@ (the official state language of Kashmir) }
{ [ Nepali, adj.pert:nepali,+ ] Indic,@ (the official state language of Nepal) }
{ [ Prakrit, adj.pert:prakritic,+ ] Indic,@ (any of the vernacular Indic languages of north and central India (as distinguished from Sanskrit) recorded from the 3rd century BC to the 4th century AD) }
{ Pali, Prakrit,@ (an ancient Prakrit language (derived from Sanskrit) that is the scriptural and liturgical language of Theravada Buddhism) }
{ [ Prakrit1, adj.pert:prakritic,+ ] Indic,@ (any of the modern Indic languages) } 
{ [ Iranian, adj.pert:iranian,+ ] Iranian_language, Indo-Iranian,@ (the modern Persian language spoken in Iran) }
{ [ Avestan, adj.pert:avestan,+ ] Zend, Iranian,@ (an ancient Iranian language) }
{ Gathic, Iranian,@ (an ancient Iranian language) }
{ [ Persian, adj.pert:persian,+ ] Farsi, Iranian,@ (the language of Persia (Iran) in any of its ancient forms) }
{ Dari, Dari_Persian, Iranian,@ (an Iranian language spoken in Afghanistan) }
{ Tajiki, Tajik, Tadzhik, Iranian,@ (the Iranian language of the Tajik that is closely related to Farsi; spoken in Iran and Tajikistan) }
{ Kurdish, Iranian,@ (an Iranian language spoken in Turkey and Iran and Iraq and Syria and Russia) }
{ Balochi, Baluchi, Iranian,@ (an Iranian language spoken in Pakistan and Iran and Afghanistan and Russia and the Persian gulf) }
{ Pahlavi, Pehlevi, Iranian,@ (the Iranian language of the Zoroastrian literature of the 3rd to 10th centuries) }
{ Parthian, Pahlavi,@ (the Iranian language spoken in the Parthian kingdom (250 BC to AD 226)) }
{ Pashto, Pashtu, Paxto, [ Afghani, adj.pert:afghani,+ ] [ Afghan, adj.pert:afghan,+ ] Iranian,@ (an Iranian language spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan; the official language of Afghanistan) }
{ Ossete, Iranian,@ (a northeastern Iranian language spoken in Russia) }
{ [ Scythian, adj.pert:scythian,+ ] Iranian,@ (the Iranian language spoken by the ancient Scythians) }
{ Anatolian, Anatolian_language, Indo-European,@ (an extinct branch of the Indo-European family of languages known from inscriptions and important in the reconstruction of Proto-Indo European) }
{ Hittite, Anatolian,@ (the language of the Hittites and the principal language of the Anatolian group of languages; deciphered from cuneiform inscriptions) }
{ Lycian, Anatolian,@ (an Anatolian language) }
{ Luwian, Luvian, Anatolian,@ (an Anatolian language) }
{ Lydian, Anatolian,@ (an Anatolian language) }
{ Palaic, Anatolian,@ (an Anatolian language) }
{ [ Greek, adj.pert:greek1,+ ] [ Hellenic, adj.pert:hellenic1,+ ] Hellenic_language, Indo-European,@ noun.location:Greece,;r (the Hellenic branch of the Indo-European family of languages) }
{ Modern_Greek, New_Greek, Greek,@ (the Greek language as spoken and written today) }
{ [ Romaic, adj.pert:romaic,+ ] [ Demotic, adj.pert:demotic1,+ ] Modern_Greek,@ (the modern Greek vernacular) }
{ Katharevusa, Modern_greek,@ (literary style of Modern Greek containing features borrowed from Koine) }
{ Late_Greek, Greek,@ (the Greek language in the 3rd to 8th centuries) }
{ Medieval_Greek, Middle_Greek, Byzantine_Greek, Greek,@ (the Greek language from about 600 to 1200 AD) }
{ Koine, Greek,@ (a Greek dialect that flourished under the Roman Empire) }
{ Ancient_Greek, Greek,@ (the Greek language prior to the Roman Empire) }
{ [ Attic, adj.pert:attic,+ ] Ionic, Ionic_dialect, Classical_Greek, Ancient_Greek,@ (the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken and written in Attica and Athens and Ionia) }
{ Aeolic, Aeolic_dialect, Eolic, Ancient_Greek,@ (the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken in Thessaly and Boeotia and Aeolis) }
{ Arcadic, Arcadic_dialect, Ancient_Greek,@ (the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken by Arcadians) }
{ Doric, Doric_dialect, Ancient_Greek,@ (the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken in Doris) }

{ Caucasian, Caucasian_language, natural_language,@ (a number of languages spoken in the Caucasus that are unrelated to languages spoken elsewhere) }
{ Chechen, Caucasian,@ (a northern Caucasian language spoken by the Chechen) }
{ Circassian, Caucasian,@ (a northern Caucasian language spoken by the Circassian) }
{ Abkhazian, Abkhasian, Circassian,@ (a Circassian language spoken by the Abkhaz) }
{ Georgian, Caucasian,@ (a southern Caucasian language with 3 million speakers and a long literary tradition) }
{ Ubykh, Caucasian,@ (an extinct Caucasian language spoken exclusively in Turkey) }
{ Dravidian, Dravidic, Dravidian_language, natural_language,@ (a large family of languages spoken in south and central India and Sri Lanka) }
{ South_Dravidian, Dravidian,@ (a Dravidian language spoken primarily in southern India) }
{ Irula, South_Dravidian,@ (a Dravidian language closely related to Tamil that is spoken in a hilly section of southwestern India) }
{ Kota, Kotar, South_Dravidian,@ (a Dravidian language spoken by the Kota) }
{ Toda, South_Dravidian,@ (the Dravidian language spoken by the Toda in southern India) }
{ Badaga, Kannada,@ (the dialect of Kannada that is spoken by the Badaga) }
{ Kannada, Kanarese, South_Dravidian,@ (a Dravidian language spoken in southern India) }
{ Tulu, South_Dravidian,@ (a Dravidian language spoken by the Tulu) }
{ Malayalam, South_Dravidian,@ (a Dravidian language (closely related to Tamil) that is spoken in southwestern India) }
{ Tamil, South_Dravidian,@ (the Dravidian language spoken since prehistoric times by the Tamil in southern India and Sri Lanka) }
{ South-Central_Dravidian, Dravidian,@ (a Dravidian language spoken primarily in south central India) }
{ Telugu, South-Central_Dravidian,@ (a Dravidian language spoken by the Telugu in southeastern India) }
{ Savara, South-Central_Dravidian,@ (a Dravidian language spoken by the Savara in southeastern India (north of Madras)) }
{ Gondi, South-Central_Dravidian,@ (a Dravidian language spoken by the Gond in south central India) }
{ Pengo, South-Central_Dravidian,@ (a Dravidian language spoken in south central India) }
{ Manda, South-Central_Dravidian,@ (a Dravidian language spoken in south central India) }
{ Kui, South-Central_Dravidian,@ (the Dravidian language spoken by the Kui in southeastern India) }
{ Kuvi, South-Central_Dravidian,@ (a Dravidian language spoken in southeast India) }
{ Central_Dravidian, Dravidian,@ (a Dravidian language spoken primarily in central India) }
{ Kolami, Central_Dravidian,@ (the Dravidian language spoken by the Kolam in central India) }
{ Naiki, Central_Dravidian,@ (a Dravidian language spoken in south central India) }
{ Parji, Central_Dravidian,@ (a Dravidian language spoken in south central India) }
{ Ollari, Central_Dravidian,@ (a Dravidian language spoken in south central India) }
{ Gadaba, Central_Dravidian,@ (the Dravidian language spoken by the Gadaba) }
{ North_Dravidian, Dravidian,@ (a Dravidian language spoken primarily in eastern India) }
{ Kurux, North_Dravidian,@ (a Dravidian language spoken in eastern India) }
{ Malto, North_Dravidian,@ (the Dravidian language spoken by the Malto) }
{ Brahui, North_Dravidian,@ (an isolated Dravidian language spoken by the Brahui in Pakistan) }
{ Hausa, Haussa, West_Chadic,@ (the chief member of the Chadic family of Afroasiatic languages; widely used as a trading language) }
{ Bole, Bolanci, West_Chadic,@ (a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria and closely related to Hausa) }
{ Angas, West_Chadic,@ (a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria and closely related to Hausa) }
{ Ron, Bokkos, Daffo, West_Chadic,@ (a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria) }
{ Bade, West_Chadic,@ (a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria) }
{ Warji, West_Chadic,@ (a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria) }
{ Zaar, Sayanci, West_Chadic,@ (a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria) }
{ West_Chadic, Chad,@ (a group of Chadic languages spoken in northern Nigeria; Hausa in the most important member) }
{ Tera, Pidlimdi, Yamaltu, Biu-Mandara,@ (a three-tone Chadic language) }
{ Bura, Pabir, Biu-Mandara,@ (a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad) }
{ Higi, Kapsiki, Biu-Mandara,@ (a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad) }
{ Mandara, Wandala, Biu-Mandara,@ (a Chadic language spoken in the Mandara mountains in Cameroon; has only two vowels) }
{ Matakam, Mafa, Biu-Mandara,@ (a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad) }
{ Sukur, Biu-Mandara,@ (a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad) }
{ Daba, Kola, Musgoi, Biu-Mandara,@ (a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad) }
{ Bata, Biu-Mandara,@ (a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad) }
{ Kotoko, Biu-Mandara,@ (a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad) }
{ Musgu, Munjuk, Mulwi, Biu-Mandara,@ (a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad) }
{ Gidar, Biu-Mandara,@ (a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad) }
{ Biu-Mandara, Chad,@ (a group of Chadic languages spoken in the border area between Cameroon and Nigeria south of Lake Chad) }
{ Somrai, Sibine, East_Chadic,@ (a Chadic language spoken in Chad) }
{ Nancere, East_Chadic,@ (a Chadic language spoken in Chad) }
{ Kera, East_Chadic,@ (a Chadic language spoken in Chad) }
{ Dangla, Dangaleat, East_Chadic,@ (a Chadic language spoken in Chad; uses seven vowels plus differences in vowel length) }
{ Mokulu, East_Chadic,@ (a Chadic language spoken in Chad) }
{ Sokoro, East_Chadic,@ (a Chadic language spoken in Chad) }
{ East_Chadic, Chad,@ (a group of Chadic languages spoken in Chad) }
{ Masa, Chad,@ (an independent group of closely related Chadic languages spoken in the area between the Biu-Mandara and East Chadic languages) }
{ Chad, Chadic, Chadic_language, Afroasiatic,@ (a family of Afroasiatic tonal languages (mostly two tones) spoken in the regions west and south of Lake Chad in north central Africa) }
{ Afroasiatic, Afro-Asiatic, Afroasiatic_language, Afrasian, Afrasian_language, Hamito-Semitic, natural_language,@ (a large family of related languages spoken both in Asia and Africa) }
{ [ Semitic, adj.pert:semitic1,+ ] Afroasiatic,@ (a major branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family) }
{ [ Hebrew, adj.pert:hebrew,+ noun.person:hebraist,+ adj.pert:hebraic,+ ] Canaanitic,@ (the ancient Canaanitic language of the Hebrews that has been revived as the official language of Israel) }
{ Modern_Hebrew, Hebrew,@ (Hebrew used in Israel today; revived from ancient Hebrew) }
{ Akkadian, Semitic,@ noun.location:Mesopotamia,;r (an ancient branch of the Semitic languages) }
{ Assyrian_Akkadian, Assyrian1, Akkadian,@ noun.location:Mesopotamia,;r (an extinct language of the Assyrians in ancient Mesopotamia) }
{ [ Amharic, adj.pert:amharic,+ ] Ethiopian_language, Semitic,@ (the dominant and official language of Ethiopia; a Semitic language much influenced by the Cushitic language with which Amhara have been in close contact) }
{ [ Arabic, adj.pert:arabic,+ ] Arabic_language, Semitic,@ (the Semitic language of the Arabs; spoken in a variety of dialects) }
{ [ Aramaic, adj.pert:aramaic,+ ] Semitic,@ (a Semitic language originally of the ancient Arameans but still spoken by other people in southwestern Asia) }
{ Biblical_Aramaic, Aramaic,@ (the form of Aramaic that was spoken in Palestine in the time of the New Testament) }
{ Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic, Assyrian, Aramaic,@ noun.location:Iraq,;r (the language of modern Iraq) }
{ Mandaean, Mandean, Aramaic,@ (the form of Aramaic used by the Mandeans) }
{ Maltese, Maltese_language, Malti, Semitic,@ (the national language of the Republic of Malta; a Semitic language derived from Arabic but with many loan words from Italian, Spanish, and Norman-French) }
{ Canaanitic, Canaanitic_language, Semitic,@ (a group of Semitic languages) }
{ Canaanite, Canaanitic,@ (the extinct language of the Semitic people who occupied Canaan before the Israelite conquest) }
{ Phoenician, Canaanitic,@ noun.location:Phoenicia,;r (the extinct language of an ancient Semitic people who dominated trade in the ancient world) }
{ [ Punic, adj.pert:punic,+ ] Phoenician,@ (the Phoenician dialect of ancient Carthage) }
{ Ugaritic, Canaanitic,@ (an extinct Semitic language of northern Syria) }
{ Hamitic, Hamitic_language, Afroasiatic,@ (a group of languages in northern Africa related to Semitic) }
{ [ Egyptian, adj.pert:egyptian,+ ] Afroasiatic,@ (the ancient and now extinct language of Egypt under the Pharaohs; written records date back to 3000 BC) }
{ Demotic1, Demotic_script, hieratic,@ (a simplified cursive form of the ancient hieratic script; "Demotic script was eventually replaced by Greek") }
{ [ Coptic, adj.pert:coptic,+ ] Egyptian,@ (the liturgical language of the Coptic Church used in Egypt and Ethiopia; written in the Greek alphabet) }
{ Berber, Afroasiatic,@ (a cluster of related dialects that were once the major language of northern Africa west of Egypt; now spoken mostly in Morocco) }
{ Tuareg, Berber,@ (the dialect of Berber spoken by the Tuareg) }
{ Cushitic, Afroasiatic,@ (a group of languages spoken in Ethiopia and Somalia and northwestern Kenya and adjacent regions) }
{ [ Somali, adj.pert:somali,+ ] Cushitic,@ (the Cushitic language spoken by the Somali) }
{ Omotic, Afroasiatic,@ (a group of related languages spoken in a valley of southern Ethiopia; closely related to Cushitic languages) }

{ Niger-Kordofanian, Niger-Kordofanian_language, natural_language,@ noun.communication:Swahili,;c (the family of languages that includes most of the languages spoken in Africa south of the Sahara; the majority of them are tonal languages but there are important exceptions (e.g., Swahili or Fula)) }
{ Kordofanian, Niger-Kordofanian,@ (a group of languages spoken in the relatively small Kordofan area of the south Sudan) }
{ Niger-Congo, Niger-Kordofanian,@ (a family of African language spoken in west Africa) }
{ [ Bantu, adj.pert:bantu,+ ] Bantoid_language, Niger-Congo,@ (a family of languages widely spoken in the southern half of the African continent) }
{ Chichewa, Bantu,@ (the Bantu language of the Chewa of east central Africa) }
{ ChiMwini, Bantu,@ (a Bantu language spoken in southern Somalia) }
{ Chishona, Bantu,@ (a Bantu language that is one of the two major languages of Zimbabwe) }
{ Fang, Bantu,@ (a Bantu language spoken in Cameroon) }
{ Gikuyu, Bantu,@ (a Bantu language spoken in western Kenya) }
{ Giriama, Bantu,@ (a Bantu language spoken in the coastal regions of eastern Kenya) }
{ Herero, Bantu,@ (a Banto language spoken by the Herero in Namibia, Botswana, and Angola) }
{ Kamba, Bantu,@ (a Bantu language spoken by the Kamba in Kenya) }
{ Kichaga, Chaga, Chagga, Bantu,@ (a Bantu language spoken by the Chaga in northern Tanzania) }
{ Kinyarwanda, Bantu,@ (a Bantu language) }
{ Kiswahili, Bantu,@ (a Bantu language) }
{ Kongo, Bantu,@ (the Bantu language spoken by the Kongo living in the tropical forests of Zaire and Congo and Angola) }
{ Luba, Tshiluba, Bantu,@ (a Bantu language spoken in southeastern Congo) }
{ LuGanda, Bantu,@ (the Bantu language of the Buganda people; spoken in Uganda) }
{ Luyia, Bantu,@ (a Bantu language) }
{ Mashi, Bantu,@ (a Bantu language) }
{ Mwera, Bantu,@ (a Bantu language spoken in southern coastal Tanzania) }
{ Nguni, Bantu,@ (a group of southern Bantu languages) }
{ Ndebele, Matabele, Nguni,@ (a Bantu language sometimes considered a dialect of Zulu) }
{ Swazi, Nguni,@ (a Bantu language closely related to Zulu) }
{ Xhosa, Nguni,@ (a Bantu language closely related to Zulu) }
{ Zulu, Nguni,@ (a Bantu language of considerable literary importance in southeastern Africa) }
{ Nyamwezi, Bantu,@ (a Bantu language spoken in central Tanzania) }
{ Pokomo, Bantu,@ (a Bantu language spoken in the Kenyan coastal areas of East Africa) }
{ Shona, Bantu,@ (a Bantu language spoken in Zimbabwe) }
{ [ Sotho, adj.pert:sotho,+ ] Bantu,@ (any of the mutually intelligible southern Bantu languages of the Sotho in Botswana and South Africa and Lesotho) }
{ Umbundu, Bantu,@ (a Bantu language spoken in Angola) }
{ Sesotho, Basuto, Sotho,@ (the dialect of Sotho spoken by the Basotho; an official language of Lesotho) }
{ Tswana, Setswana, Sechuana, Sotho,@ (the dialect of Sotho spoken by the Tswana in Botswana) }
{ Swahili, Bantu,@ (the most widely spoken Bantu languages; the official language of Kenya and Tanzania and widely used as a lingua franca in east and central Africa) }
{ Tonga, Bantu,@ (the language of the Tongan people of south central Africa (Zambia and Rhodesia)) }
{ Gur, Voltaic, Niger-Congo,@ (a group of Niger-Congo languages spoken primarily in southeastern Mali and northern Ghana) }
{ [ West_African, adj.pert:west_african,+ ] Niger-Congo,@ (a group of languages spoken in the extreme western part of West Africa) }
{ Fula, Ful, Fulani, Peul, West_African,@ (a family of languages of the Fulani of West Africa and used as a lingua franca in the sub-Saharan regions from Senegal to Chad; the best known of the West African languages) }
{ Serer, West_African,@ (a West African language closely related to Fula; spoken primarily in Senegal and Gambia) }
{ Wolof, West_African,@ (the West African language of the Wolof in Senegal; related to Fula) }
{ Mande, Niger-Congo,@ (a group of African languages in the Niger-Congo group spoken from Senegal east as far as the Ivory Coast) }
{ Kwa, Niger-Congo,@ (a group of African language in the Niger-Congo group spoken from the Ivory Coast east to Nigeria) }
{ Yoruba, Aku, Kwa,@ (a Kwa language spoken by the Yoruba in southwestern Nigeria) }
{ Akan, Kwa,@ (a Kwa language spoken in Ghana and the Ivory Coast) }
{ Ewe, Kwa,@ (a Kwa language spoken by the Ewe in Ghana and Togo and Benin) }
{ Nilo-Saharan, Nilo-Saharan_language, natural_language,@ (a family of East African languages spoken by Nilotic peoples from the Sahara south to Kenya and Tanzania) }
{ Chari-Nile, Nilo-Saharan,@ (a group of Nilo-Saharan language spoken in parts of the Sudan and Zaire and Uganda and Tanzania) }
{ [ Nilotic, adj.pert:nilotic,+ ] Nilotic_language, Chari-Nile,@ (a group of languages of East Africa belonging to the Chari-Nile group) }
{ Dinka, Nilotic,@ (a Nilotic language) }
{ Luo, Nilotic,@ (a Nilotic language) }
{ Masai, Nilotic,@ (a Nilotic language) }
{ Saharan, Nilo-Saharan,@ (a Nilo-Saharan language spoken in parts of Chad) }
{ Songhai, Nilo-Saharan,@ (a Nilo-Saharan language spoken by the Songhai in Mali and Niger) }

{ artwork, [ art, noun.person:artist,+ ] graphics1, nontextual_matter, visual_communication,@ publication,#p (photographs or other visual representations in a printed publication; "the publisher was responsible for all the artwork in the book") }
{ [ graphic_design, noun.person:graphic_designer,+ ] visual_communication,@ (visual communication by a skillful combination of text and pictures in advertisements, magazines, books, etc.) }
{ [ illustration, verb.creation:illustrate1,+ verb.creation:illustrate,+ ] artwork,@ (artwork that helps make something clear or attractive) }
{ [ picture, adj.pert:pictural,+ verb.creation:picture,+ verb.creation:depict,+ ] pictorial_matter, illustration,@ (illustrations used to decorate or explain a text; "the dictionary had many pictures") }
{ figure, fig, illustration,@ (a diagram or picture illustrating textual material; "the area covered can be seen from Figure 2") }
{ [ chart, noun.person:chartist,+ verb.creation:chart4,+ ] [ graph1, adj.pert:graphical,+ verb.creation:graph,+ ] visual_communication,@ (a visual display of information) }
{ [ plot1, verb.cognition:plot1,+ ] chart,@ (a chart or graph showing the movements or progress of an object) }
{ [ graph, adj.pert:graphical,+ verb.creation:graph1,+ verb.creation:graph,+ ] graphical_record, graphical_recording, visual_communication,@ (a visual representation of the relations between certain quantities, represented as points, plotted with reference to a set of axes) }
{ frequency-response_curve, frequency-response_characteristic, characteristic_curve,@ noun.cognition:electronics,;c ((electronics) a graph of frequency response with signal amplitude or gain plotted against frequency) }
{ curve, noun.shape:line,@ graph,#p (a line on a graph representing data) }
{ characteristic_curve, characterisic_function, graph,@ noun.cognition:electronics,;c ((electronics) graph showing how a particular characteristic of a device varies with other parameters) }
{ organization_chart, chart,@ (a chart showing the lines of responsibility between departments of a large organization) }
{ color_chart, chart,@ (a chart displaying colors) }
{ color_circle, color_wheel, color_chart,@ (a chart in which complementary colors (or their names) are arranged on opposite sides of a circle) }
{ bar_chart, bar_graph, chart,@ (a chart with bars whose lengths are proportional to quantities) }
{ histogram, bar_chart,@ (a bar chart representing a frequency distribution; heights of the bars represent observed frequencies) }
{ eye_chart, chart,@ (a chart that is read from a fixed distance; used as a test of vision) }
{ flip_chart, chart,@ (a chart with several sheets hinged at the top; sheets can be flipped over to present information sequentially) }
{ slide_chart, chart,@ noun.artifact:device,@ (a hand-held device, usually of paper, cardboard, or plastic, for conducting simple calculations or looking up information) }
{ volvelle, wheel_chart, slide_chart,@ (a circular slide chart having rotating parts) }
{ pie_chart, chart,@ (a circular chart divided into triangular areas proportional to the percentages of the whole) }
{ star_chart, chart,@ (a chart showing the relative positions of the stars in a particular part of the sky) }
{ profile1, chart,@ (an analysis (often in graphical form) representing the extent to which something exhibits various characteristics; "a biochemical profile of blood"; "a psychological profile of serial killers") }
{ population_profile, profile1,@ (a chart showing the number of people as a function of their ages) }
{ [ tabulation, verb.creation:tabulate,+ ] tabular_matter, information,@ (information set out in tabular form) }
{ [ drawing, verb.creation:draw2,+ verb.creation:draw,+ ] artwork,@ (an illustration that is drawn by hand and published in a book, magazine, or newspaper; "it is shown by the drawing in Fig. 7") }
{ comic_strip, cartoon_strip, strip, funnies, cartoon,@ newspaper,#p comic_book,#p (a sequence of drawings telling a story in a newspaper or comic book) }
{ frame, drawing,@ comic_strip,#p (a single drawing in a comic strip) }
{ ballistocardiogram, graph,@ noun.act:checkup,#p (a graphical recording made by a ballistocardiograph) }
{ echoencephalogram, graph,@ (a graphical image of the brain produced by an echoencephalograph) }
{ echocardiogram, graph,@ (a graphical image of the heart produced by an echocardiograph) }
{ electrocardiogram, cardiogram, EKG, ECG, graph,@ noun.act:checkup,#p (a graphical recording of the cardiac cycle produced by an electrocardiograph) }
{ electroencephalogram, encephalogram, EEG, graph,@ (a graphical record of electrical activity of the brain; produced by an electroencephalograph) }
{ electromyogram, EMG, myogram,@ (a graphical record of electric currents associated with muscle contractions) }
{ electroretinogram, graph,@ (a graphical recording of the electrical activity of the retina that results when light is flashed into the eye) }
{ Laffer_curve, graph,@ (a graph purporting to show the relation between tax rates and government income; income increases as tax rates increase up to an optimum beyond which income declines) }
{ learning_curve, graph,@ (a graph showing the rate of learning (especially a graph showing the amount recalled as a function of the number of attempts to recall)) }
{ myogram, graph,@ (a graphical recording of muscle activity) }
{ radiation_pattern, radiation_diagram, pattern, graph,@ (graphical representation (in polar or Cartesian coordinates) of the spatial distribution of radiation from an antenna as a function of angle) }
{ lobe, noun.shape:loop,@ radiation_pattern,#p (the enhanced response of an antenna in a given direction as indicated by a loop in its radiation pattern) }
{ major_lobe, lobe,@ (the maximum lobe in the radiation pattern which is intended to be along the forward axis and which gives the effect of a beam) }
{ tachogram, graph,@ (a graphical record of speed and distance produced by a tachograph) }
{ thermogram, graph,@ (a graphical record produced by a thermograph) }

{ [ dramaturgy, adj.pert:dramaturgic,+ adj.pert:dramaturgical,+ ] dramatic_art, dramatics, [ theater, adj.pert:theatrical,+ adj.all:theatrical,+ ] theatre, communication1,@ (the art of writing and producing plays) }
{ [ stage, adj.all:theatrical^stagy,+ adj.all:theatrical^stagey,+ verb.creation:stage,+ ] dramaturgy,@ (the theater as a profession (usually `the stage'); "an early movie simply showed a long kiss by two actors of the contemporary stage") }
{ [ production, verb.perception:produce,+ ] presentation,@ (a presentation for the stage or screen or radio or television; "have you seen the new production of Hamlet?") }
{ theatrical_production, [ staging, verb.creation:stage,+ ] production,@ (the production of a drama on the stage) }
{ coup_de_theatre, theatrical_production,@ (a highly successful theatrical production) }
{ coup_de_theatre1, noun.cognition:stagecraft,@ production,#p (a sensational bit of stagecraft) }
{ summer_stock, theatrical_production,@ (theatrical productions performed by a stock company during the summer) }
{ dramatic_composition, dramatic_work, writing,@ dramaturgy,#p (a play for performance on the stage or television or in a movie etc.) }
{ [ play1, noun.communication:playlet,+ verb.creation:play4,+ verb.creation:play10,+ verb.creation:play3,+ verb.creation:play2,+ ] [ drama1, adj.pert:dramatic,+ noun.person:dramatist,+ verb.creation:dramatize,+ verb.communication:dramatize1,+ verb.creation:dramatise,+ verb.communication:dramatise1,+ ] dramatic_play, dramatic_composition,@ noun.communication:drama,;c (a dramatic work intended for performance by actors on a stage; "he wrote several plays but only one was produced on Broadway") }
{ afterpiece, piece2,@ (a brief dramatic piece (usually comic) presented after a play) }
{ [ fragment, adj.all:fractional^fragmentary,+ adj.all:fractional^fragmental,+ verb.change:fragment,+ ] piece2,@ (an incomplete piece; "fragments of a play") }
{ Grand_Guignol, play1,@ (a play of a macabre or horrific nature) }
{ hiatus, piece2,@ (a missing piece (as a gap in a manuscript)) }
{ snatch, bit1, fragment,@ (a small fragment; "overheard snatches of their conversation") }
{ theater_of_the_absurd, play1,@ (plays stressing the irrational or illogical aspects of life, usually to show that modern life is pointless; "Samuel Beckett and Eugene Ionesco have written plays for the theater of the absurd") }
{ [ prologue, verb.communication:prologize,+ ] introduction,@ dramatic_composition,#p (an introduction to a play) }
{ [ playlet, noun.communication:play3,+ noun.communication:play1,+ ] play1,@ (a short play) }
{ act, dramatic_composition,@ play1,#p opera,#p noun.act:ballet,#p (a subdivision of a play or opera or ballet) }
{ scene, dramatic_composition,@ act,#p (a subdivision of an act of a play; "the first act has three scenes") }
{ [ script, verb.creation:script,+ ] [ book1, noun.communication:booklet,+ ] playscript, dramatic_composition,@ (a written version of a play or other dramatic composition; used in preparing for a performance) }
{ promptbook, prompt_copy, script,@ (the copy of the playscript used by the prompter) }
{ continuity, script,@ (a detailed script used in making a film in order to avoid discontinuities from shot to shot) }
{ dialogue, dialog, script,@ (the lines spoken by characters in drama or fiction) }
{ duologue, dialogue,@ (a part of the script in which the speaking roles are limited to two actors) }
{ actor's_line, speech2, words, line2,@ dialogue,#p (words making up the dialogue of a play; "the actor forgot his speech") }
{ aside, actor's_line,@ (a line spoken by an actor to the audience but not intended for others on the stage) }
{ [ cue, verb.communication:cue,+ ] actor's_line,@ (an actor's line that immediately precedes and serves as a reminder for some action or speech) }
{ [ monologue1, noun.person:monologist,+ verb.communication:monologuize,+ ] actor's_line,@ (a (usually long) dramatic speech by a single actor) }
{ [ soliloquy1, verb.communication:soliloquize,+ ] actor's_line,@ (a (usually long) dramatic speech intended to give the illusion of unspoken reflections) }
{ throwaway2, actor's_line,@ (words spoken in a casual way with conscious under-emphasis) }
{ [ prompt, verb.communication:prompt1,+ ] [ prompting1, verb.communication:prompt1,+ ] cue,@ (a cue given to a performer (usually the beginning of the next line to be spoken); "the audience could hear his prompting") }
{ [ libretto, noun.person:librettist,+ ] script,@ (the words of an opera or musical play) }
{ [ scenario, noun.person:scenarist,+ ] script,@ (an outline or synopsis of a play (or, by extension, of a literary work)) }
{ screenplay, script,@ (a script for a film including dialogue and descriptions of characters and sets) }
{ shooting_script, script,@ (the final detailed script for making a movie or TV program) }
{ line2, text,@ stanza,#p letter,#p (text consisting of a row of words written across a page or computer screen; "the letter consisted of three short lines"; "there are six lines in every stanza") }
{ line6, persuasion,@ (persuasive but insincere talk that is usually intended to deceive or impress; "`let me show you my etchings' is a rather worn line"; "he has a smooth line but I didn't fall for it"; "that salesman must have practiced his fast line of talk") }
{ orphan, line2,@ (the first line of a paragraph that is set as the last line of a page or column) }
{ [ spiel, verb.communication:spiel,+ ] patter, line_of_gab, line5,@ (plausible glib talk (especially useful to a salesperson)) }
{ string, noun.group:sequence,@ (a linear sequence (as of characters, words, proteins, etc.)) }
{ string_of_words, word_string, linguistic_string, string,@ language,@ (a linear sequence of words as spoken or written) }
{ substring, string,@ (a string that is part of a longer string) }
{ [ act3, verb.creation:act4,+ verb.body:act1,+ ] expression2,@ (a manifestation of insincerity; "he put on quite an act for her benefit") }
{ lipogram, text,@ (a text that excludes a particular letter or particular letters of the alphabet) }
{ [ effusion, verb.change:effuse,+ ] [ gush, adj.all:demonstrative^gushy,+ verb.communication:gush,+ ] outburst, [ blowup, verb.emotion:blow_up,+ ] ebullition, expression2,@ (an unrestrained expression of emotion) }
{ acting_out, effusion,@ (a (usually irritating) impulsive and uncontrollable outburst by a problem child or a neurotic adult) }
{ [ cry2, verb.body:cry,+ ] effusion,@ (a fit of weeping; "had a good cry") }
{ [ explosion1, verb.change:explode3,+ ] effusion,@ (a sudden outburst; "an explosion of laughter"; "an explosion of rage") }
{ flare1, effusion,@ (a sudden outburst of emotion; "she felt a flare of delight"; "she could not control her flare of rage") }
{ collocation, language_unit,@ (a grouping of words in a sentence) }
{ high-five, gesture,@ (a gesture of greeting or elation; one person's upraised palm slaps the upraised palm of another person) }

{ closet_drama, drama,@ (drama more suitable for reading that for performing) }
{ [ comedy, adj.pert:comic,+ adj.all:humorous^comical,+ tragedy,!] drama,@ (light and humorous drama with a happy ending) }
{ black_comedy, comedy,@ (comedy that uses black humor) }
{ commedia_dell'arte, comedy,@ (Italian comedy of the 16th to 18th centuries improvised from standardized situations and stock characters) }
{ dark_comedy, comedy,@ (a comedy characterized by grim or satiric humor; a comedy having gloomy or disturbing elements) }
{ [ farce, adj.all:humorous^farcical,+ ] farce_comedy, [ travesty, verb.creation:travesty,+ ] comedy,@ (a comedy characterized by broad satire and improbable situations) }
{ high_comedy, comedy,@ (a sophisticated comedy; often satirizing genteel society) }
{ low_comedy, comedy,@ (a comedy characterized by slapstick and burlesque) }
{ [ melodrama, adj.all:theatrical^melodramatic1,+ ] comedy,@ (an extravagant comedy in which action is more salient than characterization) }
{ seriocomedy, [ tragicomedy2, adj.all:sad^tragicomical,+ adj.all:humorous^tragicomical,+ ] comedy,@ (a comedy with serious elements or overtones) }
{ [ tragedy, adj.pert:tragic,+ comedy,!] drama,@ (drama in which the protagonist is overcome by some superior force or circumstance; excites terror or pity) }
{ [ tragicomedy, adj.pert:tragicomic,+ adj.all:sad^tragicomical,+ adj.all:humorous^tragicomical,+ ] tragedy,@ (a dramatic composition involving elements of both tragedy and comedy usually with the tragic predominating) }
{ situation_comedy, sitcom, television_program,@ (a humorous television program based on situations that could arise in everyday life) }
{ special1, television_program,@ (a television production that features a particular person or work or topic; "the last of a series of BBC specials on Iran is being shown tonight") }
{ situation_comedy1, sitcom1, comedy,@ (a humorous drama based on situations that might arise in day-to-day life) }
{ slapstick, comedy,@ (a boisterous comedy with chases and collisions and practical jokes) }
{ [ burlesque, adj.pert:burlesque,+ verb.communication:burlesque,+ ] show,@ (a theatrical entertainment of broad and earthy humor; consists of comic skits and short turns (and sometimes striptease)) }
{ exode, afterpiece,@ (a farcical afterpiece in the ancient Roman theater) }
{ miracle_play, play1,@ (a medieval play representing episodes from the life of a saint or martyr) }
{ morality_play, play1,@ (an allegorical play popular in the 15th and 16th centuries; characters personified virtues and vices) }
{ mystery_play, play1,@ (a medieval play representing episodes from the life of Christ) }
{ Passion_play, play1,@ (a play representing the Passion of Christ) }
{ satyr_play, play1,@ (an ancient Greek burlesque with a chorus of satyrs) }
{ [ play3, noun.communication:playlet,+ verb.creation:play4,+ verb.creation:play10,+ verb.creation:play3,+ verb.creation:play2,+ ] show,@ (a theatrical performance of a drama; "the play lasted two hours") }
{ [ musical, adj.all:musical4,+ adj.all:musical1,+ ] musical_comedy, musical_theater, play3,@ movie,@ (a play or film whose action and dialogue is interspersed with singing and dancing) }
{ curtain_raiser, play3,@ (a short play presented before the main play) }
{ galanty_show, shadow_show, shadow_play, show,@ (a drama executed by throwing shadows on a wall) }
{ puppet_show, puppet_play, show,@ (a show in which the actors are puppets) }
{ minstrel_show, variety_show,@ (a variety show in which the performers are made up in blackface) }
{ revue, review2, variety_show,@ (a variety show with topical sketches and songs and dancing and comedians) }
{ follies, revue,@ (a revue with elaborate costuming) }
{ Ziegfeld_Follies, follies,@ (a series of extravagant revues produced by Flo Ziegfeld) } 
{ variety_show, variety, show,@ (a show consisting of a series of short unrelated performances) }
{ vaudeville, music_hall, variety_show,@ (a variety show with songs and comic acts etc.) }

{ [ dance, verb.creation:dance,+ ] noun.artifact:art,@ (an artistic form of nonverbal communication) }
{ choreography, dance,@ (the representation of dancing by symbols as music is represented by notes) }

{ [ music, noun.person:musician1,+ noun.person:musician,+ ] auditory_communication,@ (an artistic form of auditory communication incorporating instrumental or vocal tones in a structured and continuous manner) }
{ pizzicato, music,@ (a note or passage that is played pizzicato) }
{ [ monophony, adj.all:monophonic,+ polyphony,! ] [ monophonic_music, polyphonic_music,! ] [ monody, adj.all:monophonic^monodical,+ ] music,@ (music consisting of a single vocal part (usually with accompaniment)) }
{ [ polyphony, adj.pert:polyphonous,+ monophony,! ] [ polyphonic_music, monophonic_music,! ] concerted_music, music,@ (music arranged in parts for several voices or instruments) }
{ [ polytonality, adj.all:tonal^polytonal,+ ] polytonalism, music,@ (music that uses two or more different keys at the same time) }
{ popularism, music,@ (music adapted to the understanding and taste of the majority) }
{ rhapsody1, music,@ music,;c ((music) a free instrumental composition in one extended movement; typically emotional or exuberant in character) }
{ [ counterpoint, noun.person:contrapuntist,+ verb.creation:counterpoint,+ ] polyphony,@ (a musical form involving the simultaneous sound of two or more melodies) }
{ black_music, African-American_music, music_genre,@ (music created by African-American musicians; early forms were songs that had a melodic line and a strong rhythmic beat with repeated choruses) }
{ classical_music, classical, serious_music, music_genre,@ (traditional genre of music conforming to an established form and appealing to critical interest and developed musical taste) }
{ chamber_music, classical_music,@ (serious music performed by a small group of musicians) }
{ [ opera, adj.pert:operatic,+ ] classical_music,@ (a drama set to music; consists of singing with orchestral accompaniment and an orchestral overture and interludes) }
{ comic_opera, opera_bouffe, bouffe, opera_comique, opera,@ (opera with a happy ending and in which some of the text is spoken) }
{ grand_opera, opera,@ (opera in which all the text is sung) }
{ musical_drama, opera,@ (opera in which the musical and dramatic elements are equally important; the music is appropriate to the action) }
{ operetta, light_opera, comic_opera,@ (a short amusing opera) }
{ [ harmony1, adj.pert:harmonic1,+ adj.all:harmonious,+ adj.all:harmonious^harmonical,+ ] musical_harmony, music,@ (the structure of music with respect to the composition and progression of chords) }
{ [ harmonization, verb.creation:harmonize1,+ verb.change:harmonize1,+ ] [ harmonisation, verb.creation:harmonise1,+ verb.change:harmonise1,+ ] harmony1,@ (a piece of harmonized music) }
{ [ reharmonization, verb.creation:reharmonize,+ ] reharmonisation, harmonization,@ (a piece of music whose original harmony has been revised) }
{ four-part_harmony, harmony1,@ (harmony in which each chord has four notes that create four melodic lines) }
{ [ preparation, verb.perception:prepare,+ resolution2,! ] harmony1,@ music,;c ((music) a note that produces a dissonant chord is first heard in a consonant chord; "the resolution of one dissonance is often the preparation for another dissonance") }
{ [ resolution2, preparation,! ] harmony1,@ music,;c ((music) a dissonant chord is followed by a consonant chord) }
{ tune, [ melody, adj.all:melodious4,+ adj.all:melodious,+ verb.creation:melodize,+ ] air1, strain, melodic_line, line3, melodic_phrase, music,@ (a succession of notes forming a distinctive sequence; "she was humming an air from Beethoven") }
{ leitmotiv, leitmotif, tune,@ (a melodic phrase that accompanies the reappearance of a person or situation (as in Wagner's operas)) }
{ theme_song, tune,@ (a melody that recurs and comes to represent a musical play or movie) }
{ signature3, signature_tune, theme_song1, tune,@ (a melody used to identify a performer or a dance band or radio/tv program) }
{ [ theme2, adj.pert:thematic1,+ ] melodic_theme, musical_theme, idea, melody,@ music,;c ((music) melodic subject of a musical composition; "the theme is announced in the first measures"; "the accompanist picked up the idea and elaborated it") }
{ obbligato2, obligato2, motif,@ (a persistent but subordinate motif) }
{ motif, motive, theme2,@ (a theme that is repeated or elaborated in a piece of music) }
{ statement4, theme2,@ music,;c ((music) the presentation of a musical theme; "the initial statement of the sonata") }
{ variation, theme2,@ (a repetition of a musical theme in which it is modified or embellished) }
{ inversion1, variation,@ counterpoint,;c ((counterpoint) a variation of a melody or part in which ascending intervals are replaced by descending intervals and vice versa) }
{ [ augmentation, diminution,! ] statement4,@ (the statement of a theme in notes of greater duration (usually twice the length of the original)) }
{ [ diminution, augmentation,! ] statement4,@ (the statement of a theme in notes of lesser duration (usually half the length of the original)) }
{ part, voice2, tune,@ (the melody carried by a particular voice or instrument in polyphonic music; "he tried to sing the tenor part") }
{ part_music, music,@ (vocal music for several voices in independent parts (usually performed without accompaniment)) }
{ [ homophony, adj.all:monophonic^homophonic,+ ] part_music,@ (part music with one dominant voice (in a homophonic style)) }
{ primo, part,@ duet,#p (the principal part of a duet (especially a piano duet)) }
{ secondo, part,@ duet,#p (the second or lower part of a duet (especially a piano duet)) }
{ voice_part, part,@ (a part written for a singer) }
{ canto1, voice_part,@ (the highest part (usually the melody) in a piece of choral music) }
{ [ accompaniment, verb.creation:accompany,+ ] musical_accompaniment, backup, [ support1, verb.creation:support,+ ] part,@ (a musical part (vocal or instrumental) that supports or provides background for other musical parts) }
{ [ descant, verb.communication:descant,+ verb.creation:descant,+ ] discant, accompaniment,@ (a decorative musical accompaniment (often improvised) added above a basic melody) }
{ vamp, accompaniment,@ (an improvised musical accompaniment) }
{ bass1, bass_part, part,@ (the lowest part in polyphonic music) }
{ ground_bass, bass1,@ ostinato,@ (a short melody in the bass that is constantly repeated) }
{ figured_bass, basso_continuo, continuo, thorough_bass, bass1,@ (a bass part written out in full and accompanied by numbers to indicate the chords to be played) }
{ crossover, noun.act:borrowing1,@ music_genre,;c (the appropriation of a new style (especially in popular music) by combining elements of different genres in order to appeal to a wider audience; "a jazz-classical crossover album") }
{ religious_music, church_music, music_genre,@ (genre of music composed for performance as part of religious ceremonies) }
{ [ antiphon, adj.pert:antiphonal1,+ adj.pert:antiphonal,+ adj.pert:antiphonary,+ ] antiphony1, religious_music,@ (a verse or song to be chanted or sung in response) }
{ gradual, antiphon,@ noun.group:Roman_Catholic,;c ((Roman Catholic Church) an antiphon (usually from the Book of Psalms) immediately after the epistle at Mass) }
{ Mass1, prayer1,@ (a sequence of prayers constituting the Christian Eucharistic rite; "the priest said Mass") }
{ Mass, religious_music,@ noun.act:High_Mass,#p (a musical setting for a Mass; "they played a Mass composed by Beethoven") }
{ Requiem1, Mass,@ noun.act:Requiem,#p (a musical setting for a Mass celebrating the dead) }
{ Shema, prayer1,@ (a liturgical prayer (considered to be the essence of Jewish religion) that is recited at least twice daily by adult Jewish males to declare their faith; "as soon as Leonard learned to talk he was taught to recite the first words of the Shema, the creed of Judaism which originated on Sinai with Moses and is recited daily") }
{ processional, prosodion, religious_music,@ (religious music used in a procession) }
{ antiphonary, [ antiphonal, adj.pert:antiphonal,+ ] religious_music,@ (bound collection of antiphons) }
{ [ chant, verb.communication:chant1,+ verb.communication:chant,+ ] religious_song,@ (a repetitive song in which as many syllables as necessary are assigned to a single tone) }
{ Hallel, chant,@i noun.cognition:Judaism,;c ((Judaism) a chant of praise (Psalms 113 through 118) used at Passover and Shabuoth and Sukkoth and Hanukkah and Rosh Hodesh) }
{ Hare_Krishna, chant,@i (a chant to the Hindu god Krishna) }
{ plainsong, plainchant, chant,@ noun.group:Roman_Catholic,;c ((Roman Catholic Church) a liturgical chant consisting of a single, unaccompanied melodic line) }
{ Gregorian_chant, plainsong,@ (a variety of plainsong named after Pope Gregory I) }
{ cantus_firmus, chant,@ (a pre-existing melody used as the basis for a polyphonic composition; originally drawn from plainchant, but later drawn from other sources) }
{ religious_song, religious_music,@ song,@ (religious music for singing) }
{ spiritual, Negro_spiritual, religious_song,@ (a kind of religious song originated by Blacks in the southern United States) }
{ carol, Christmas_carol, religious_song,@ (joyful religious song celebrating the birth of Christ) }
{ [ hymn, verb.creation:hymn,+ verb.communication:hymn,+ ] anthem, religious_song,@ (a song of praise (to God or to a saint or to a nation)) }
{ doxology, hymn,@ noun.act:Christian_liturgy,#p (a hymn or verse in Christian liturgy glorifying God) }
{ chorale, choral, hymn,@ (a stately Protestant (especially Lutheran) hymn tune) }
{ canticle, hymn,@ (a hymn derived from the Bible) }
{ Dies_Irae, hymn,@i (the first words of a medieval Latin hymn describing the Last Judgment (literally `day of wrath')) }
{ hymeneal, hymn,@ (a wedding hymn) }
{ Internationale, hymn,@i (a revolutionary socialist anthem) }
{ paean1, pean1, hymn,@ noun.location:Greece,;r noun.time:antiquity,;c ((ancient Greece) a hymn of praise (especially one sung in ancient Greece to invoke or thank a deity)) }
{ Magnificat, canticle,@i noun.communication:Luke,;c ((Luke) the canticle of the Virgin Mary (from Luke 1:46 beginning `Magnificat anima mea Dominum')) }
{ [ recessional, adj.pert:recessional,+ ] hymn,@ (a hymn that is sung at the end of a service as the clergy and choir withdraw) }
{ Te_Deum, hymn,@i (an ancient liturgical hymn) }

{ musical_composition, opus, [ composition1, verb.creation:compose3,+ ] piece1, piece_of_music, music,@ (a musical work that has been created; "the composition is written in four movements") }
{ musical_arrangement, arrangement, musical_composition,@ (a piece of music that has been adapted for performance by a particular set of voices or instruments) }
{ [ orchestration, verb.creation:orchestrate,+ ] musical_arrangement,@ (an arrangement of a piece of music for performance by an orchestra or band) }
{ instrumental_music, music,@ (music intended to be performed by a musical instrument or group of instruments) }
{ instrumentation, musical_arrangement,@ (the instruments called for in a musical score or arrangement for a band or orchestra) }
{ [ realization, verb.creation:realize7,+ ] realisation, musical_composition,@ (a musical composition that has been completed or enriched by someone other than the composer) }
{ [ recapitulation1, verb.creation:recapitulate,+ ] section,@ music,;c ((music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) in which musical themes that were introduced earlier are repeated) }
{ finale, coda, conclusion,@ performance,#p musical_composition,#p (the closing section of a musical composition) }
{ intermezzo, musical_composition,@ (a short piece of instrumental music composed for performance between acts of a drama or opera) }
{ [ allegro, adj.all:fast2^allegro,+ ] musical_composition,@ passage1,@ (a musical composition or musical passage to be performed quickly in a brisk lively manner) }
{ allegretto, passage1,@ musical_composition,@ (a musical composition or musical passage to be performed at a somewhat quicker tempo than andante but not as fast as allegro) }
{ andante, passage1,@ musical_composition,@ (a musical composition or musical passage to be performed moderately slow) }
{ intermezzo2, movement,@ (a short movement coming between the major sections of a symphony) }
{ introit, musical_composition,@ (a composition of vocal music that is appropriate for opening church services) }
{ [ prelude, verb.creation:prelude,+ ] music,@ (music that precedes a fugue or introduces an act in an opera) }
{ chorale_prelude, prelude,@ (a composition for organ using a chorale as a basis for variations) }
{ overture1, music,@ (orchestral music played at the beginning of an opera or oratorio) }
{ [ solo, noun.person:soloist,+ verb.creation:solo,+ ] musical_composition,@ (a musical composition for one voice or instrument (with or without accompaniment)) }
{ voluntary, solo,@ (composition (often improvised) for a solo instrument (especially solo organ) and not a regular part of a religious service or musical performance) }
{ postlude, voluntary,@ (a voluntary played at the end of a religious service) }
{ duet, duette, duo, musical_composition,@ (a musical composition for two performers) }
{ trio, musical_composition,@ (a musical composition for three performers) }
{ quartet, quartette, musical_composition,@ (a musical composition for four performers) }
{ quintet, quintette, musical_composition,@ (a musical composition for five performers) }
{ sextet, sextette, sestet, musical_composition,@ (a musical composition written for six performers) }
{ septet, septette, musical_composition,@ (a musical composition written for seven performers) }
{ octet, octette, musical_composition,@ (a musical composition written for eight performers) }
{ cantata, oratorio, classical_music,@ (a musical composition for voices and orchestra based on a religious text) }
{ Messiah, oratorio,@i (an oratorio composed by Handel in 1742) }
{ bagatelle, musical_composition,@ (a light piece of music for piano) }
{ divertimento, [ serenade1, verb.creation:serenade,+ ] musical_composition,@ (a musical composition in several movements; has no fixed form) }
{ [ keen, verb.emotion:keen,+ ] dirge,@ noun.location:Ireland,;r (a funeral lament sung with loud wailing) }
{ canon1, musical_composition,@ (a contrapuntal piece of music in which a melody in one part is imitated exactly in other parts) }
{ enigma_canon, enigmatic_canon, enigmatical_canon, riddle_canon, canon1,@ (a canon in which the entrances of successive parts were indicated by cryptic symbols and devices (popular in the 15th and 16th centuries)) }
{ concerto, classical_music,@ (a composition for orchestra and a soloist) }
{ concerto_grosso, concerto,@ (a baroque composition for orchestra and a group of solo instruments) }
{ etude, musical_composition,@ (a short composition for a solo instrument; intended as an exercise or to demonstrate technical virtuosity) }
{ fugue, classical_music,@ (a musical form consisting of a theme repeated a fifth above or a fourth below its first statement) }
{ pastorale, [ pastoral, adj.all:rural^pastoral,+ ] idyll2, idyl2, musical_composition,@ (a musical composition that evokes rural life) }
{ rondo, rondeau1, classical_music,@ (a musical form that is often the last movement of a sonata) }
{ sonata, classical_music,@ (a musical composition of 3 or 4 movements of contrasting forms) }
{ piano_sonata, sonata,@ (a sonata for piano) }
{ toccata, musical_composition,@ (a baroque musical composition (usually for a keyboard instrument) with full chords and rapid elaborate runs in a rhythmically free style) }
{ fantasia, musical_composition,@ (a musical composition of a free form usually incorporating several familiar themes) }
{ sonatina, sonata,@ (a short and simple sonata) }
{ [ symphony, adj.pert:symphonic,+ verb.creation:symphonize,+ ] symphonic_music, sonata,@ (a long and complex sonata for symphony orchestra) }
{ passage1, musical_passage, musical_composition,@ (a short section of a musical composition) }
{ [ forte, adj.all:forte,+ ] musical_passage,@ (a musical composition or musical passage to be performed loudly) }
{ [ fortissimo, adj.all:forte^fortissimo,+ ] musical_passage,@ (a musical composition or musical passage to be performed very loudly) }
{ intro1, passage1,@ (a brief introductory passage to a piece of popular music) }
{ [ phrase1, adj.pert:phrasal,+ ] musical_phrase, passage1,@ tune,#p (a short musical passage) }
{ ligature, phrase1,@ noun.communication:music,;c ((music) a group of notes connected by a slur) }
{ ostinato, phrase1,@ (a musical phrase repeated over and over during a composition) }
{ [ riff, verb.creation:riff,+ ] ostinato,@ (a jazz ostinato; usually provides a background for a solo improvisation) }
{ cadence, passage1,@ (the close of a musical section) }
{ plagal_cadence, amen_cadence, cadence,@ (a cadence (frequently ending church music) in which the chord of the subdominant precedes the chord of the tonic) }
{ cadenza, passage1,@ (a brilliant solo passage occurring near the end of a piece of music) }
{ movement, musical_composition,@ sonata,#p (a major self-contained part of a symphony or sonata; "the second movement is slow and melodic") }
{ [ largo, adj.all:slow2^largo,+ ] musical_composition,@ passage1,@ music,;c ((music) a composition or passage that is to be performed in a slow and dignified manner) }
{ larghetto, musical_composition,@ music,;c ((music) a composition or passage played in a slow tempo slightly faster than largo but slower than adagio) }
{ scherzo, movement,@ (a fast movement (usually in triple time)) }
{ suite, musical_composition,@ music,;c (a musical composition of several movements only loosely connected) }
{ partita, suite,@ ((music) an instrumental suite common in the 18th century) }
{ partita1, variation,@ (one of the variations contained in a partita) }
{ symphonic_poem, tone_poem, musical_composition,@ (an orchestral composition based on literature or folk tales) }
{ medley, potpourri, pastiche, musical_composition,@ (a musical composition consisting of a series of songs or other musical pieces from various sources) }
{ nocturne, notturno, musical_composition,@ (a pensive lyrical piece of music (especially for the piano)) }
{ adagio, musical_composition,@ passage1,@ music,;c ((music) a composition played in adagio tempo (slowly and gracefully); "they played the adagio too quickly") }
{ [ song, noun.person:songster1,+ noun.person:songster,+ verb.creation:sing,+ verb.creation:sing1,+ ] vocal1, musical_composition,@ (a short musical composition with words; "a successful musical must have at least three good songs") }
{ study1, musical_composition,@ (a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique; "a study in spiccato bowing") }
{ antiphony, music,@ (alternate (responsive) singing by a choir in two parts) }
{ anthem1, song,@ (a song of devotion or loyalty (as to a nation or school)) }
{ national_anthem, anthem1,@ (a song formally adopted as the anthem for a nation) }
{ Marseillaise, national_anthem,@i (the French national anthem) }
{ The_Star-Spangled_Banner1, national_anthem,@i (a poem written by Francis Scott Key during the War of 1812 was set to music and adopted by Congress in 1931 as the national anthem of the United States) }
{ aria, song,@ opera,#p (an elaborate song for solo voice) }
{ arietta, short_aria, aria,@ (a short aria) }
{ [ ballad1, noun.person:balladeer,+ ] lay1, song,@ (a narrative song with a recurrent refrain) }
{ minstrelsy, ballad1,@ (ballads sung by minstrels) }
{ barcarole, barcarolle, song,@ (a boating song sung by Venetian gondoliers) }
{ chantey, chanty, sea_chantey, shanty, work_song,@ (a rhythmical work song originally sung by sailors) }
{ refrain, [ chorus, adj.pert:choral1,+ verb.creation:chorus,+ ] music,@ song,#p (the part of a song where a soloist is joined by a group of singers) }
{ tra-la, tra-la-la, refrain,@ (a set of nonsensical syllables used while humming a refrain) }
{ ditty, song,@ (a short simple song (or the words of a poem intended to be sung)) }
{ dirge, coronach, [ lament1, verb.emotion:lament,+ ] requiem, threnody, song,@ (a song or hymn of mourning composed or performed as a memorial to a dead person) }
{ drinking_song, song,@ (a song celebrating the joys of drinking; sung at drinking parties) }
{ folk_song, folksong, folk_ballad, folk_music,@ song,@ (a song that is traditionally sung by the common people of a region and forms part of their culture) }
{ blues, black_music,@ folk_song,@ (a type of folksong that originated among Black Americans at the beginning of the 20th century; has a melancholy sound from repeated use of blue notes) }
{ fado, folk_song,@ (a sad Portuguese folksong) }
{ blue_note, note4,@ blues,#p (a flattened third or seventh) }
{ lied, song,@ (a German art song of the 19th century for voice and piano) }
{ love_song, love-song, song,@ (a song about love or expressing love for another person) }
{ lullaby, cradlesong, berceuse, song,@ (a quiet song intended to lull a child to sleep) }
{ [ lyric1, noun.person:lyricist,+ verb.creation:lyric,+ ] words2, language2, text,@ song,#p (the text of a popular song or musical-comedy number; "his compositions always started with the lyrics"; "he wrote both words and music"; "the song uses colloquial language") }
{ stanza, text,@ poem,#p (a fixed number of lines of verse forming a unit of a poem) }
{ love_lyric, lyric1,@ (the lyric of a love song) }
{ oldie, golden_oldie, song,@ (a song that was formerly popular) }
{ partsong, song,@ (a song with two or more voice parts) }
{ [ madrigal, noun.person:madrigalist,+ verb.creation:madrigal,+ ] partsong,@ (an unaccompanied partsong for 2 or 3 voices; follows a strict poetic form) }
{ round, [ troll, verb.creation:troll,+ ] partsong,@ (a partsong in which voices follow each other; one voice starts and others join in one after another until all are singing different parts of the song at the same time; "they enjoyed singing rounds") }
{ prothalamion, prothalamium, song,@ epithalamium,@ (a song in celebration of a marriage) }
{ roundelay, song,@ (a song in which a line or phrase is repeated as the refrain) }
{ scolion, banquet_song, song,@ (a song (sometimes improvised) sung by guests at a banquet) }
{ [ serenade, verb.creation:serenade,+ ] song,@ (a song characteristically played outside the house of a woman) }
{ torch_song, song,@ (a popular song concerned with disappointment in love) }
{ work_song, song,@ (a usually rhythmical song to accompany repetitious work) }
{ shivaree, chivaree, charivari, [ callithump, adj.pert:callithumpian,+ ] callathump, belling, serenade,@ (a noisy mock serenade (made by banging pans and kettles) to a newly married couple) }

{ [ ballet, adj.pert:balletic,+ ] music,@ (music written for a ballet) }
{ dance_music, music,@ (music to dance to) }
{ beguine, dance_music,@ (music written in the bolero rhythm of the beguine dance) }
{ bolero, dance_music,@ (music written in the rhythm of the bolero dance) }
{ carioca, dance_music,@ (music composed for dancing the carioca) }
{ [ conga, verb.motion:conga,+ ] dance_music,@ (music composed for dancing the conga) }
{ flamenco, dance_music,@ (guitar music composed for dancing the flamenco) }
{ gavotte, dance_music,@ (music composed in quadruple time for dancing the gavotte) }
{ habanera, dance_music,@ (music composed in duple time for dancing the habanera) }
{ hornpipe, dance_music,@ (music for dancing the hornpipe) }
{ [ jig, verb.motion:jig,+ ] gigue, dance_music,@ (music in three-four time for dancing a jig) }
{ landler, dance_music,@ (music in triple time for dancing the landler) }
{ mazurka, dance_music,@ (music composed for dancing the mazurka) }
{ minuet, dance_music,@ (a stately piece of music composed for dancing the minuet; often incorporated into a sonata or suite) }
{ paso_doble, dance_music,@ (music in march time composed for dancing the paso doble; often played at bull fights) }
{ pavane, pavan, dance_music,@ (music composed for dancing the pavane) }
{ polka, dance_music,@ (music performed for dancing the polka) }
{ quadrille, dance_music,@ (music for dancing the quadrille) }
{ reel, dance_music,@ (music composed for dancing a reel) }
{ rumba, [ rhumba, verb.motion:rhumba,+ ] dance_music,@ (syncopated music in duple time for dancing the rumba) }
{ [ samba, verb.motion:samba,+ ] dance_music,@ (music composed for dancing the samba) }
{ saraband, dance_music,@ (music composed for dancing the saraband) }
{ schottische, folk_music,@ (music performed for dancing the schottische) }
{ serialism, serial_music, music,@ (20th century music that uses a definite order of notes as a thematic basis for a musical composition) }
{ [ syncopation2, verb.change:syncopate,+ ] music,@ noun.communication:music,;c (music (especially dance music) that has a syncopated rhythm) }
{ twelve-tone_music, 12-tone_music, twelve-tone_system, 12-tone_system, serialism,@ (a type of serial music introduced by Arnold Schoenberg; uses a tone row formed by the twelve semitones of the chromatic scale (and inverted or backward versions of the row)) }
{ [ tango, verb.motion:tango,+ ] dance_music,@ (music written in duple time for dancing the tango) }
{ tarantella, dance_music,@ (music composed in six-eight time for dancing the tarantella) }
{ techno, dance_music,@ (a style of fast heavy electronic dance music usually without vocals) }
{ [ waltz, verb.motion:waltz,+ ] dance_music,@ (music composed in triple time for waltzing) }
{ marching_music, march1, music_genre,@ (genre of music written for marching; "Sousa wrote the best marches") }
{ military_march, military_music, martial_music, marching_music,@ (brisk marching music suitable for troops marching in a military parade) }
{ quickstep, military_march,@ (military march accompanying quick time) }
{ pibroch, military_march,@ (martial music with variations; to be played by bagpipes) }
{ processional_march, recessional_march, marching_music,@ (a march to be played for processions) }
{ funeral_march, dead_march, processional_march,@ (a slow march to be played for funeral processions) }
{ wedding_march, processional_march,@ (a march to be played for a wedding procession) }
{ popular_music, popular_music_genre, music_genre,@ (any genre of music having wide appeal (but usually only for a short time)) }
{ disco, disco_music, popular_music,@ (popular dance music (especially in the late 1970s); melodic with a regular bass beat; intended mainly for dancing at discotheques) }
{ macumba, popular_music,@ (popular dance music of Brazil; derived from the practices of the macumba religious cult) }
{ pop_music, pop, popular_music,@ (music of general appeal to teenagers; a bland watered-down version of rock'n'roll with more rhythm and harmony and an emphasis on romantic love) }
{ folk_music, ethnic_music, folk, popular_music,@ (the traditional and typically anonymous music that is an expression of the life of people in a community) }
{ country_music, country_and_western, C_and_W, folk_music,@ (a simple style of folk music heard mostly in the southern United States; usually played on stringed instruments) }
{ dance_music1, danceroom_music, ballroom_music, popular_music,@ (a genre of popular music composed for ballroom dancing) }
{ ragtime, [ rag1, verb.creation:rag,+ ] dance_music,@ (music with a syncopated melody (usually for the piano)) }
{ [ jazz1, adj.all:rhythmical^jazzy,+ verb.creation:jazz,+ ] dance_music,@ noun.communication:jazz,;c (a style of dance music popular in the 1920s; similar to New Orleans jazz but played by large bands) }
{ kwela, dance_music,@ (a kind of danceable music popular among black South Africans; includes a whistle among its instruments) }
{ gospel3, gospel_singing, folk_music,@ noun.act:a_cappella_singing,;c (folk music consisting of a genre of a cappella music originating with Black slaves in the United States and featuring call and response; influential on the development of other genres of popular music (especially soul)) }
{ doo-wop, gospel3,@ (a genre (usually a cappella) of Black vocal-harmony music of the 1950s that evolved in New York City from gospel singing; characterized by close four-part harmonies; the name derived from some of the nonsense syllables sung by the backup) }
{ soul, gospel3,@ black_music,@ (a secular form of gospel that was a major Black musical genre in the 1960s and 1970s; "soul was politically significant during the Civil Rights movement") }
{ bluegrass, country_music,@ (a type of country music played at a rapid tempo on banjos and guitars) }
{ hillbilly_music, country_music,@ (country music originating in mountainous regions of southern United States) }
{ square-dance_music, folk_music,@ (music performed for square dancing) }
{ zydeco, country_music,@ (music of southern Louisiana that combines French dance melodies with Caribbean music and blues) }

{ [ jazz, adj.all:rhythmical^jazzy,+ verb.creation:jazz,+ ] popular_music,@ (a genre of popular music that originated in New Orleans around 1900 and developed through increasingly complex styles) }
{ [ bop, verb.motion:bop,+ ] [ bebop, verb.motion:bebop,+ ] jazz,@ (an early form of modern jazz (originating around 1940)) }
{ [ boogie, verb.motion:boogie,+ ] boogie-woogie, jazz,@ blues,@ (an instrumental version of the blues (especially for piano)) }
{ cool_jazz, jazz,@ (jazz that is restrained and fluid and marked by intricate harmonic structures often lagging slightly behind the beat) }
{ [ funk, adj.all:emotional^funky,+ ] jazz,@ (an earthy type of jazz combining it with blues and soul; has a heavy bass line that accentuates the first beat in the bar) }
{ hot_jazz, jazz,@ (jazz that is emotionally charged and intense and marked by strong rhythms and improvisation) }
{ modern_jazz, new_jazz, neo_jazz, jazz,@ (any of various styles of jazz that appeared after 1940) }
{ [ rap2, verb.creation:rap10,+ ] rap_music, hip-hop, popular_music,@ black_music,@ (genre of African-American music of the 1980s and 1990s in which rhyming lyrics are chanted to a musical accompaniment; several forms of rap have emerged) }
{ rhythm_and_blues, R_and_B, popular_music,@ black_music,@ (a combination of blues and jazz that was developed in the United States by Black musicians; an important precursor of rock 'n' roll) }
{ rockabilly, popular_music,@ (a fusion of black music and country music that was popular in the 1950s; sometimes described as blues with a country beat) }
{ rock_'n'_roll, rock'n'roll, rock-and-roll, rock_and_roll, rock1, rock_music, popular_music,@ (a genre of popular music originating in the 1950s; a blend of black rhythm-and-blues with white country-and-western; "rock is a generic term for the range of styles that evolved out of rock'n'roll.") }
{ heavy_metal, heavy_metal_music, rock_'n'_roll,@ (loud and harsh sounding rock music with a strong beat; lyrics usually involve violent or fantastic imagery) }
{ progressive_rock, art_rock, rock_'n'_roll,@ (a style of rock music that emerged in the 1970s; associated with attempts to combine rock with jazz and other forms; intended for listening and not dancing) }
{ psychedelic_rock, acid_rock, rock_'n'_roll,@ (a musical style that emerged in the 1960s; rock music inspired by or related to drug-induced experience) }
{ punk_rock, punk, rock_'n'_roll,@ (rock music with deliberately offensive lyrics expressing anger and social alienation; in part a reaction against progressive rock) }
{ trad, jazz,@ noun.location:Britain,;r (traditional jazz as revived in the 1950s) }
{ [ swing1, adj.all:rhythmical^swingy,+ verb.stative:swing10,+ ] swing_music, [ jive, verb.creation:jive,+ ] jazz,@ (a style of jazz played by big bands popular in the 1930s; flowing rhythms but less complex than later styles of jazz) }
{ reggae, popular_music,@ (popular music originating in the West Indies; repetitive bass riffs and regular chords played on the off beat by a guitar) }
{ skiffle, popular_music,@ noun.location:Britain,;r (a style of popular music in the 1950s; based on American folk music and played on guitars and improvised percussion instruments) }

{ expressive_style, [ style, adj.all:rhetorical^stylistic,+ noun.person:stylist1,+ noun.person:stylist,+ verb.creation:stylize,+ ] noun.Tops:communication,@ language,;c noun.act:art,;c music,;c (a way of expressing something (in language or art or music etc.) that is characteristic of a particular person or group of people or period; "all the reporters were expected to adopt the style of the newspaper") }
{ [ address3, verb.competition:address,+ ] manner_of_speaking,@ (the manner of speaking to another individual; "he failed in his manner of address to the captain") }
{ catch, manner_of_speaking,@ (a break or check in the voice (usually a sign of strong emotion)) }
{ analysis1, expressive_style,@ (the use of closed-class words instead of inflections: e.g., `the father of the bride' instead of `the bride's father') }
{ bathos, expressive_style,@ (triteness or triviality of style) }
{ black_humor, black_humour, expressive_style,@ noun.communication:drama,;c (the juxtaposition of morbid and farcical elements (in writing or drama) to give a disturbing effect) }
{ Gongorism, euphuism1,@ (an affected elegance of style that was introduced into Spanish literature by the poet Gongora) }
{ conceit1, device,@ (an artistic device or effect; "the architect's brilliant conceit was to build the house around the tree") }
{ development, section,@ music,;c ((music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated) }
{ device, expressive_style,@ (something in an artistic work designed to achieve a particular effect) }
{ doctorspeak, jargon1,@ (medical jargon) }
{ ecobabble, jargon1,@ (using the technical language of ecology to make the user seem ecologically aware) }
{ [ eloquence, adj.all:articulate^eloquent,+ ] [ fluency, adj.all:articulate^fluent,+ ] smoothness, expressive_style,@ (powerful and effective language; "his eloquence attracted a large congregation"; "fluency in spoken and written English is essential"; "his oily smoothness concealed his guilt from the police") }
{ euphuism1, expressive_style,@ (any artificially elegant style of language) }
{ Eurobabble, jargon1,@ (the jargon of European community documents and regulations) }
{ [ flatness, adj.all:unstimulating^flat,+ adj.all:unmodulated^flat,+ adj.all:multidimensional^flat,+ ] expressive_style,@ (a want of animation or brilliance; "the almost self-conscious flatness of Hemingway's style") }
{ [ formulation, verb.communication:formulate,+ ] expression1, expressive_style,@ (the style of expressing yourself; "he suggested a better formulation"; "his manner of expression showed how much he cared") }
{ gobbledygook, jargon1,@ (incomprehensible or pompous jargon of specialists) }
{ [ grandiosity, adj.all:pretentious^grandiose,+ ] [ magniloquence, adj.all:rhetorical^magniloquent,+ ] [ ornateness, adj.all:rhetorical^ornate,+ ] [ grandiloquence, adj.all:rhetorical^grandiloquent,+ ] rhetoric2, expressive_style,@ (high-flown style; excessive use of verbal ornamentation; "the grandiosity of his prose"; "an excessive ornateness of language" ) }
{ headlinese, expressive_style,@ (using the abbreviated style of headline writers) }
{ [ honorific, adj.all:respectful^honorific,+ ] formulation,@ (an expression of respect; "the Japanese use many honorifics") }
{ jargon1, expressive_style,@ (specialized technical terminology characteristic of a particular subject) }
{ journalese, expressive_style,@ (the style in which newspapers are written) }
{ legalese, expressive_style,@ (a style that uses the abstruse technical vocabulary of the law) }
{ manner_of_speaking, speech5, [ delivery, verb.communication:deliver,+ ] expressive_style,@ paralanguage,#p (your characteristic style or manner of expressing yourself orally; "his manner of speaking was quite abrupt"; "her speech was barren of southernisms"; "I detected a slight accent in his speech") }
{ music_genre, musical_genre, genre1, musical_style, expressive_style,@ music,@ (an expressive style of music) }
{ officialese, expressive_style,@ (the style of writing characteristic of some government officials: formal and obscure) }
{ pathos, expressive_style,@ (a style that has the power to evoke feelings) }
{ [ prose1, adj.all:unrhetorical^prosaic,+ adj.all:uninteresting^prosaic,+ adj.all:unexciting^prosaic,+ ] expressive_style,@ (matter of fact, commonplace, or dull expression) }
{ psychobabble, jargon1,@ (using language loaded with psychological terminology) }
{ [ rhetoric, noun.person:rhetorician,+ ] expressive_style,@ (using language effectively to please or persuade) }
{ [ saltiness, adj.all:stimulating^salty,+ ] coarseness, expressive_style,@ (language or humor that is down-to-earth; "the saltiness of their language was inappropriate"; "self-parody and saltiness riddled their core genre") }
{ self-expression, expressive_style,@ (the expression of one's individuality (usually through creative activities)) }
{ [ articulation1, verb.communication:articulate2,+ verb.communication:articulate1,+ verb.communication:articulate,+ ] [ voice1, verb.communication:voice,+ ] expression4,@ (expressing in coherent verbal form; "the articulation of my feelings"; "I gave voice to my feelings") }
{ [ archaism, adj.pert:archaistic,+ verb.change:archaize,+ verb.change:archaise,+ ] [ archaicism, adj.pert:archaistic,+ ] formulation,@ (the use of an archaic expression) }
{ boilerplate, formulation,@ contract,#p (standard formulations uniformly found in certain types of legal documents or news stories) }
{ colloquialism, formulation,@ (a colloquial expression; characteristic of spoken or written communication that seeks to imitate informal speech) }
{ mot_juste, wording,@ (the appropriate word or expression) }
{ [ verbalization, verb.communication:verbalize,+ ] [ verbalisation, verb.communication:verbalise3,+ verb.communication:verbalise,+ ] noun.act:activity,@ (the activity of expressing something in words) }
{ verbalization1, verbalisation1, wording,@ (the words that are spoken in the activity of verbalization) }
{ parlance, [ idiom2, adj.pert:idiomatic,+ adj.pert:idiomatical,+ ] formulation,@ (a manner of speaking that is natural to native speakers of a language) }
{ Americanism, formulation,@ (an expression that is characteristic of English as spoken by Americans) }
{ Anglicism, Briticism, Britishism, formulation,@ (an expression that is used in Great Britain (especially as contrasted with American English)) }
{ Gallicism, loanword,@ (a word or phrase borrowed from French) }
{ [ wording, verb.communication:word,+ ] diction, [ phrasing, verb.communication:phrase,+ ] phraseology, choice_of_words, verbiage, formulation,@ (the manner in which something is expressed in words; "use concise military verbiage"- G.S.Patton) }

{ paralanguage, paralinguistic_communication, noun.Tops:communication,@ (the use of manner of speaking to communicate particular meanings) }
{ tongue1, manner_of_speaking,@ (a manner of speaking; "he spoke with a thick tongue"; "she has a glib tongue") }
{ sharp_tongue, tongue1,@ (a bitter or critical manner of speaking) }
{ shibboleth, manner_of_speaking,@ (a manner of speaking that is distinctive of a particular group of people) }
{ [ tone1, verb.communication:intonate1,+ ] tone_of_voice, manner_of_speaking,@ (the quality of a person's voice; "he began in a conversational tone"; "he spoke in a nervous tone of voice") }
{ note5, tone1,@ (a tone of voice that shows what the speaker is feeling; "there was a note of uncertainty in his voice") }
{ [ roundness, adj.all:full1^round,+ ] rotundity, tone1,@ (the fullness of a tone of voice; "there is a musky roundness to his wordiness") }
{ undertone, tone1,@ (a quiet or hushed tone of voice; "spoke in undertones") }
{ [ elocution, adj.all:affected1^elocutionary,+ adj.pert:elocutionary,+ noun.person:elocutionist,+ verb.communication:elocute,+ ] manner_of_speaking,@ (an expert manner of speaking involving control of voice and gesture) }
{ [ barrage, verb.communication:barrage,+ ] [ bombardment, verb.communication:bombard,+ ] outpouring, onslaught, language,@ (the rapid and continuous delivery of linguistic communication (spoken or written); "a barrage of questions"; "a bombardment of mail complaining about his mistake") }
{ prosody, [ inflection, verb.communication:inflect,+ ] manner_of_speaking,@ (the patterns of stress and intonation in a language) }
{ [ modulation3, verb.communication:modulate,+ verb.change:modulate,+ ] [ inflection1, verb.communication:inflect,+ ] manner_of_speaking,@ (a manner of speaking in which the loudness or pitch or tone of the voice is modified) }
{ [ intonation, verb.communication:intone1,+ verb.communication:intone,+ verb.communication:intonate1,+ verb.communication:intonate,+ ] [ modulation2, verb.communication:modulate,+ ] pitch_contour, prosody,@ (rise and fall of the voice pitch) }
{ intonation_pattern, intonation,@ (intonations characteristic of questions and requests and statements) }
{ [ monotone, adj.all:unmodulated^monotone,+ adj.all:unmodulated^monotonic,+ ] [ drone, verb.communication:drone,+ ] [ droning, verb.perception:drone,+ verb.communication:drone,+ ] intonation,@ (an unchanging intonation) }
{ [ monotone1, adj.all:unmodulated^monotonic,+ ] note4,@ (a single tone repeated with different words or different rhythms (especially in rendering liturgical texts)) }
{ [ singsong, verb.motion:singsong,+ verb.communication:singsong,+ ] intonation,@ (a regular and monotonous rising and falling intonation) }
{ [ caesura, adj.pert:caesural,+ ] prosody,@ (a break or pause (usually for sense) in the middle of a verse line) }
{ enjambment, enjambement, prosody,@ (the continuation of a syntactic unit from one line of verse into the next line without a pause) }
{ [ stress1, verb.communication:stress1,+ ] [ emphasis, adj.all:stressed^emphatic,+ adj.all:forceful^emphatic,+ ] [ accent, adj.pert:accentual,+ adj.all:accentual1,+ verb.communication:accentuate1,+ verb.communication:accent,+ ] prosody,@ (the relative prominence of a syllable or musical note (especially with regard to stress or pitch); "he put the stress on the wrong syllable") }
{ [ accentuation, verb.communication:accentuate1,+ ] stress1,@ (the use or application of an accent; the relative prominence of syllables in a phrase or utterance) }
{ tonic_accent, pitch_accent, stress1,@ (emphasis that results from pitch rather than loudness) }
{ word_stress, word_accent, stress1,@ (the distribution of stresses within a polysyllabic word) }
{ sentence_stress, stress1,@ (the distribution of stresses within a sentence) }
{ rhythm, speech_rhythm, prosody,@ noun.cognition:template,@ (the arrangement of spoken words alternating stressed and unstressed elements; "the rhythm of Frost's poetry") }
{ rhythm1, [ beat, verb.motion:beat,+ verb.contact:beat10,+ verb.perception:beat,+ verb.motion:beat3,+ verb.creation:beat5,+ ] musical_rhythm, noun.time:musical_time,@ (the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music; "the piece has a fast rhythm"; "the conductor set the beat") }
{ backbeat, rhythm1,@ rock_'n'_roll,#p noun.communication:rock_music,;c (a loud steady beat) }
{ downbeat, rhythm1,@ (the first beat of a musical measure (as the conductor's arm moves downward)) }
{ upbeat, offbeat, rhythm1,@ (an unaccented beat (especially the last beat of a measure)) }
{ [ syncopation, verb.change:syncopate,+ ] rhythm1,@ (a musical rhythm accenting a normally weak beat) }
{ recitative, passage1,@ (a vocal passage of narrative text that a singer delivers with natural rhythms of speech) }
{ arioso, recitative,@ noun.communication:music,;c ((music) a short recitative that is melodic but is not an aria) }
{ transition1, [ modulation1, verb.creation:modulate,+ ] passage1,@ (a musical passage moving from one key to another) }
{ [ bombast, adj.all:rhetorical^bombastic,+ ] fustian, [ rant, verb.communication:rant,+ ] claptrap, blah, grandiosity,@ (pompous or pretentious talk or writing) }
{ [ sesquipedality, adj.all:pretentious^sesquipedalian,+ adj.all:long1^sesquipedalian,+ ] expressive_style,@ (using long words) }
{ [ sensationalism, adj.all:sensational^sensationalistic,+ noun.person:sensationalist,+ ] [ luridness, adj.all:sensational^lurid,+ ] journalese,@ (the journalistic use of subject matter that appeals to vulgar tastes; "the tabloids relied on sensationalism to maintain their circulation") }
{ technobabble, jargon1,@ (technical jargon from computing and other high-tech subjects) }
{ [ terseness, adj.all:concise^terse,+ verboseness,!] expressive_style,@ (a neatly short and concise expressive style) }
{ turn_of_phrase, turn_of_expression, expressive_style,@ (a distinctive spoken or written expression; "John's succinct turn of phrase persuaded her that it would not be a good idea") }
{ conceit, turn_of_phrase,@ (a witty or ingenious turn of phrase; "he could always come up with some inspired off-the-wall conceit") }
{ [ conciseness, adj.all:concise,+ ] concision, [ pithiness, adj.all:concise^pithy,+ ] [ succinctness, adj.all:concise^succinct,+ ] terseness,@ (terseness and economy in writing and speaking achieved by expressing a great deal in just a few words) }
{ [ crispness, adj.all:concise^crisp,+ ] terseness,@ (an expressive style that is direct and to the point; "the crispness of his reply") }
{ [ brevity, adj.all:concise^brief,+ ] terseness,@ (the use of brief expressions) }
{ laconism, laconicism, terseness,@ (terseness of expression) }
{ vein, expressive_style,@ (a distinctive style or manner; "he continued in this vein for several minutes") }
{ [ verboseness, adj.all:prolix^verbose,+ terseness,!] [ verbosity, adj.all:prolix^verbose,+ ] expressive_style,@ (an expressive style that uses excessive or empty words) }
{ verbiage2, verbalism1, verbosity,@ (overabundance of words) }
{ [ prolixity, adj.all:prolix,+ ] [ prolixness, adj.all:prolix,+ ] [ windiness, adj.all:prolix^windy,+ ] [ long-windedness, adj.all:prolix^long-winded,+ ] wordiness, verboseness,@ (boring verbosity) }
{ [ circumlocution, adj.all:indirect2^circumlocutious,+ ] [ periphrasis, adj.all:indirect2^periphrastic,+ ] [ ambage, adj.all:indirect2^ambagious,+ ] verboseness,@ (a style that involves indirect ways of expressing things) }
{ [ turgidity, adj.all:rhetorical^turgid,+ ] [ turgidness, adj.all:rhetorical^turgid,+ ] flatulence, long-windedness,@ (pompously embellished language) }
{ [ repetitiveness, adj.all:continual^repetitive,+ adj.all:repetitive,+ ] [ repetitiousness, adj.all:repetitious,+ ] verboseness,@ (verboseness resulting from excessive repetitions) }
{ [ redundancy, adj.all:unnecessary^redundant,+ ] repetitiveness,@ (repetition of messages to reduce the probability of errors in transmission) }
{ [ pleonasm, adj.all:prolix^pleonastic,+ ] verboseness,@ (using more words than necessary; "a tiny little child") }
{ [ tautology, adj.all:prolix^tautologic,+ adj.all:prolix^tautological,+ ] repetitiveness,@ (useless repetition; "to say that something is `adequate enough' is a tautology") }
{ [ tautology1, adj.all:prolix^tautological,+ ] truth,@ noun.cognition:logic,;c ((logic) a statement that is necessarily true; "the statement `he is brave or he is not brave' is a tautology") }
{ [ abbreviation, verb.change:abbreviate,+ ] form,@ (a shortened form of a word or phrase) }
{ apocope, abbreviation,@ (abbreviation of a word by omitting the final sound or sounds; "the British get `pud' from `pudding' by apocope") }
{ initialism, abbreviation,@ (an abbreviation formed from the initial letters of the several words in the name and pronounced separately; "HTML is an initialism for HyperText Markup Language") }
{ [ acronym, adj.pert:acronymic,+ adj.pert:acronymous,+ ] initialism1, form,@ (a word formed from the initial letters of the several words in the name and pronounced as one word; "`NATO' is an initialism for North Atlantic Treaty Organization"; "the word `scuba' is an acronym for s(elf)-c(ontained) u(nderwater) b(reathing) a(pparatus)") }

{ writing_style, literary_genre, genre2, expressive_style,@ (a style of expressing yourself in writing) }
{ [ form2, verb.stative:form,+ ] writing_style,@ (an arrangement of the elements in a composition or discourse; "the essay was in the form of a dialogue"; "he first sketches the plot in outline form") }
{ [ poetry2, adj.pert:poetical,+ ] poesy2, [ verse2, verb.creation:verse,+ verb.creation:versify,+ ] writing_style,@ (literature in metrical form) }
{ heroic_poetry, epic_poetry, poetry2,@ (poetry celebrating the deeds of some hero) }
{ [ poetry3, adj.all:rhetorical^poetical,+ adj.pert:poetical,+ adj.all:rhetorical^poetic,+ adj.all:figurative^poetic,+ adj.pert:poetic,+ ] expressive_style,@ (any communication resembling poetry in beauty or the evocation of feeling) }
{ [ versification, verb.creation:versify,+ ] noun.act:writing2,@ (the art or practice of writing verse) }
{ [ versification1, verb.creation:versify,+ ] form2,@ (the form or metrical composition of a poem) }
{ [ versification2, verb.creation:versify,+ ] adaptation,@ (a metrical adaptation of something (e.g., of a prose text)) }
{ poetic_rhythm, rhythmic_pattern, prosody1, versification1,@ poem,#p noun.cognition:prosody,;c ((prosody) a system of versification) }
{ [ meter, adj.all:rhythmical^metrical,+ ] [ metre, adj.all:rhythmical^metrical,+ ] measure1, beat2, cadence1, poetic_rhythm,@ noun.cognition:prosody,;c ((prosody) the accent in a metrical foot of verse) }
{ [ catalexis, catalectic,+ adj.all:catalectic,+ ] meter,@ (the absence of a syllable in the last foot of a line or verse) }
{ [ scansion, verb.communication:scan,+ ] meter,@ (analysis of verse into metrical patterns) }
{ sprung_rhythm, poetic_rhythm,@ (a poetic rhythm that imitates the rhythm of speech) }
{ common_measure, common_meter, meter,@ (the usual (iambic) meter of a ballad) }
{ metrical_foot, foot, metrical_unit, meter,@ noun.cognition:prosody,;c ((prosody) a group of 2 or 3 syllables forming the basic unit of poetic rhythm) }
{ [ dactyl, adj.pert:dactylic,+ ] metrical_foot,@ (a metrical unit with stressed-unstressed-unstressed syllables) }
{ iamb, iambus, metrical_foot,@ (a metrical unit with unstressed-stressed syllables) }
{ anapest, anapaest, metrical_foot,@ (a metrical unit with unstressed-unstressed-stressed syllables) }
{ amphibrach, metrical_foot,@ (a metrical unit with unstressed-stressed-unstressed syllables (e.g., `remember')) }
{ [ trochee, adj.pert:trochaic,+ ] metrical_foot,@ (a metrical unit with stressed-unstressed syllables) }
{ [ spondee, adj.pert:spondaic,+ ] metrical_foot,@ (a metrical unit with stressed-stressed syllables) }
{ [ pyrrhic1, adj.pert:pyrrhic1,+ ] dibrach, metrical_foot,@ (a metrical unit with unstressed-unstressed syllables) }
{ [ tetrameter, adj.pert:tetrametric,+ ] verse1,@ (a verse line having four metrical feet) }
{ pentameter, verse1,@ (a verse line having five metrical feet) }
{ hexameter, verse1,@ (a verse line having six metrical feet) }
{ octameter, verse1,@ (a verse line having eight metrical feet) }
{ [ octosyllable, adj.all:syllabic^octosyllabic,+ ] verse1,@ (a verse line having eight syllables or a poem of octosyllabic lines) }
{ decasyllable, verse1,@ (a verse line having ten syllables) }
{ [ rhyme, noun.person:rhymester,+ verb.stative:rhyme,+ ] [ rime, verb.stative:rime,+ ] versification1,@ poem,#p (correspondence in the sounds of two or more lines (especially final sounds)) }
{ internal_rhyme, rhyme,@ (a rhyme between words in the same line) }
{ [ alliteration, verb.creation:alliterate,+ ] initial_rhyme, beginning_rhyme, head_rhyme, rhyme,@ (use of the same consonant at the beginning of each stressed syllable in a line of verse; "around the rock the ragged rascal ran") }
{ [ assonance, adj.all:same^assonant,+ adj.all:rhymed^assonant,+ verb.stative:assonate,+ ] vowel_rhyme, rhyme,@ (the repetition of similar vowels in the stressed syllables of successive words) }
{ consonance, consonant_rhyme, rhyme,@ (the repetition of consonants (or consonant patterns) especially at the ends of words) }
{ double_rhyme, rhyme,@ (a two-syllable rhyme; "`ended' and `blended' form a double rhyme") }
{ rhyme_royal, stanza,@ (a stanza form having seven lines of iambic pentameter; introduced by Chaucer) }
{ ottava_rima, stanza,@ (a stanza of eight lines of heroic verse with the rhyme scheme abababcc) }
{ eye_rhyme, rhyme,@ (an imperfect rhyme (e.g., `love' and `move')) }

{ rhetorical_device, device,@ rhetoric,#p noun.cognition:rhetoric,;c (a use of language that creates a literary effect (but often without regard for literal significance)) }
{ anacoluthia, anacoluthon, rhetorical_device,@ (an abrupt change within a sentence from one syntactic structure to another) }
{ [ asyndeton, adj.all:asyndetic,+ ] rhetorical_device,@ (the omission of conjunctions where they would normally be used) }
{ [ repetition, adj.all:repetitious,+ ] rhetorical_device,@ (the repeated use of the same word or word pattern as a rhetorical device) }
{ anadiplosis, reduplication2, repetition,@ (repetition of the final words of a sentence or line at the beginning of the next) }
{ epanalepsis, repetition,@ (repetition after intervening words) }
{ epanodos, repetition,@ noun.cognition:rhetoric,;c (repetition of a group of words in reverse order) }
{ epanodos1, recapitulation,@ noun.cognition:rhetoric,;c (recapitulation of the main ideas of a speech (especially in reverse order)) }
{ epiphora, epistrophe, repetition,@ (repetition of the ends of two or more successive sentences, verses, etc.) }
{ [ gemination, verb.change:geminate,+ ] repetition,@ (the doubling of a word or phrase (as for rhetorical effect)) }
{ ploce, repetition,@ noun.cognition:rhetoric,;c ((rhetoric) repetition to gain special emphasis or extend meaning) }
{ polyptoton, repetition,@ (repetition of a word in a different case or inflection in the same sentence; "My own heart's heart") }
{ epanaphora, anaphora1, repetition,@ (repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses) }
{ anaphora, repetition,@ (using a pronoun or similar word instead of repeating a word used earlier) }
{ symploce, repetition,@ (repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning and another at the end of successive clauses, i.e., simultaneous use of anaphora and epistrophe) }
{ anastrophe, inversion, rhetorical_device,@ (the reversal of the normal order of words) }
{ antiphrasis, rhetorical_device,@ irony,#p (the use of a word in a sense opposite to its normal sense (especially in irony)) }
{ [ antithesis, adj.all:different^antithetic,+ ] rhetorical_device,@ (the juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas to give a feeling of balance) }
{ antinomasia, rhetorical_device,@ (substitution of a title for a name) }
{ [ apophasis, adj.pert:apophatic,+ ] rhetorical_device,@ (mentioning something by saying it will not be mentioned) }
{ [ aposiopesis, adj.pert:aposiopetic,+ ] rhetorical_device,@ (breaking off in the middle of a sentence (as by writers of realistic conversations)) }
{ apostrophe, rhetorical_device,@ (address to an absent or imaginary person) }
{ [ catachresis, adj.pert:catachrestic,+ adj.pert:catachrestical,+ ] rhetorical_device,@ (strained or paradoxical use of words either in error (as `blatant' to mean `flagrant') or deliberately (as in a mixed metaphor: `blind mouths')) }
{ chiasmus, rhetorical_device,@ (inversion in the second of two parallel phrases) }
{ climax1, rhetorical_device,@ (arrangement of clauses in ascending order of forcefulness) }
{ conversion, rhetorical_device,@ (interchange of subject and predicate of a proposition) }
{ dramatic_irony, irony,@ noun.communication:theater,;c ((theater) irony that occurs when the meaning of the situation is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play) }
{ ecphonesis, [ exclamation1, verb.communication:exclaim1,+ ] rhetorical_device,@ (an exclamatory rhetorical device; "O tempore! O mores") }
{ [ emphasis1, adj.all:assertive^emphatic,+ ] rhetorical_device,@ (special and significant stress by means of position or repetition e.g.) }
{ enallage, rhetorical_device,@ (a substitution of part of speech or gender or number or tense etc. (e.g., editorial `we' for `I')) }
{ epanorthosis, rhetorical_device,@ (immediate rephrasing for intensification or justification; "Seems, madam! Nay, it is") }
{ epiplexis, rhetorical_device,@ (a rhetorical device in which the speaker reproaches the audience in order to incite or convince them) }
{ hendiadys, rhetorical_device,@ (use of two conjoined nouns instead of a noun and modifier) }
{ hypallage, rhetorical_device,@ (reversal of the syntactic relation of two words (as in `her beauty's face')) }
{ hyperbaton, rhetorical_device,@ (reversal of normal word order (as in `cheese I love')) }
{ hypozeugma, rhetorical_device,@ (use of a series of subjects with a single predicate) }
{ hypozeuxis, rhetorical_device,@ (use of a series of parallel clauses (as in `I came, I saw, I conquered')) }
{ hysteron_proteron, rhetorical_device,@ (reversal of normal order of two words or sentences etc. (as in `bred and born')) }
{ litotes, meiosis, rhetorical_device,@ understatement,@ (understatement for rhetorical effect (especially when expressing an affirmative by negating its contrary); "saying `I was not a little upset' when you mean `I was very upset' is an example of litotes") }
{ [ onomatopoeia, adj.pert:onomatopoetic,+ adj.all:onomatopoetic,+ adj.all:onomatopoeical,+ ] rhetorical_device,@ (using words that imitate the sound they denote) }
{ paralepsis, paraleipsis, paralipsis, preterition, rhetorical_device,@ (suggesting by deliberately concise treatment that much of significance is omitted) }
{ paregmenon, rhetorical_device,@ (juxtaposing words having a common derivation (as in `sense and sensibility')) }
{ polysyndeton, rhetorical_device,@ (using several conjunctions in close succession, especially where some might be omitted (as in `he ran and jumped and laughed for joy')) }
{ prolepsis, rhetorical_device,@ (anticipating and answering objections in advance) }
{ wellerism, rhetorical_device,@ (a comparison comprising a well-known quotation followed by a facetious sequel) }
{ [ trope, adj.all:figurative^tropical,+ ] figure_of_speech, figure1, image, rhetorical_device,@ (language used in a figurative or nonliteral sense) }
{ conceit2, trope,@ (an elaborate poetic image or a far-fetched comparison of very dissimilar things) }
{ [ irony, adj.all:incongruous^ironic,+ adj.all:incongruous^ironical,+ ] trope,@ (a trope that involves incongruity between what is expected and what occurs) }
{ [ hyperbole, adj.all:increased^hyperbolic,+ verb.communication:hyperbolize,+ ] [ exaggeration1, verb.communication:exaggerate,+ ] trope,@ (extravagant exaggeration) }
{ kenning, trope,@ (conventional metaphoric name for something, used especially in Old English and Old Norse poetry) }
{ [ metaphor, adj.all:figurative^metaphoric,+ adj.all:figurative^metaphorical,+ ] trope,@ (a figure of speech in which an expression is used to refer to something that it does not literally denote in order to suggest a similarity) }
{ dead_metaphor, frozen_metaphor, metaphor,@ (a metaphor that has occurred so often that it has become a new meaning of the expression (e.g., `he is a snake' may once have been a metaphor but after years of use it has died and become a new sense of the word `snake')) }
{ mixed_metaphor, metaphor,@ (a combination of two or more metaphors that together produce a ridiculous effect) }
{ synesthetic_metaphor, metaphor,@ (a metaphor that exploits a similarity between experiences in different sense modalities) }
{ [ metonymy, adj.all:figurative^metonymical,+ ] trope,@ (substituting the name of an attribute or feature for the name of the thing itself (as in `they counted heads')) }
{ metalepsis, metonymy,@ (substituting metonymy of one figurative sense for another) }
{ oxymoron, trope,@ (conjoining contradictory terms (as in `deafening silence')) }
{ [ personification, verb.stative:personify1,+ ] prosopopoeia, trope,@ (representing an abstract quality or idea as a person or creature) }
{ simile, trope,@ (a figure of speech that expresses a resemblance between things of different kinds (usually formed with `like' or `as')) }
{ [ synecdoche, adj.all:figurative^synecdochic,+ adj.all:figurative^synecdochical,+ ] trope,@ (substituting a more inclusive term for a less inclusive one or vice versa) }
{ syllepsis, zeugma,@ (use of a word to govern two or more words though agreeing in number or case etc. with only one) }
{ zeugma, trope,@ (use of a verb with two or more complements, playing on the verb's polysemy, for humorous effect; "`Mr. Pickwick took his hat and his leave' is an example of zeugma") }
{ auditory_communication, noun.Tops:communication,@ (communication that relies on hearing) }
{ speech, speech_communication, spoken_communication, spoken_language, language1, voice_communication, oral_communication, auditory_communication,@ noun.communication:language,;c ((language) communication by word of mouth; "his speech was garbled"; "he uttered harsh language"; "he recorded the spoken language of the streets") }
{ words3, speech,@ (the words that are spoken; "I listened to his words very closely") }
{ [ utterance, verb.communication:utter2,+ verb.communication:utter1,+ verb.communication:utter,+ ] [ vocalization1, verb.communication:vocalize4,+ ] auditory_communication,@ (the use of uttered sounds for auditory communication) }
{ [ speech4, verb.communication:speak1,+ ] speaking1,@ (the exchange of spoken words; "they were perfectly comfortable together without speech") }
{ [ voice, verb.communication:voice1,+ ] [ vocalization, verb.communication:vocalize2,+ ] [ vocalisation, verb.communication:vocalise2,+ ] [ vocalism, noun.person:vocalist,+ ] [ phonation, verb.communication:phonate,+ ] vox, noun.Tops:communication,@ (the sound made by the vibration of vocal folds modified by the resonance of the vocal tract; "a singer takes good care of his voice"; "the giraffe cannot make any vocalizations") }
{ [ phone, adj.pert:phonic1,+ adj.pert:phonic,+ adj.pert:phonetic1,+ adj.pert:phonetic,+ verb.communication:phonate,+ ] speech_sound, [ sound1, verb.communication:sound,+ verb.perception:sound2,+ ] language_unit,@ utterance,#p noun.cognition:phonetics,;c ((phonetics) an individual sound unit of speech without concern as to whether or not it is a phoneme of some language) }
{ [ morphophoneme, adj.pert:morphophonemic,+ ] allomorph,@ noun.cognition:linguistics,;c ((linguistics) the phonemes (or strings of phonemes) that constitute the various allomorphs of a morpheme) }
{ [ phoneme, adj.pert:phonemic,+ ] phone,@ noun.cognition:linguistics,;c ((linguistics) one of a small set of speech sounds that are distinguished by the speakers of a particular language) }
{ [ allophone, adj.pert:allophonic,+ ] phoneme,@ noun.cognition:linguistics,;c ((linguistics) any of various acoustically different forms of the same phoneme) }
{ ablaut, vowel,@ (a vowel whose quality or length is changed to indicate linguistic distinctions (such as sing sang sung song)) }
{ grade, gradation, ablaut,@ (a degree of ablaut) }
{ [ diphthong, verb.communication:diphthongize,+ ] vowel,@ (a vowel sound that starts near the articulatory position for one vowel and moves toward the position for another) }
{ [ vowel, adj.pert:vocalic,+ adj.all:vocalic2,+ verb.communication:vowelize,+ consonant,! ] vowel_sound, phone,@ (a speech sound made with the vocal tract open) }
{ accentual_system, prosodic_system, language_system,@ (the system of accentuation used in a particular language) }
{ consonant_system, consonantal_system, phonemic_system,@ (the system of consonants used in a particular language) }
{ morphophonemic_system, language_system,@ (the morphophonemics of a particular language) }
{ phonemic_system, language_system,@ (the system of phonemes recognized in a language) }
{ phonological_system, phonologic_system, language_system,@ (the system of phones used in a particular language) }
{ [ syllabicity, adj.pert:syllabic1,+ ] language_system,@ (the pattern of syllable formation in a particular language) }
{ tense_system, language_system,@ (a system of tenses used in a particular language) }
{ tone_system, tonal_system, phonological_system,@ tone_language,#p (the system of tones used in a particular language or dialect of a tone language) }
{ vowel_system, vocalism1, phonemic_system,@ (the system of vowels used in a particular language) }
{ schwa, shwa, vowel,@ (a neutral middle vowel; occurs in unstressed syllables) }
{ murmur_vowel, murmur1, schwa,@ (a schwa that is incidental to the pronunciation of a consonant) }
{ stem_vowel, thematic_vowel, vowel,@ (a vowel that ends a stem and precedes an inflection) }
{ semivowel, glide, phone,@ (a vowellike sound that serves as a consonant) }
{ [ palatal, adj.all:soft3^palatal,+ ] semivowel,@ (a semivowel produced with the tongue near the palate (like the initial sound in the English word `yeast')) }
{ [ vowel1, adj.pert:vocalic,+ adj.all:vocalic2,+ ] letter1,@ (a letter of the alphabet standing for a spoken vowel) }
{ vowel_point, vowel1,@ (a mark placed below or near a consonant (as in Hebrew or Arabic) to indicate the spoken vowel) }
{ [ consonant, adj.pert:consonantal,+ adj.all:consonantal2,+ vowel,! ] phone,@ (a speech sound that is not a vowel) }
{ consonant1, letter1,@ (a letter of the alphabet standing for a spoken consonant) }
{ alveolar_consonant, dental_consonant, [ alveolar, adj.pert:alveolar2,+ ] dental, consonant,@ (a consonant articulated with the tip of the tongue near the gum ridge) }
{ obstruent, consonant,@ (a consonant that is produced with a partial or complete blockage of the airflow from the lungs through the nose or mouth) }
{ [ stop_consonant, continuant_consonant,! ] stop, [ occlusive, adj.pert:occlusive,+ ] plosive_consonant, plosive_speech_sound, plosive, obstruent,@ (a consonant produced by stopping the flow of air at some point and suddenly releasing it; "his stop consonants are too aspirated") }
{ [ implosion, verb.change:implode,+ ] noun.act:occlusion,@ stop_consonant,#p (the initial occluded phase of a stop consonant) }
{ plosion, [ explosion, verb.communication:explode2,+ ] noun.act:release6,@ stop_consonant,#p (the terminal forced release of pressure built up during the occlusive phase of a stop consonant) }
{ affrication, articulation,@ (the conversion of a simple stop consonant into an affricate) }
{ [ aspirate, verb.communication:aspirate,+ ] consonant,@ (a consonant pronounced with aspiration) }
{ [ aspiration, verb.communication:aspirate,+ ] articulation,@ (a manner of articulation involving an audible release of breath) }
{ labial_consonant, [ labial, adj.pert:labial1,+ ] consonant,@ (a consonant whose articulation involves movement of the lips) }
{ labiodental_consonant, labiodental, consonant,@ (a consonant whose articulation involves the lips and teeth) }
{ [ bilabial, adj.pert:bilabial,+ ] labial_consonant,@ (a consonant that is articulated using both lips; /p/ or /b/ or /w/) }
{ labial_stop, stop_consonant,@ labial_consonant,@ (a stop consonant that is produced with the lips) }
{ glottal_stop, glottal_plosive, glottal_catch, stop_consonant,@ (a stop consonant articulated by releasing pressure at the glottis; as in the sudden onset of a vowel) }
{ epenthesis, articulation,@ (the insertion of a vowel or consonant into a word to make its pronunciation easier; "the insertion of a vowel in the plural of the word `bush' is epenthesis") }
{ [ nasalization, verb.communication:nasalize1,+ verb.communication:nasalize,+ ] [ nasalisation, verb.communication:nasalise,+ ] articulation,@ (the act of nasalizing; the utterance of sounds modulated by the nasal resonators) }
{ suction_stop, [ click, verb.communication:click1,+ ] stop_consonant,@ (a stop consonant made by the suction of air into the mouth (as in Bantu)) }
{ [ continuant_consonant, stop_consonant,! ] continuant, obstruent,@ (consonant articulated by constricting (but not closing) the vocal tract) }
{ fricative_consonant, fricative, spirant, continuant_consonant,@ (a continuant consonant produced by breath moving against a narrowing of the vocal tract) }
{ [ sibilant, adj.all:soft3^sibilant,+ verb.communication:sibilate1,+ verb.communication:assibilate,+ verb.change:assibilate,+ verb.communication:sibilate3,+ verb.communication:sibilate2,+ ] sibilant_consonant, fricative_consonant,@ (a consonant characterized by a hissing sound (like s or sh)) }
{ affricate, affricate_consonant, affricative, obstruent,@ (a composite speech sound consisting of a stop and a fricative articulated at the same point (as `ch' in `chair' and `j' in `joy')) }
{ nasal_consonant, [ nasal, adj.all:high3^nasal,+ ] consonant,@ (a consonant produced through the nose with the mouth closed) }
{ orinasal_phone, orinasal, phone,@ (a speech sound produced with both the oral and nasal passages open (as French nasal vowels)) }
{ lingual, consonant,@ (a consonant that is produced with the tongue and other speech organs) }
{ liquid, consonant,@ (a frictionless continuant that is not a nasal consonant (especially `l' and `r')) }
{ geminate, consonant,@ (a doubled or long consonant; "the `n' in `thinness' is a geminate") }
{ surd, voiceless_consonant, consonant,@ (a consonant produced without sound from the vocal cords) }
{ velar, velar_consonant, consonant,@ (a consonant produced with the back of the tongue touching or near the soft palate) }
{ [ guttural, adj.pert:guttural,+ ] guttural_consonant, pharyngeal, pharyngeal_consonant, consonant,@ (a consonant articulated in the back of the mouth or throat) }
{ [ sonant, adj.all:sonant,+ verb.communication:sound,+ ] voiced_sound, phone,@ (a speech sound accompanied by sound from the vocal cords) }
{ [ cry, verb.communication:cry1,+ ] [ outcry, verb.competition:outcry,+ ] [ call2, verb.communication:call9,+ verb.cognition:call13,+ ] [ yell, verb.communication:yell1,+ verb.communication:yell,+ ] [ shout, verb.communication:shout8,+ verb.communication:shout1,+ verb.communication:shout,+ ] vociferation, utterance,@ (a loud utterance; often in protest or opposition; "the speaker was interrupted by loud cries from the rear of the audience") }
{ [ cry4, verb.communication:cry1,+ ] [ yell1, verb.communication:yell1,+ ] utterance,@ (a loud utterance of emotion (especially when inarticulate); "a cry of rage"; "a yell of pain") }
{ [ bellow, verb.communication:bellow1,+ verb.communication:bellow,+ ] [ bellowing, verb.communication:bellow1,+ verb.communication:bellow,+ ] holla, [ holler, verb.communication:holler6,+ verb.communication:holler5,+ ] [ hollering, verb.communication:holler6,+ verb.communication:holler5,+ ] [ hollo, verb.communication:hollo1,+ verb.communication:hollo,+ ] holloa, [ roar, verb.body:roar,+ verb.communication:roar2,+ verb.communication:roar3,+ ] [ roaring, verb.communication:roar5,+ verb.communication:roar3,+ verb.communication:roar2,+ ] [ yowl, verb.communication:yowl1,+ verb.communication:yowl,+ ] cry,@ (a very loud utterance (like the sound of an animal); "his bellow filled the hallway") }
{ blue_murder, cry,@ (an extravagantly loud outcry; "she screamed blue murder") }
{ [ catcall, verb.communication:catcall,+ ] cry,@ (a cry expressing disapproval) }
{ [ clamor, adj.all:noisy^clamorous,+ verb.communication:clamor,+ ] [ clamoring, verb.communication:clamor3,+ verb.communication:clamor,+ ] [ clamour, verb.communication:clamour3,+ verb.communication:clamour,+ ] clamouring, hue_and_cry, cry,@ (loud and persistent outcry from many people; "he ignored the clamor of the crowd") }
{ [ halloo, verb.communication:halloo,+ ] cry,@ (a shout to attract attention; "he gave a great halloo but no one heard him") }
{ hoot1, cry,@ (a loud raucous cry (as of an owl)) }
{ hosanna, cry,@ (a cry of praise or adoration (to God)) }
{ [ noise, adj.all:noisy,+ ] cry,@ (a loud outcry of protest or complaint; "the announcement of the election recount caused a lot of noise"; "whatever it was he didn't like it and he was going to let them know by making as loud a noise as he could") }
{ [ scream, verb.communication:scream1,+ ] [ screaming, verb.communication:scream1,+ ] [ shriek, verb.communication:shriek,+ ] [ shrieking, verb.communication:shriek,+ ] [ screech, adj.all:high3^screechy,+ verb.communication:screech1,+ ] screeching, cry,@ (sharp piercing cry; "her screaming attracted the neighbors")}
{ [ whoop, verb.communication:whoop,+ ] cry,@ (a loud hooting cry of exultation or excitement) }
{ war_cry, war_whoop, rallying_cry1, battle_cry, cry,@ (a yell intended to rally a group of soldiers in battle) }
{ [ yelling, verb.communication:yell1,+ ] [ shouting1, verb.communication:shout1,+ ] cry,@ (uttering a loud inarticulate cry as of pain or excitement) }
{ [ yodel, verb.communication:yodel,+ ] cry,@ (a songlike cry in which the voice fluctuates rapidly between the normal voice and falsetto) }
{ [ boo, verb.communication:boo,+ ] [ hoot2, verb.communication:hoot,+ ] Bronx_cheer, [ hiss, verb.communication:hiss2,+ verb.communication:hiss1,+ verb.communication:hiss,+ ] raspberry, [ razzing, verb.communication:razz,+ ] razz, [ snort, verb.communication:snort,+ ] bird, cry,@ (a cry or noise made to express displeasure or contempt) }
{ [ blasphemy, adj.all:dirty2^blasphemous,+ ] profanity,@ disrespect,@ (blasphemous language (expressing disrespect for God or for something sacred)) }
{ [ obscenity, adj.all:offensive1^obscene,+ ] [ smut, adj.all:dirty2^smutty,+ ] vulgarism, [ filth, adj.all:dirty2^filthy,+ ] dirty_word, profanity,@ (an offensive or indecent word or phrase) }
{ bawdry, [ bawdy, adj.all:dirty2^bawdy,+ ] obscenity,@ (lewd or obscene talk or writing; "it was smoking-room bawdry"; "they published a collection of Elizabethan bawdy") }
{ [ scatology, adj.all:dirty2^scatological,+ ] obscenity,@ (a preoccupation with obscenity (especially that dealing with excrement or excretory functions)) }
{ [ curse, verb.communication:curse2,+ verb.communication:curse,+ ] curse_word, expletive1, oath1, [ swearing2, verb.communication:swear1,+ ] swearword, [ cuss, verb.communication:cuss,+ ] profanity,@ (profane or obscene expression usually of surprise or anger; "expletives were deleted") }
{ [ croak, adj.all:cacophonous^croaky,+ verb.communication:croak1,+ ] [ croaking, verb.communication:croak1,+ ] utterance,@ (a harsh hoarse utterance (as of a frog)) }
{ [ exclamation, verb.communication:exclaim,+ ] [ exclaiming, verb.communication:exclaim,+ ] utterance,@ (an abrupt excited utterance; "she gave an exclamation of delight"; "there was much exclaiming over it") }
{ devil, deuce, dickens, exclamation,@ (a word used in exclamations of confusion; "what the devil"; "the deuce with it"; "the dickens you say") }
{ [ ejaculation, verb.communication:ejaculate,+ ] [ interjection, verb.communication:interject,+ ] exclamation,@ (an abrupt emphatic exclamation expressing emotion) }
{ expostulation1, exclamation,@ (an exclamation of protest or remonstrance or reproof) }
{ expletive2, utterance,@ (a word or phrase conveying no independent meaning but added to fill out a sentence or metrical line) }
{ [ groan, verb.communication:groan,+ ] [ moan, verb.communication:moan,+ ] utterance,@ (an utterance expressing pain or disapproval) }
{ hem, ahem, utterance,@ (the utterance of a sound similar to clearing the throat; intended to get attention, express hesitancy, fill a pause, hide embarrassment, warn a friend, etc.) }
{ [ howl, verb.body:howl,+ verb.communication:howl2,+ ] [ howling, verb.communication:howl2,+ verb.body:howl,+ ] [ ululation, verb.communication:ululate,+ ] utterance,@ (a long loud emotional utterance; "he gave a howl of pain"; "howls of laughter"; "their howling had no effect") }
{ [ laugh, verb.body:laugh,+ ] laughter, utterance,@ (the sound of laughing) }
{ [ mumble, verb.communication:mumble,+ ] utterance,@ (a soft indistinct utterance) }
{ [ cachinnation, verb.body:cachinnate,+ ] laugh,@ (loud convulsive laughter) }
{ [ cackle, verb.body:cackle,+ ] laugh,@ (a loud laugh suggestive of a hen's cackle) }
{ [ chortle, verb.body:chortle,+ ] [ chuckle, verb.body:chuckle,+ ] laugh,@ (a soft partly suppressed laugh) }
{ [ giggle, verb.body:giggle,+ ] laugh,@ (a foolish or nervous laugh) }
{ [ guffaw, verb.body:guffaw,+ ] belly_laugh1, laugh,@ (a burst of deep loud hearty laughter) }
{ [ hee-haw, verb.communication:hee-haw,+ ] horselaugh, ha-ha, haw-haw, laugh,@ (a loud laugh that sounds like a horse neighing) }
{ [ snicker, verb.body:snicker,+ ] [ snort1, adj.all:ill-natured^snorty,+ verb.communication:snort,+ ] [ snigger, verb.body:snigger,+ ] laugh,@ (a disrespectful laugh) }
{ [ titter, verb.body:titter,+ ] laugh,@ (a nervous restrained laugh) }
{ [ paging, verb.communication:page,+ ] utterance,@ (calling out the name of a person (especially by a loudspeaker system); "the public address system in the hospital was used for paging") }
{ [ profanity, adj.all:dirty2^profane,+ ] utterance,@ (vulgar or irreverent speech or action) }
{ [ pronunciation1, verb.communication:pronounce1,+ ] orthoepy, speech,@ (the way a word or a language is customarily spoken; "the pronunciation of Chinese is difficult for foreigners"; "that is the correct pronunciation") }
{ [ pronunciation, verb.communication:pronounce1,+ ] utterance,@ (the manner in which someone utters a word; "they are always correcting my pronunciation") }
{ [ sibilation, verb.communication:sibilate3,+ verb.communication:sibilate2,+ verb.communication:sibilate1,+ ] [ assibilation, verb.communication:assibilate,+ verb.change:assibilate,+ ] pronunciation,@ (pronunciation with a sibilant (hissing or whistling) sound) }
{ [ exultation, verb.communication:exult,+ ] [ rejoicing, verb.communication:rejoice,+ ] [ jubilation, verb.communication:jubilate,+ ] utterance,@ (the utterance of sounds expressing great joy) }
{ [ sigh, verb.communication:sigh1,+ verb.body:sigh,+ ] [ suspiration, verb.body:suspire4,+ ] utterance,@ (an utterance made by exhaling audibly) }
{ [ snarl, verb.communication:snarl1,+ verb.communication:snarl,+ ] utterance,@ (a vicious angry growl) }
{ [ speaking1, verb.communication:speak2,+ verb.communication:speak,+ ] speech_production, utterance,@ (the utterance of intelligible speech) }
{ [ speech6, verb.communication:speak,+ ] utterance,@ (something spoken; "he could hear them uttering merry speeches") }
{ [ sputter, verb.communication:sputter,+ ] [ splutter, verb.communication:splutter,+ ] utterance,@ (an utterance (of words) with spitting sounds (as in rage)) }
{ [ whisper, verb.communication:whisper,+ ] [ whispering, verb.communication:whisper,+ ] [ susurration, verb.communication:susurrate,+ ] [ voicelessness, adj.all:voiceless4,+ ] speaking1,@ (speaking softly without vibration of the vocal cords)}
{ stage_whisper, whisper,@ (a loud whisper that can be overheard; on the stage it is heard by the audience but it supposed to be inaudible to the rest of the cast) }
{ [ rasp, adj.all:cacophonous^raspy,+ verb.communication:rasp,+ ] [ rasping, verb.communication:rasp,+ ] utterance,@ (uttering in an irritated tone) }
{ [ mispronunciation, verb.communication:mispronounce,+ ] pronunciation,@ (incorrect pronunciation) }
{ homograph, homonym,@ (two words are homographs if they are spelled the same way but differ in meaning (e.g. fair)) }
{ [ homophone, adj.all:same^homophonic,+ ] homonym,@ (two words are homophones if they are pronounced the same way but differ in meaning or spelling or both (e.g. bare and bear)) }
{ [ homophony1, adj.all:same^homophonic,+ adj.pert:homophonous,+ ] pronunciation,@ (the same pronunciation for words of different origins) }
{ [ accent1, verb.communication:accentuate1,+ ] speech_pattern, pronunciation,@ (distinctive manner of oral expression; "he couldn't suppress his contemptuous accent"; "she had a very clear speech pattern") }
{ [ drawl, verb.communication:drawl,+ ] accent1,@ (a slow speech pattern with prolonged vowels) }
{ [ articulation, verb.communication:articulate,+ ] pronunciation,@ (the aspect of pronunciation that involves bringing articulatory organs together so as to shape the sounds of speech) }
{ retroflection, [ retroflexion, verb.communication:retroflex,+ ] articulation,@ (an articulatory gesture made by turning the tip of the tongue back against the roof of the mouth) }
{ [ enunciation, verb.communication:enunciate1,+ verb.communication:enunciate,+ ] diction1, articulation,@ (the articulation of speech regarded from the point of view of its intelligibility to the audience) }
{ [ mumbling, verb.communication:mumble,+ ] enunciation,@ (indistinct enunciation) }
{ [ syncope, verb.change:syncopate1,+ ] [ syncopation1, verb.change:syncopate1,+ ] articulation,@ noun.cognition:phonology,;c ((phonology) the loss of sounds from within a word (as in `fo'c'sle' for `forecastle')) }
{ sandhi, articulation,@ (the articulatory process whereby the pronunciation of a word or morpheme changes when it is followed immediately by another (especially in fluent speech)) }
{ [ thickness, adj.all:unintelligible^thick,+ ] articulation,@ (indistinct articulation; "judging from the thickness of his speech he had been drinking heavily") }
{ tongue_twister, saying,@ (an expression that is difficult to articulate clearly; "`rubber baby buggy bumper' is a tongue twister") }
{ trill1, articulation,@ (the articulation of a consonant (especially the consonant `r') with a rapid flutter of the tongue against the palate or uvula; "he pronounced his R's with a distinct trill") }

{ [ conversation, noun.person:conversationist,+ adj.all:informal2^conversational,+ noun.person:conversationalist,+ verb.communication:converse,+ ] speech,@ (the use of speech for informal exchange of views or ideas or information etc.) }
{ crossfire, conversation,@ (a lively or heated interchange of ideas and opinions) }
{ phatic_speech, phatic_communication, conversation,@ (conversational speech used to communicate sociability more than information) }
{ intercourse, social_intercourse, intercommunication,@ (communication between individuals) }
{ [ communion, verb.communication:commune2,+ ] [ sharing, verb.communication:share,+ ] intercourse,@ (sharing thoughts and feelings) }
{ exchange, conversation,@ (a mutual expression of views (especially an unpleasant one); "they had a bitter exchange") }
{ [ chat, adj.all:communicative^chatty,+ verb.communication:chat,+ ] [ confab, verb.communication:confab1,+ ] [ confabulation, verb.communication:confabulate1,+ verb.communication:confabulate,+ ] schmooze, schmoose, conversation,@ (an informal conversation) }
{ [ chitchat, verb.communication:chitchat,+ ] [ chit-chat, verb.communication:chitchat,+ ] [ chit_chat, verb.communication:chitchat,+ ] small_talk, [ gab, adj.all:voluble^gabby,+ ] gabfest, [ gossip, adj.all:communicative^gossipy,+ verb.communication:gossip1,+ ] [ tittle-tattle, verb.communication:tittle-tattle,+ ] chin_wag, chin-wag, chin_wagging, chin-wagging, causerie, chat,@ (light informal conversation for social occasions) }
{ [ gossiping, verb.communication:gossip,+ ] gossipmongering, conversation,@ (a conversation that spreads personal information about other people) }
{ [ scandalmongering, adj.all:sensational^scandalmongering,+ ] gossiping,@ (spreading malicious gossip) }
{ [ talk, verb.communication:talk2,+ verb.communication:talk3,+ verb.communication:talk,+ verb.communication:talk1,+ ] [ talking, verb.communication:talk1,+ ] conversation,@ (an exchange of ideas via conversation; "let's have more work and less talk around here") }
{ cant2, pious_platitude, talk,@ (insincere talk about religion or morals) }
{ dialogue1, dialog1, duologue1, talk,@ (a conversation between two persons) }
{ [ heart-to-heart, adj.all:ingenuous^heart-to-heart,+ ] talk,@ (an intimate talk in private; "he took me aside for a little heart-to-heart") }
{ shmooze, talk,@ Yiddish,;c ((Yiddish) a warm heart-to-heart talk) }
{ shop_talk, talk,@ (talk about your business that only others in the same business can understand) }
{ [ wind1, adj.all:prolix^windy,+ ] malarkey, malarky, idle_words, jazz2, nothingness, talk,@ (empty rhetoric or insincere or exaggerated talk; "that's a lot of wind"; "don't give me any of that jazz") }
{ yak, [ yack, verb.communication:yack,+ ] yakety-yak, [ chatter, verb.communication:chatter1,+ verb.communication:chatter,+ ] [ cackle1, verb.communication:cackle1,+ ] talk,@ (noisy talk) }
{ [ prate, verb.communication:prate,+ ] [ prattle, verb.communication:prattle,+ ] idle_talk, [ blether, verb.communication:blether,+ ] chin_music, chatter,@ (idle or foolish and irrelevant talk) }
{ nothings, conversation,@ (inconsequential conversation; "they traded a few nothings as they parted") }
{ sweet_nothings, honeyed_words, nothings,@ (inconsequential expressions of affection; "he whispered sweet nothings into her ear") }
{ commerce, conversation,@ (social exchange, especially of opinions, attitudes, etc.) }
{ colloquy, conversation,@ (formal conversation) }
{ [ detail, verb.communication:detail,+ ] discussion2,@ (extended treatment of particulars; "the essay contained too much detail") }
{ [ dilation, verb.communication:dilate10,+ ] discussion2,@ (a lengthy discussion (spoken or written) on a particular topic) }
{ [ discussion2, verb.communication:discuss1,+ ] [ treatment, verb.communication:treat,+ ] [ discourse, verb.communication:discourse2,+ ] communication1,@ (an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic; "the book contains an excellent discussion of modal logic"; "his treatment of the race question is badly biased") }
{ [ indirect_discourse, direct_discourse,! ] report1,@ (a report of a discourse in which deictic terms are modified appropriately (e.g., "he said `I am a fool'" would be modified to "he said he is a fool")) }
{ [ direct_discourse, indirect_discourse,! ] direct_quotation, report1,@ (a report of the exact words used in a discourse (e.g., "he said `I am a fool'")) }
{ [ consideration, verb.perception:consider,+ verb.communication:consider2,+ verb.cognition:consider8,+ ] discussion2,@ (a discussion of a topic (as in a meeting); "consideration of the traffic problem took more than an hour") }
{ [ expatiation, verb.communication:expatiate,+ ] expansion,@ (a discussion (spoken or written) that enlarges on a topic or theme at length or in detail) }
{ [ talk3, verb.communication:talk,+ verb.communication:talk1,+ ] discussion2,@ (discussion; (`talk about' is a less formal alternative for `discussion of'); "his poetry contains much talk about love and anger") }
{ [ reconsideration, verb.cognition:reconsider,+ ] consideration,@ (a consideration of a topic (as in a meeting) with a view to changing an earlier decision) }
{ [ exhortation1, verb.communication:exhort1,+ verb.communication:exhort,+ ] communication1,@ (a communication intended to urge or persuade the recipients to take some action) }
{ [ expression4, verb.communication:express,+ ] verbal_expression, verbalism, communication1,@ (the communication (in speech or writing) of your beliefs or opinions; "expressions of good will"; "he helped me find verbal expression for my ideas"; "the idea was immediate but the verbalism took hours") }
{ cold_turkey, expression4,@ (a blunt expression of views; "I told him cold turkey") }
{ [ congratulation1, verb.emotion:congratulate,+ verb.communication:congratulate1,+ verb.communication:congratulate,+ ] [ felicitation1, verb.communication:felicitate,+ ] expression4,@ noun.communication:plural,;u ((usually plural) an expression of pleasure at the success or good fortune of another; "I sent them my sincere congratulations on their marriage") }
{ [ discussion, verb.communication:discuss,+ ] give-and-take, word4, speech,@ (an exchange of views on some topic; "we had a good discussion"; "we had a word or two about it") }
{ [ argument, verb.communication:argue2,+ ] [ argumentation, verb.communication:argue2,+ verb.communication:argue1,+ ] [ debate1, verb.communication:debate1,+ verb.communication:debate,+ verb.cognition:debate,+ ] discussion,@ (a discussion in which reasons are advanced for and against some proposition or proposal; "the argument over foreign aid goes on and on") }
{ [ logomachy, noun.person:logomachist,+ ] argument,@ (argument about words or the meaning of words) }
{ [ parley, verb.communication:parley,+ ] negotiation,@ (a negotiation between enemies) }
{ [ rap1, verb.communication:rap,+ ] conversation,@ noun.communication:colloquialism,;u (voluble conversation) }
{ rap_session, conversation,@ (conversation in a situation where feelings can be expressed and criticized or supported) }
{ second-hand_speech, conversation,@ (overheard conversation (especially overheard cellphone conversation)) }
{ table_talk, conversation,@ (conversation during a meal) }
{ telephone_conversation, conversation,@ (a conversation over the telephone) }
{ [ tete-a-tete, adj.all:private^tete-a-tete,+ ] conversation,@ (a private conversation between two people) }
{ pillow_talk, tete-a-tete,@ (intimate conversation between lovers (typically occurring in bed)) }
{ [ deliberation, verb.communication:deliberate1,+ verb.communication:deliberate,+ ] discussion,@ noun.communication:plural,;u ((usually plural) discussion of all sides of a question; "the deliberations of the jury") }
{ [ conference, verb.communication:confer,+ ] group_discussion, discussion,@ (a discussion among participants who have an agreed (serious) topic) }
{ bull_session, conference,@ noun.communication:colloquialism,;u (an informal discussion (usually among men)) }
{ colloquy1, conference,@ (a conversation especially a formal one) }
{ [ consultation1, verb.communication:consult2,+ verb.communication:consult1,+ verb.communication:consult5,+ verb.communication:consult,+ ] conference,@ (a conference between two or more people to consider a particular question; "frequent consultations with his lawyer"; "a consultation of several medical specialists") }
{ sidebar, consultation1,@ noun.group:law,;c ((law) a courtroom conference between the lawyers and the judge that is held out of the jury's hearing) }
{ [ consultation, verb.communication:consult5,+ verb.communication:consult2,+ ] audience, interview, conference,@ (a conference (usually with someone important); "he had a consultation with the judge"; "he requested an audience with the king") }
{ panel_discussion, discussion,@ (discussion of a subject of public interest by a group of persons forming a panel usually before an audience) }
{ [ postmortem, adj.all:postmortal,+ ] [ post-mortem, adj.all:postmortal,+ ] discussion,@ (discussion of an event after it has occurred) }
{ public_discussion, [ ventilation, verb.communication:ventilate,+ ] discussion,@ (free and open discussion of (or debate on) some question of public interest; "such a proposal deserves thorough public discussion") }
{ huddle, [ powwow, verb.communication:powwow,+ ] conference,@ noun.communication:colloquialism,;u ((informal) a quick private conference) }
{ [ backgrounder, noun.cognition:background1,+ ] press_conference,@ (a press conference or interview in which a government official explains to reporters the background of an action or policy; "the secretary gave us a backgrounder on public health issues") }
{ press_conference, news_conference, conference,@ (a conference at which press and tv reporters ask questions of a politician or other celebrity) }
{ pretrial, pretrial_conference, conference,@ noun.group:law,;c ((law) a conference held before the trial begins to bring the parties together to outline discovery proceedings and to define the issues to be tried; more useful in civil than in criminal cases) }
{ round_table, roundtable, round-table_conference, conference,@ (a meeting of peers for discussion and exchange of views; "a roundtable on the future of computing") }
{ session, conference,@ (a meeting for execution of a group's functions; "it was the opening session of the legislature") }
{ teach-in, conference,@ (an extended session (as on a college campus) for lectures and discussion on an important and usually controversial issue) }
{ teleconference, teleconferencing, conference,@ (a conference of people who are in different locations that is made possible by the use of such telecommunications equipment as closed-circuit television) }
{ [ sitting, verb.motion:sit1,+ ] session,@ (a session as of a legislature or court) }
{ [ clinic, adj.pert:clinical,+ ] session,@ (meeting for diagnosis of problems and instruction or remedial work in a particular activity) }
{ reading_clinic, clinic,@ (a clinic for people with reading disabilities) }
{ basketball_clinic, clinic,@ (a meeting at which basketball players receive special evaluation and instruction) }
{ baseball_clinic, clinic,@ (a meeting at which baseball players receive special evaluation and instruction; "a summer baseball clinic for promising young players") }
{ hockey_clinic, clinic,@ (a meeting at which hockey players receive special evaluation and instruction) }
{ executive_session, closed_session, session,@ (a session (usually of a legislative body) that is closed to the public) }
{ [ hearing, verb.social:hear,+ ] session,@ (a session (of a committee or grand jury) in which witnesses are called and testimony is taken; "the investigative committee will hold hearings in Chicago") }
{ confirmation_hearing, hearing,@ (a hearing held by the US Senate to gather information on whether to approve or reject candidates for high federal office who are nominated by the president) }
{ skull_session, session,@ (a session (as of executives or advisors) to discuss policy or strategy or to solve problems or exchange ideas) }
{ special_session, session,@ (a session that is held in addition to the regular sessions) }
{ [ tutorial, adj.pert:tutorial,+ ] session,@ (a session of intensive tuition given by a tutor to an individual or to a small number of students) }
{ [ negotiation, verb.communication:negotiate,+ ] dialogue3, talks, discussion,@ (a discussion intended to produce an agreement; "the buyout negotiation lasted several days"; "they disagreed but kept an open dialogue"; "talks between Israelis and Palestinians") }
{ [ diplomacy, adj.pert:diplomatic,+ noun.person:diplomatist,+ ] diplomatic_negotiations, negotiation,@ (negotiation between nations) }
{ dollar_diplomacy, diplomacy,@ (diplomacy influenced by economic considerations) }
{ power_politics, gunboat_diplomacy, diplomacy,@ (diplomacy in which the nations threaten to use force in order to obtain their objectives) }
{ recognition1, diplomacy,@ (the explicit and formal acknowledgement of a government or of the national independence of a country; "territorial disputes were resolved in Guatemala's recognition of Belize in 1991") }
{ shuttle_diplomacy, diplomacy,@ (international negotiations conducted by a mediator who frequently flies back and forth between the negotiating parties; "Kissinger's shuttle diplomacy in the Middle East") }
{ Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks, SALT, diplomacy,@i (negotiations between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics opened in 1969 in Helsinki designed to limit both countries' stock of nuclear weapons) }
{ [ bargaining, verb.possession:bargain,+ ] negotiation,@ (the negotiation of the terms of a transaction or agreement) }
{ collective_bargaining, negotiation,@ (negotiation between an employer and trade union) }
{ [ haggle, verb.possession:haggle,+ ] [ haggling, verb.possession:haggle,+ ] wrangle, [ wrangling, verb.communication:wrangle,+ ] bargaining,@ (an instance of intense argument (as in bargaining))}
{ [ holdout, verb.competition:hold_out,+ verb.stative:hold_out2,+ ] bargaining,@ (a refusal by a negotiator to come to terms in the hope of obtaining a better deal) }
{ [ horse_trading, verb.communication:horse-trade,+ ] negotiation,@ (negotiation accompanied by mutual concessions and shrewd bargaining) }
{ [ mediation, verb.communication:mediate,+ ] negotiation,@ (a negotiation to resolve differences that is conducted by some impartial party) }
{ [ arbitration, adj.pert:arbitrational,+ verb.communication:arbitrate,+ ] mediation,@ noun.group:law,;c ((law) the hearing and determination of a dispute by an impartial referee agreed to by both parties (often used to settle disputes between labor and management)) }
{ [ conciliation, verb.communication:conciliate,+ ] mediation,@ (any of various forms of mediation whereby disputes may be settled short of arbitration) }
{ [ umpirage, verb.competition:umpire,+ ] mediation,@ (mediation by an umpire) }
{ [ saying, verb.communication:say8,+ ] expression, locution, speech,@ (a word or phrase that particular people use in particular situations; "pardon the expression") }
{ anatomical_reference, [ anatomical, adj.pert:anatomical,+ ] saying,@ (an expression that relates to anatomy) }
{ southernism, saying,@ (a locution or pronunciation peculiar to the southern United States) }
{ sound_bite, line2,@ (a very short speech; usually on radio or television) }
{ motto, [ slogan, noun.person:sloganeer,+ ] catchword, shibboleth1, saying,@ (a favorite saying of a sect or political group) }
{ catchphrase, catch_phrase, phrase,@ motto,@ (a phrase that has become a catchword) }
{ mantra1, motto,@ (a commonly repeated word or phrase; "she repeated `So pleased with how its going' at intervals like a mantra") }
{ war_cry1, rallying_cry, battle_cry1, cry3, watchword1, motto,@ (a slogan used to rally support for a cause; "a cry to arms"; "our watchword will be `democracy'") }
{ maxim, [ axiom, adj.pert:axiomatic2,+ ] saying,@ (a saying that is widely accepted on its own merits) }
{ [ aphorism, adj.all:concise^aphoristic,+ adj.pert:aphoristic,+ noun.person:aphorist,+ verb.communication:aphorize,+ verb.communication:aphorise,+ ] [ apothegm, adj.all:concise^apothegmatic,+ adj.pert:apothegmatic,+ adj.pert:apothegmatical,+ ] apophthegm, maxim,@ (a short pithy instructive saying) }
{ gnome, maxim,@ (a short pithy saying expressing a general truth) }
{ Murphy's_Law, Sod's_Law, gnome,@ (humorous axiom stating that anything that can go wrong will go wrong) }
{ [ moralism, adj.all:moral^moralistic,+ ] maxim,@ (a moral maxim) }
{ [ epigram, adj.all:concise^epigrammatic,+ ] [ quip1, verb.communication:quip,+ ] saying,@ (a witty saying) }
{ [ proverb, adj.pert:proverbial,+ ] adage, saw, byword, saying,@ (a condensed but memorable saying embodying some important fact of experience that is taken as true by many people) }
{ [ platitude, adj.all:unoriginal^platitudinous,+ ] cliche, [ banality, adj.all:unoriginal^banal1,+ ] [ commonplace, adj.all:unoriginal^commonplace,+ ] bromide, remark,@ truism,@ (a trite or obvious remark) }
{ truism, truth,@ (an obvious truth) }
{ [ idiom1, adj.pert:idiomatic,+ ] idiomatic_expression, phrasal_idiom, set_phrase, [ phrase2, adj.pert:phrasal,+ verb.communication:phrase,+ ] saying,@ (an expression whose meanings cannot be inferred from the meanings of the words that make it up) }
{ ruralism, rusticism, idiom1,@ (a rural idiom or expression) }
{ agrapha, saying,@ (sayings of Jesus not recorded in the canonical Gospels) }
{ sumpsimus, saying,@ (a correct expression that takes the place of a popular but incorrect expression; "he preferred his erroneous but pleasing mumpsimus to the correct sumpsimus") }
{ non-standard_speech, speech,@ (speech that differs from the usual accepted, easily recognizable speech of native adult members of a speech community) }
{ baby_talk, babytalk, non-standard_speech,@ (the developing speech of a young child) }
{ baby_talk1, babytalk1, motherese, non-standard_speech,@ (an adult's imitation of the speech of a young child) }
{ [ dialect, adj.pert:dialectal,+ ] idiom, [ accent3, verb.communication:accentuate1,+ ] non-standard_speech,@ (the usage or vocabulary that is characteristic of a specific group of people; "the immigrants spoke an odd dialect of English"; "he has a strong German accent"; "it has been said that a language is a dialect with an army and navy") }
{ eye_dialect, dialect,@ (the use of misspellings to identify a colloquial or uneducated speaker) }
{ patois, dialect,@ noun.communication:French,;u (a regional dialect of a language (especially French); usually considered substandard) }
{ localism, non-standard_speech,@ (a phrase or pronunciation that is peculiar to a particular locality) }
{ regionalism, non-standard_speech,@ (a feature (as a pronunciation or expression or custom) that is characteristic of a particular region) }
{ idiolect, speech,@ (the language or speech of one individual at a particular period in life) }
{ [ monologue2, verb.communication:monologuize,+ ] speech,@ (a long utterance by one person (especially one that prevents others from participating in the conversation)) }
{ telegraphese, non-standard_speech,@ (language characterized by terseness and ellipsis as in telegrams) }
{ [ vernacular, adj.all:informal2^vernacular,+ ] non-standard_speech,@ (the everyday speech of the people (as distinguished from literary language)) }
{ [ slang, adj.all:informal2^slangy,+ ] cant, jargon, lingo, argot, patois1, vernacular1, non-standard_speech,@ (a characteristic language of a particular group (as among thieves); "they don't speak our lingo") }
{ rhyming_slang, cant,@ (slang that replaces words with rhyming words or expressions and then typically omits the rhyming component; "Cockney rhyming slang") }
{ [ slang1, adj.all:informal2^slangy,+ verb.communication:slang,+ verb.communication:slang2,+ ] slang_expression, slang_term, non-standard_speech,@ (informal language consisting of words and expressions that are not considered appropriate for formal occasions; often vituperative or vulgar; "their speech was full of slang expressions") }
{ [ spell, verb.communication:spell2,+ ] magic_spell, magical_spell, [ charm, verb.social:charm,+ verb.competition:charm,+ ] speech,@ (a verbal formula believed to have magical force; "he whispered a spell as he moved his hands"; "inscribed around its base is a charm in Balinese") }
{ incantation, [ conjuration, verb.creation:conjure,+ ] spell,@ (a ritual recitation of words or sounds believed to have a magical effect) }
{ [ invocation1, verb.creation:invoke,+ ] incantation,@ (an incantation used in conjuring or summoning a devil) }
{ [ hex, verb.communication:hex,+ ] [ jinx, verb.communication:jinx2,+ ] [ curse2, verb.communication:curse1,+ ] whammy, spell,@ (an evil spell; "a witch put a curse on his whole family"; "he put the whammy on me") }
{ [ dictation, verb.cognition:dictate,+ ] speech,@ (speech intended for reproduction in writing) }
{ [ soliloquy, verb.communication:soliloquize,+ ] [ monologue, verb.communication:monologuize,+ ] speech,@ (speech you make to yourself) }

{ speech_act, noun.Tops:act,@ (the use of language to perform some act) }
{ [ proposal1, verb.communication:propose,+ ] [ proposition2, verb.communication:propose,+ ] speech_act,@ (the act of making a proposal; "they listened to her proposal") }
{ contract_offer, offer,@ (offer by an employer to contract to pay an employee at a given rate) }
{ marriage_proposal, proposal_of_marriage, marriage_offer, [ proposal2, verb.communication:propose1,+ ] offer,@ (an offer of marriage) }
{ [ proposition3, verb.communication:proposition,+ ] offer,@ (an offer for a private bargain (especially a request for sexual favors)) }
{ question4, marriage_proposal,@ (an informal reference to a marriage proposal; "he was ready to pop the question") }
{ proposal, message,@ (something proposed (such as a plan or assumption)) }
{ counterproposal, proposal,@ (a proposal offered as an alternative to an earlier proposal) }
{ [ hypothesis, verb.cognition:hypothesize,+ ] proposal,@ (a proposal intended to explain certain facts or observations) }
{ [ suggestion, verb.communication:suggest4,+ verb.communication:suggest,+ ] [ proposition1, verb.cognition:propose,+ ] [ proffer, verb.possession:proffer,+ ] proposal,@ (a proposal offered for acceptance or rejection; "it was a suggestion we couldn't refuse") }
{ introduction3, proposal,@ (a new proposal; "they resisted the introduction of impractical alternatives") }
{ re-introduction, proposal,@ (a proposal of something previously rejected; "they avoided a re-introduction of the old terminology") }
{ first_reading, presentation1,@ (the first presentation of a bill in a legislature) }
{ second_reading, presentation1,@ (the second presentation of a bill in a legislature; to approve its general principles (Britain) or to discuss a committee's report and take a vote (US)) }
{ motion1, question2, proposal,@ (a formal proposal for action made to a deliberative assembly for discussion and vote; "he made a motion to adjourn"; "she called for the question") }
{ previous_question, motion,@ order2,@ (a motion calling for an immediate vote on the main question under discussion by a deliberative assembly) }
{ [ hint, verb.communication:hint,+ ] [ intimation, verb.communication:intimate1,+ ] breath, suggestion,@ (an indirect suggestion; "not a breath of scandal ever touched her") }
{ touch1, trace1, ghost, suggestion,@ (a suggestion of some quality; "there was a touch of sarcasm in his tone"; "he detected a ghost of a smile on her face") }
{ overture, advance, [ approach, verb.communication:approach,+ ] feeler, suggestion,@ (a tentative suggestion designed to elicit the reactions of others; "she rejected his advances") }
{ [ offer, verb.possession:offer1,+ ] [ offering, verb.cognition:offer,+ ] message,@ (something offered (as a proposal or bid); "noteworthy new offerings for investors included several index funds") }
{ counteroffer, offer,@ (an offer made by someone who has rejected a prior offer) }
{ [ bid, verb.possession:bid4,+ verb.possession:bid,+ ] [ tender, verb.possession:tender,+ verb.possession:tender2,+ ] offer,@ (a formal proposal to buy at a specified price) }
{ [ overbid, verb.possession:overbid1,+ ] bid,@ (a bid that is higher than preceding bids) }
{ buyout_bid, bid,@ (a bid to buy all of a person's holdings) }
{ prospectus1, offer,@ (a formal written offer to sell securities (filed with the SEC) that sets forth a plan for a (proposed) business enterprise; "a prospectus should contain the facts that an investor needs to make an informed decision") }
{ preliminary_prospectus, red_herring, prospectus,@ (a first draft of a prospectus; must be clearly marked to indicate that parts may be changed in the final prospectus; "because some portions of the cover page are printed in red ink a preliminary prospectus is sometimes called a red herring") }
{ tender_offer, offer,@ (an offer to buy shares in a corporation (usually above the market price) for cash or securities or both) }
{ reward, offer,@ (the offer of money for helping to find a criminal or for returning lost property) }
{ rights_offering, rights_issue, offer,@ (an offering of common stock to existing shareholders who hold subscription rights or pre-emptive rights that entitle them to buy newly issued shares at a discount from the price at which they will be offered to the public later; "the investment banker who handles a rights offering usually agrees to buy any shares not bought by shareholders") }
{ special, offer,@ (a special offering (usually temporary and at a reduced price) that is featured in advertising; "they are having a special on pork chops") }
{ price, reward,@ (a monetary reward for helping to catch a criminal; "the cattle thief has a price on his head") }
{ peace_offering, olive_branch, offer,@ (something offered to an adversary in the hope of obtaining peace) }
{ twofer, offer,@ (an offer of two for the price of one) }
{ [ presentation1, verb.perception:present,+ verb.communication:present2,+ ] proposal1,@ (the act of presenting a proposal) }
{ [ submission, verb.communication:submit1,+ ] entry, message,@ (something (manuscripts or architectural plans and models or estimates or works of art of all genres etc.) submitted for the judgment of others (as in a competition); "several of his submissions were rejected by publishers"; "what was the date of submission of your proposal?") }
{ [ filing, verb.communication:file2,+ ] submission,@ (the entering of a legal document into the public record; "he filed a complaint"; "he filed his tax return") }

{ [ command, verb.communication:command,+ ] [ bid3, verb.communication:bid2,+ ] [ bidding2, verb.communication:bid2,+ ] [ dictation1, verb.social:dictate,+ verb.communication:dictate,+ ] speech_act,@ (an authoritative direction or instruction to do something) }
{ [ countermand, verb.communication:countermand,+ ] command,@ (a contrary command cancelling or reversing a previous command) }
{ [ order3, verb.communication:order2,+ verb.communication:order1,+ ] command,@ noun.group:military,;c noun.communication:plural,;u ((often plural) a command given by a superior (e.g., a military or law enforcement officer) that must be obeyed; "the British ships dropped anchor and waited for orders from London") }
{ marching_orders, order3,@ (an order from a superior officer for troops to depart) }
{ [ summons2, verb.communication:summons,+ ] order3,@ (an order to appear in person at a given place and time) }
{ word6, order3,@ (a verbal command for action; "when I give the word, charge!") }
{ [ call_up, verb.competition:call_up,+ ] summons2,@ noun.group:military,;c (an order to report for military duty) }
{ [ commission1, noun.person:commissioner,+ verb.social:commission2,+ ] [ charge1, verb.social:charge,+ verb.communication:charge12,+ ] direction1, command,@ (a formal statement of a command or injunction to do something; "the judge's charge to the jury") }
{ misdirection2, commission1,@ (an incorrect charge to a jury given by a judge) }
{ [ commandment, verb.communication:command,+ ] command,@ (something that is commanded) }
{ Decalogue, Ten_Commandments, commandment,@i (the biblical commandments of Moses) }
{ [ directive, adj.all:leading^directive,+ verb.communication:direct,+ ] pronouncement,@ (a pronouncement encouraging or banning some activity; "the boss loves to send us directives") }
{ Presidential_Directive, directive,@ (a directive issued by the President of the United States; usually addressed to all heads of departments and agencies) }
{ [ injunction, verb.communication:enjoin,+ ] command,@ (a formal command or admonition) }
{ behest, command,@ (an authoritative command or request) }
{ open_sesame, command,@ (a magical command; used by Ali Baba) }

{ [ interpretation, verb.communication:interpret,+ verb.cognition:interpret,+ ] explanation,@ (an explanation that results from interpreting something; "the report included his interpretation of the forensic evidence") }
{ [ clarification, verb.communication:clarify,+ ] [ elucidation, verb.communication:elucidate,+ verb.cognition:elucidate,+ ] [ illumination, verb.cognition:illuminate,+ ] interpretation,@ (an interpretation that removes obstacles to understanding; "the professor's clarification helped her to understand the textbook") }
{ [ disambiguation, verb.communication:disambiguate,+ ] clarification,@ (clarification that follows from the removal of ambiguity) }
{ lexical_disambiguation, disambiguation,@ (disambiguation of the sense of a polysemantic word) }
{ eisegesis, interpretation,@ Bible,;c (personal interpretation of a text (especially of the Bible) using your own ideas) }
{ [ exegesis, adj.pert:exegetic,+ adj.pert:exegetical,+ ] interpretation,@ Bible,;c (an explanation or critical interpretation (especially of the Bible)) }
{ ijtihad, interpretation,@ (the endeavor of a Moslem scholar to derive a rule of divine law from the Koran and Hadith without relying on the views of other scholars; by the end of the 10th century theologians decided that debate on such matters would be closed and Muslim theology and law were frozen; "some reform-minded Islamic scholars believe that reopening ijtihad is a prerequisite for the survival of Islam") }

{ text3, passage,@ Bible,#p (a passage from the Bible that is used as the subject of a sermon; "the preacher chose a text from Psalms to introduce his sermon") }
{ [ expansion, verb.communication:expand10,+ ] [ enlargement, verb.communication:enlarge4,+ ] [ elaboration, verb.communication:elaborate,+ ] discussion2,@ (a discussion that provides additional information) }
{ [ embellishment, verb.communication:embellish,+ ] [ embroidery, verb.communication:embroider,+ ] expansion,@ (elaboration of an interpretation by the use of decorative (sometimes fictitious) detail; "the mystery has been heightened by many embellishments in subsequent retellings") }
{ literal_interpretation, interpretation,@ (an interpretation based on the exact wording) }
{ letter3, literal_interpretation,@ (a strictly literal interpretation (as distinct from the intention); "he followed instructions to the letter"; "he obeyed the letter of the law") }
{ version1, interpretation,@ (an interpretation of a matter from a particular viewpoint; "his version of the fight was different from mine") }
{ [ reading1, verb.cognition:read9,+ ] interpretation,@ (a particular interpretation or performance; "on that reading it was an insult"; "he was famous for his reading of Mozart") }
{ construction, [ twist, verb.communication:twist,+ ] interpretation,@ (an interpretation of a text or action; "they put an unsympathetic construction on his conduct") }
{ reconstruction, interpretation,@ (an interpretation formed by piecing together bits of evidence) }
{ [ popularization, verb.change:popularize,+ ] [ popularisation, verb.change:popularise,+ ] interpretation,@ (an interpretation that easily understandable and acceptable) }
{ [ misinterpretation, verb.cognition:misinterpret2,+ verb.cognition:misinterpret1,+ ] [ misunderstanding, verb.cognition:misunderstand1,+ ] [ mistaking, verb.cognition:mistake2,+ ] interpretation,@ (putting the wrong interpretation on; "his misinterpretation of the question caused his error"; "there was no mistaking her meaning") }
{ imbroglio, misinterpretation,@ (a very embarrassing misunderstanding) }
{ [ misconstrual, verb.cognition:misconstrue1,+ ] [ misconstruction1, verb.cognition:misconstrue1,+ ] misinterpretation,@ (a kind of misinterpretation resulting from putting a wrong construction on words or actions (often deliberately)) }
{ [ misreading, verb.cognition:misread2,+ verb.cognition:misread,+ ] misinterpretation,@ (misinterpretation caused by inaccurate reading) }

{ [ agreement, verb.communication:agree4,+ verb.communication:agree1,+ verb.communication:agree,+ disagreement,! ] speech_act,@ (the verbal act of agreeing) }
{ [ assent, verb.communication:assent,+ ] [ acquiescence, adj.all:obedient^acquiescent,+ verb.communication:acquiesce,+ ] agreement,@ (agreement with a statement or proposal to do something; "he gave his assent eagerly"; "a murmur of acquiescence from the assembly") }
{ informed_consent, consent,@ (consent by a patient to undergo a medical or surgical treatment or to participate in an experiment after the patient understands the risks involved) }
{ acceptance1, assent,@ noun.cognition:contract_law,;c ((contract law) words signifying consent to the terms of an offer (thereby creating a contract)) }
{ [ concession2, verb.possession:concede,+ verb.competition:concede,+ verb.communication:concede1,+ ] [ conceding, verb.possession:concede,+ verb.competition:concede,+ verb.communication:concede1,+ ] [ yielding, verb.communication:yield1,+ ] assent,@ (the act of conceding or yielding) }
{ bye1, [ pass2, verb.social:pass7,+ ] concession2,@ (an automatic advance to the next round in a tournament without playing an opponent; "he had a bye in the first round") }
{ [ concurrence, verb.communication:concur,+ ] concurrency, agreement,@ (agreement of results or opinions) }
{ accord, conformity1, [ accordance, adj.all:accordant,+ ] agreement,@ (concurrence of opinion; "we are in accord with your proposal") }
{ [ connivance, verb.cognition:connive,+ ] [ collusion, verb.cognition:collude,+ ] agreement,@ (agreement on a secret plot) }
{ cahoot, connivance,@ (collusion; "in cahoots with") }
{ [ accession2, verb.communication:accede1,+ ] assenting, agreement,@ (agreeing with or consenting to (often unwillingly); "accession to such demands would set a dangerous precedent"; "assenting to the Congressional determination") }
{ [ accommodation2, verb.change:accommodate1,+ ] settlement,@ (a settlement of differences; "they reached an accommodation with Japan") }
{ conclusion2, settlement,@ (a final settlement; "the conclusion of a business deal"; "the conclusion of the peace treaty") }
{ reservation1, agreement1,@ (the written record or promise of an arrangement by which accommodations are secured in advance) }
{ [ settlement, verb.communication:settle1,+ verb.communication:settle,+ verb.cognition:settle,+ ] agreement1,@ (a conclusive resolution of a matter and disposition of it) }
{ out-of-court_settlement, settlement,@ (resolution of a dispute prior to the rendering of a final decision by the trial court) }
{ property_settlement, settlement,@ noun.cognition:matrimonial_law,;c ((matrimonial law) the division of property owned or acquired by marriage partners during their marriage) }
{ accord_and_satisfaction, settlement,@ (the settlement of a debt by paying less than the amount demanded in exchange for extinguishing the debt) }
{ severance_agreement, agreement1,@ (an agreement on the terms on which an employee will leave) }
{ golden_handshake, severance_agreement,@ (a lucrative severance agreement offered to an employee (usually as an incentive to retire)) }
{ suicide_pact, agreement1,@ (an agreement by two or more people to commit suicide together at a given place and time; "the two lovers killed themselves in a suicide pact") }
{ modus_vivendi, accommodation2,@ (a temporary accommodation of a disagreement between parties pending a permanent settlement) }
{ [ compromise, verb.communication:compromise1,+ verb.communication:compromise,+ ] accommodation2,@ (an accommodation in which both sides make concessions; "the newly elected congressmen rejected a compromise because they considered it `business as usual'") }
{ Missouri_Compromise, compromise,@i (an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories) }
{ subscription, agreement,@ (agreement expressed by (or as if expressed by) signing your name) }
{ [ ratification1, verb.social:ratify,+ ] [ confirmation1, verb.social:confirm1,+ ] agreement,@ (making something valid by formally ratifying or confirming it; "the ratification of the treaty"; "confirmation of the appointment") }
{ [ harmony, adj.all:harmonious^harmonical,+ ] [ concord, verb.communication:concord,+ verb.creation:concord,+ ] [ concordance2, adj.all:accordant^concordant,+ verb.communication:concord,+ ] agreement,@ (agreement of opinions) }
{ [ second, verb.social:second,+ ] [ secondment, verb.social:second,+ ] endorsement2, [ indorsement2, verb.social:indorse2,+ ] agreement,@ (a speech seconding a motion; "do I hear a second?") }
{ [ citation4, verb.creation:cite,+ verb.communication:cite2,+ verb.communication:cite,+ ] speech_act,@ noun.group:law,;c ((law) the act of citing (as of spoken words or written passages or legal precedents etc.)) }
{ [ disagreement, verb.communication:disagree,+ agreement,! ] speech_act,@ (the speech act of disagreeing or arguing or disputing) }
{ [ confrontation, adj.pert:confrontational,+ verb.stative:confront,+ ] encounter, showdown, face-off, disagreement,@ (a hostile disagreement face-to-face) }
{ [ dissidence, adj.all:unorthodox^dissident,+ adj.all:negative1^dissident,+ ] disagreement,@ (disagreement; especially disagreement with the government) }
{ [ dissent3, verb.communication:dissent1,+ ] disagreement,@ (a difference of opinion) }
{ nonconformity, disagreement,@ (lack of harmony or correspondence) }
{ discord, [ dissension, verb.communication:dissent1,+ ] disagreement,@ (disagreement among those expected to cooperate) }
{ [ confrontation2, adj.pert:confrontational,+ ] discord,@ (discord resulting from a clash of ideas or opinions) }
{ division, variance, discord,@ (discord that splits a group) }
{ [ dispute, adj.all:argumentative^disputatious,+ verb.communication:dispute1,+ verb.communication:dispute,+ ] [ difference, verb.communication:differ,+ ] difference_of_opinion, conflict, disagreement,@ (a disagreement or argument about something important; "he had a dispute with his wife"; "there were irreconcilable differences"; "the familiar conflict between Republicans and Democrats") }
{ straw_man, strawman, specious_argument,@ (a weak or sham argument set up to be easily refuted) }
{ argy-bargy, argle-bargle, controversy,@ noun.location:Britain,;r (a verbal dispute; a wrangling argument) }
{ firestorm, controversy,@ (an outburst of controversy; "the incident triggered a political firestorm") }
{ [ sparring, verb.communication:spar,+ ] controversy,@ (an argument in which the participants are trying to gain some advantage) }
{ special_pleading1, specious_argument,@ (an argument that ignores all unfavorable evidence) }
{ [ collision, verb.stative:collide,+ ] dispute,@ (a conflict of opposed ideas or attitudes or goals; "a collision of interests") }
{ [ controversy, adj.all:controversial,+ ] [ contention, adj.all:controversial^contentious,+ adj.all:argumentative^contentious,+ verb.communication:contend1,+ verb.communication:contend,+ ] [ contestation, verb.communication:contest,+ ] [ disputation1, verb.communication:dispute1,+ verb.communication:dispute,+ ] disceptation, tilt, [ argument3, verb.communication:argue,+ ] arguing, dispute,@ (a contentious speech act; a dispute where there is strong disagreement; "they were involved in a violent argument") }
{ [ polemic, adj.all:controversial^polemic,+ adj.all:controversial^polemical,+ verb.communication:polemize,+ verb.communication:polemicize,+ verb.communication:polemicise,+ ] controversy,@ (a controversy (especially over a belief or dogma)) }
{ gap, dispute,@ (a difference (especially an unfortunate difference) between two opinions or two views or two situations) }
{ generation_gap, gap,@ (a difference between the views of young people and their parents) }
{ [ quarrel, verb.communication:quarrel,+ ] [ wrangle1, verb.communication:wrangle,+ ] row, words1, run-in, dustup, dispute,@ (an angry dispute; "they had a quarrel"; "they had words") }
{ [ fight, verb.competition:fight1,+ ] controversy,@ (an intense verbal dispute; "a violent fight over the bill is expected in the Senate") }
{ affray, altercation, fracas, quarrel,@ (noisy quarrel) }
{ batrachomyomachia, affray,@ (a silly altercation) }
{ [ bicker, verb.communication:bicker,+ ] bickering, [ spat, verb.communication:spat,+ ] tiff, [ squabble, verb.communication:squabble,+ ] [ pettifoggery, verb.communication:pettifog,+ ] [ fuss, adj.all:fastidious^fussy1,+ ] quarrel,@ (a quarrel about petty points) }
{ bust-up, quarrel,@ (a serious quarrel (especially one that ends a friendship)) }

{ [ offer1, verb.possession:offer10,+ verb.stative:offer,+ verb.possession:offer9,+ verb.social:offer,+ verb.possession:offer,+ verb.possession:offer2,+ ] [ offering1, verb.possession:offer9,+ ] speech_act,@ (the verbal act of offering; "a generous offer of assistance") }
{ [ request, verb.communication:request13,+ verb.communication:request2,+ verb.communication:request1,+ ] asking, speech_act,@ (the verbal act of requesting) }
{ [ notification1, verb.communication:notify,+ ] [ notice2, verb.communication:notify,+ ] request,@ (a request for payment; "the notification stated the grace period and the penalties for defaulting") }
{ [ wish, verb.emotion:wish1,+ verb.emotion:wish,+ verb.communication:wish2,+ ] indirect_request, request,@ (an expression of some desire or inclination; "I could tell that it was his wish that the guests leave"; "his crying was an indirect request for attention") }
{ [ invitation, adj.pert:invitational,+ verb.social:invite1,+ verb.social:invite,+ verb.contact:invite12,+ verb.contact:invite,+ verb.communication:invite1,+ verb.communication:invite,+ ] request,@ letter,@ (a request (spoken or written) to participate or be present or take part in something; "an invitation to lunch"; "she threw the invitation away") }
{ [ bidding, verb.communication:bid,+ ] summons1, invitation,@ (a request to be present; "they came at his bidding") }
{ [ invite, verb.social:invite1,+ verb.social:invite,+ ] invitation,@ (a colloquial expression for invitation; "he didn't get no invite to the party") }
{ entreaty, prayer, [ appeal, verb.communication:appeal,+ ] request,@ (earnest or urgent request; "an entreaty to stop the fighting"; "an appeal for help"; "an appeal to the public to keep calm") }
{ [ adjuration, verb.communication:adjure,+ verb.communication:adjure1,+ ] entreaty,@ (a solemn and earnest appeal to someone to do something) }
{ demagoguery, [ demagogy, adj.pert:demagogic,+ adj.pert:demagogical,+ ] entreaty,@ (impassioned appeals to the prejudices and emotions of the populace) }
{ flag_waving, [ jingoism, adj.all:patriotic^jingoistic,+ noun.person:jingoist,+ ] demagoguery,@ (an appeal intended to arouse patriotic emotions) }
{ [ supplication1, verb.communication:supplicate,+ ] plea, entreaty,@ (a humble request for help from someone in authority) }
{ [ solicitation, verb.communication:solicit,+ ] entreaty,@ (an entreaty addressed to someone of superior status; "a solicitation to the king for relief") }
{ [ beggary, verb.possession:beg,+ verb.communication:beg1,+ verb.communication:beg,+ ] begging, [ mendicancy, adj.all:beseeching^mendicant,+ ] solicitation,@ (a solicitation for money or food (especially in the street by an apparently penniless person)) }
{ touch, solicitation,@ (the act of soliciting money (as a gift or loan); "he watched the beggar trying to make a touch") }
{ importunity, [ urgency, verb.communication:urge3,+ ] urging1, solicitation,@ (insistent solicitation and entreaty; "his importunity left me no alternative but to agree") }
{ suit, entreaty,@ (a petition or appeal made to a person of superior status or rank) }
{ courtship, [ wooing, verb.social:woo,+ ] [ courting, verb.social:court10,+ verb.social:court,+ ] suit1, entreaty,@ (a man's courting of a woman; seeking the affections of a woman (usually with the hope of marriage); "its was a brief and intense courtship") }
{ bundling, courtship,@ (a onetime custom during courtship of unmarried couples occupying the same bed without undressing) }
{ [ prayer2, verb.communication:pray,+ ] petition1, orison, request,@ (reverent petition to a deity) }
{ benediction, [ blessing, verb.communication:bless,+ ] prayer2,@ (a ceremonial prayer invoking divine protection) }
{ benison, benediction,@ (a spoken blessing) }
{ collect, prayer2,@ (a short prayer generally preceding the lesson in the Church of Rome or the Church of England) }
{ commination1, prayer2,@ (prayers proclaiming God's anger against sinners; read in the Church of England on Ash Wednesday) }
{ deprecation, prayer2,@ (a prayer to avert or remove some evil or disaster) }
{ grace, blessing1, thanksgiving, prayer2,@ (a short prayer of thanks before a meal; "their youngest son said grace") }
{ intercession1, prayer2,@ (a prayer to God on behalf of another person) }
{ [ invocation, verb.communication:invoke4,+ ] supplication, prayer2,@ noun.act:service1,#p (a prayer asking God's help as part of a religious service) }
{ rogation, invocation,@ (a solemn supplication ceremony prescribed by the church) }
{ requiescat, prayer2,@ (a prayer for the repose of the soul of a dead person) }
{ call4, request,@ (a request; "many calls for Christmas stories"; "not many calls for buggywhips") }
{ recall, call4,@ (a call to return; "the recall of our ambassador") }
{ [ charge3, verb.possession:charge3,+ verb.possession:charge2,+ verb.possession:charge1,+ ] billing, request,@ (request for payment of a debt; "they submitted their charges at the end of each month") }
{ presentment, charge3,@ (a document that must be accepted and paid by another person) }
{ [ demand, verb.communication:demand,+ ] request1,@ (an urgent or peremptory request; "his demands for attention were unceasing") }
{ [ challenge3, verb.communication:challenge3,+ ] demand,@ (a demand by a sentry for a password or identification) }
{ ultimatum, demand,@ (a final peremptory demand) }
{ [ insistence, adj.all:continual^insistent,+ verb.communication:insist,+ ] [ insisting, verb.communication:insist3,+ ] demand,@ (continual and persistent demands) }
{ [ purism, noun.person:purist,+ ] insistence,@ (scrupulous or exaggerated insistence on purity or correctness (especially in language); "linguistic purisms") }
{ call5, claim1, demand,@ (a demand especially in the phrase "the call of duty") }
{ [ requisition, verb.possession:requisition,+ verb.communication:require,+ ] demand,@ (the act of requiring; an authoritative request or demand, especially by a military or public authority that takes something over (usually temporarily) for military or public use) }
{ call6, demand,@ noun.act:card_game,#p (a demand for a show of hands in a card game; "after two raises there was a call") }
{ margin_call, [ call8, verb.possession:call9,+ ] demand,@ (a demand by a broker that a customer deposit enough to bring his margin up to the minimum requirement) }
{ wage_claim, pay_claim, demand,@ (the wage demanded from management for workers by their union representatives) }
{ trick_or_treat, request,@ (a request by children on Halloween; they pass from door to door asking for goodies and threatening to play tricks on those who refuse) }

{ [ questioning, verb.communication:question3,+ verb.communication:question,+ ] [ inquiring, verb.communication:inquire2,+ verb.communication:inquire1,+ ] request,@ (a request for information) }
{ [ challenge1, verb.communication:challenge1,+ ] questioning,@ (questioning a statement and demanding an explanation; "his challenge of the assumption that Japan is still our enemy") }
{ [ question, verb.communication:question9,+ verb.communication:question,+ verb.communication:question3,+ answer,! ] [ inquiry1, verb.communication:inquire1,+ ] [ enquiry, verb.communication:enquire,+ ] [ query, verb.communication:query,+ ] [ interrogation2, verb.communication:interrogate,+ ] questioning,@ (an instance of questioning; "there was a question about my training"; "we made inquiries of all those who were present") }
{ [ interrogation, verb.communication:interrogate,+ ] [ examination1, verb.communication:examine1,+ verb.communication:examine,+ ] interrogatory, questioning,@ (formal systematic questioning) }
{ [ catechism1, verb.communication:catechize,+ verb.communication:catechise,+ ] interrogation,@ noun.cognition:politics,;c (a series of question put to an individual (such as a political candidate) to elicit their views) }
{ [ deposition, verb.communication:depose,+ ] interrogation,@ noun.group:law,;c ((law) a pretrial interrogation of a witness; usually conducted in a lawyer's office) }
{ inquisition, interrogation,@ (a severe interrogation (often violating the rights or privacy of individuals)) }
{ third_degree, interrogation,@ (interrogation often accompanied by torture to extort information or a confession) }
{ [ cross-examination, verb.communication:cross_examine,+ ] interrogation,@ noun.group:law,;c ((law) close questioning of a hostile witness in a court of law to discredit or throw a new light on the testimony already provided in direct examination) }
{ direct_examination, interrogation,@ noun.group:law,;c ((law) the initial questioning of a witness by the party that called the witness) }
{ redirect_examination, reexamination1, interrogation,@ noun.group:law,;c ((law) questioning of a witness by the party that called the witness after that witness has been subject to cross-examination) }
{ [ cross-question, verb.communication:cross_question,+ ] question3,@ cross-examination,#p (a question asked in cross-examination) }
{ leading_question, question3,@ cross-examination,#p (a question phrased in such a way as to suggest the desired answer; a lawyer may ask leading questions on cross-examination) }
{ yes-no_question, question3,@ (a question that can be answered by yes or no) }
{ [ interview1, verb.communication:interview2,+ verb.communication:interview1,+ verb.communication:interview,+ ] interrogation,@ (the questioning of a person (or a conversation in which information is elicited); often conducted by journalists; "my interviews with teenagers revealed a weakening of religious bonds") }
{ job_interview, employment_interview, interview1,@ (an interview to determine whether an applicant is suitable for a position of employment) }
{ telephone_interview, interview1,@ (an interview conducted over the telephone) }
{ [ question3, verb.communication:question3,+ verb.communication:question,+ ] [ interrogation1, verb.communication:interrogate,+ ] interrogative, interrogative_sentence, sentence,@ (a sentence of inquiry that asks for a reply; "he asked a direct question"; "he had trouble phrasing his interrogations") }
{ [ examination, verb.social:examine,+ verb.communication:examine1,+ verb.communication:examine,+ ] exam, [ test, verb.cognition:test6,+ verb.competition:test,+ verb.communication:test,+ ] communication1,@ (a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge; "when the test was stolen the professor had to make a new set of questions") }
{ bar_examination, bar_exam, examination,@ (an examination conducted at regular intervals to determine whether a candidate is qualified to practice law in a given jurisdiction; "applicants may qualify to take the New York bar examination by graduating from an approved law school"; "he passed the bar exam on his third try") }
{ comprehensive_examination, comprehensive, comp, examination,@ (an intensive examination testing a student's proficiency in some special field of knowledge; "she took her comps in English literature") }
{ entrance_examination, entrance_exam, examination,@ (examination to determine a candidate's preparation for a course of studies) }
{ final_examination, final_exam, [ final, adj.all:closing^final,+ ] examination,@ (an examination administered at the end of an academic term) }
{ litmus_test, examination,@ (a test that relies on a single indicator; "her litmus test for good breeding is whether you split infinitives") }
{ midterm_examination, midterm_exam, midterm, examination,@ (an examination administered in the middle of an academic term) }
{ pop_quiz, quiz,@ (a quiz given without prior warning) }
{ [ oral, adj.all:spoken^oral,+ ] oral_exam, oral_examination, viva_voce, viva, examination,@ (an examination conducted by spoken communication) }
{ preliminary_examination, preliminary_exam, prelim, examination,@ (an examination taken by graduate students to determine their fitness to continue) }
{ [ quiz, verb.communication:quiz,+ ] examination,@ (an examination consisting of a few short questions) }
{ test_paper, examination_paper, exam_paper, question_sheet, examination,@ (a written examination) }
{ tripos, examination,@ (final honors degree examinations at Cambridge University) }

{ [ reply, verb.communication:reply,+ ] response, speech_act,@ (the speech act of continuing a conversational exchange; "he growled his reply") }
{ non_sequitur, reply,@ (a reply that has no relevance to what preceded it) }
{ rejoinder, [ retort, verb.communication:retort,+ ] [ return2, verb.communication:return1,+ verb.possession:return3,+ ] [ riposte, verb.communication:riposte,+ ] replication1, [ comeback, verb.communication:come_back1,+ ] [ counter, verb.communication:counter,+ ] reply,@ (a quick reply to a question or remark (especially a witty or critical one); "it brought a sharp rejoinder from the teacher") }
{ [ echo, verb.communication:echo,+ ] reply,@ (a reply that repeats what has just been said) }
{ echolalia, echo,@ (an infant's repetition of sounds uttered by others) }
{ [ answer, verb.communication:answer,+ question,!] reply,@ (the speech act of replying to a question) }
{ Urim_and_Thummim, answer,@ (lots thrown to determine God's answers to yes-no questions) }
{ [ refutation, verb.communication:refute,+ ] defense1, defence1, answer,@ (the speech act of answering an attack on your assertions; "his refutation of the charges was short and persuasive"; "in defense he said the other man started it") }
{ [ confutation, verb.cognition:confute,+ ] refutation,@ (the speech act of refuting conclusively) }
{ [ rebuttal, verb.communication:rebut,+ ] refutation,@ (the speech act of refuting by offering a contrary contention or argument) }

{ [ description, verb.communication:describe1,+ verb.communication:describe,+ ] speech_act,@ (the act of describing something) }
{ [ characterization1, verb.communication:characterize,+ ] [ characterisation1, verb.communication:characterise,+ ] description,@ (the act of describing distinctive characteristics or essential features; "the media's characterization of Al Gore as a nerd") }
{ word_picture, word-painting, [ delineation1, verb.stative:delineate,+ verb.communication:delineate,+ ] [ depiction1, verb.communication:depict1,+ ] [ picture3, verb.communication:depict1,+ ] characterization, [ characterisation, verb.communication:characterise,+ ] description1,@ (a graphic or vivid verbal description; "too often the narrative was interrupted by long word pictures"; "the author gives a depressing picture of life in Poland"; "the pamphlet contained brief characterizations of famous Vermonters") }
{ epithet, characterization,@ (descriptive word or phrase) }
{ [ portrayal1, verb.communication:portray,+ ] [ portraiture1, verb.communication:portray,+ ] [ portrait, verb.communication:portray,+ ] word_picture,@ (a word picture of a person's appearance and character) }
{ [ label1, verb.communication:label1,+ verb.contact:label,+ verb.communication:label,+ ] description,@ (a brief description given for purposes of identification; "the label modern is applied to many different kinds of architecture") }
{ [ particularization, verb.communication:particularize,+ ] [ particularisation, verb.communication:particularise,+ ] [ detailing, verb.communication:detail,+ ] description,@ (an individualized description of a particular instance) }
{ [ sketch3, verb.communication:sketch,+ ] vignette, description,@ (a brief literary description) }

{ [ affirmation2, verb.communication:affirm1,+ verb.communication:affirm,+ ] [ assertion1, verb.communication:assert,+ verb.cognition:assert,+ ] [ statement6, verb.communication:state1,+ verb.communication:state,+ ] speech_act,@ (the act of affirming or asserting or stating something) }
{ representation, statement,@ (a factual statement made by one party in order to induce another party to enter into a contract; "the sales contract contains several representations by the vendor") }
{ say-so1, affirmation2,@ (one chap's arbitrary assertion) }
{ [ affirmative, adj.all:affirmative,+ negative,! ] affirmation,@ (a reply of affirmation; "he answered in the affirmative") }
{ [ yes, no,! ] affirmative,@ (an affirmative; "I was hoping for a yes") }
{ [ yea, nay,! ] affirmative,@ (an affirmative; "The yeas have it") }

{ [ declaration6, verb.communication:declare3,+ ] statement,@ (a statement of taxable goods or of dutiable properties) }

{ [ denial1, verb.communication:deny,+ ] disaffirmation, assertion,@ (the act of asserting that something alleged is not true) }
{ [ denial, verb.possession:deny1,+ ] speech_act,@ (the act of refusing to comply (as with a request); "it resulted in a complete denial of his privileges") }
{ [ abnegation, verb.communication:abnegate,+ ] denial,@ (the denial and rejection of a doctrine or belief; "abnegation of the Holy Trinity") }
{ naysaying, denial,@ (the act of saying no to a request) }
{ [ negative, verb.social:negative,+ affirmative,! ] denial,@ (a reply of denial; "he answered in the negative") }
{ [ no, yes,! ] negative,@ (a negative; "his no was loud and clear") }
{ [ nay, yea,! ] negative,@ (a negative; "the nays have it") }
{ double_negative, negative,@ (a grammatically substandard but emphatic negative; "I don't never go") }
{ double_negative1, affirmative,@ (an affirmative constructed from two negatives; "A not unwelcome outcome") }
{ [ refusal1, verb.social:refuse,+ verb.possession:refuse1,+ ] denial,@ (the act of refusing) }
{ [ repudiation1, verb.communication:repudiate6,+ verb.cognition:repudiate,+ ] refusal1,@ (refusal to acknowledge or pay a debt or honor a contract (especially by public authorities); "the repudiation of the debt by the city") }
{ [ disavowal, verb.communication:disavow,+ ] disclaimer1, denial,@ (denial of any connection with or knowledge of) }
{ [ retraction, verb.communication:retract,+ ] [ abjuration, verb.communication:abjure,+ ] [ recantation, verb.communication:recant,+ ] disavowal,@ (a disavowal or taking back of a previous assertion) }
{ [ withdrawal, verb.communication:withdraw1,+ ] [ backdown, verb.motion:back_down,+ ] climb-down, retraction,@ (a retraction of a previously held position) }
{ [ negation, verb.communication:negate,+ ] denial1,@ (the speech act of negating) }
{ [ contradiction, verb.communication:contradict,+ ] negation,@ (the speech act of contradicting someone; "he spoke as if he thought his claims were immune to contradiction") }
{ self-contradiction, contradiction,@ (contradicting yourself) }
{ contradiction1, contradiction_in_terms, falsehood,@ noun.cognition:logic,;c ((logic) a statement that is necessarily false; "the statement `he is brave and he is not brave' is a contradiction") }
{ [ cancellation, verb.social:cancel,+ ] negation,@ (the speech act of revoking or annulling or making void) }
{ rejection, speech_act,@ (the speech act of rejecting) }
{ [ repudiation, verb.communication:repudiate,+ ] [ renunciation1, verb.communication:renounce,+ ] rejection,@ (rejecting or disowning or disclaiming as invalid; "Congressional repudiation of the treaty that the President had negotiated") }
{ [ disclaimer, verb.communication:disclaim1,+ verb.communication:disclaim,+ ] repudiation,@ noun.group:law,;c ((law) a voluntary repudiation of a person's legal claim to something) }
{ [ disownment, verb.possession:disown,+ ] [ disowning, verb.possession:disown,+ ] repudiation,@ (refusal to acknowledge as one's own) }
{ [ rebuff, verb.competition:rebuff,+ ] [ snub, verb.communication:snub,+ ] [ repulse, verb.contact:repulse,+ verb.competition:repulse,+ ] rejection,@ (an instance of driving away or warding off) }
{ short_shrift, summary_treatment, rejection,@ (a brief and unsympathetic rejection; "they made short shrift of my request") }

{ objection, speech_act,@ (the speech act of objecting) }
{ [ challenge2, verb.communication:challenge2,+ ] objection,@ (a formal objection to the selection of a particular person as a juror) }
{ [ complaint, verb.communication:complain,+ ] objection,@ (an expression of grievance or resentment) }
{ complaint2, cry4,@ ((formerly) a loud cry (or repeated cries) of pain or rage or sorrow) }
{ [ demur, verb.communication:demur,+ ] [ demurral, verb.communication:demur2,+ ] [ demurrer, verb.communication:demur2,+ verb.communication:demur,+ ] objection,@ noun.group:law,;c ((law) a formal objection to an opponent's pleadings) }
{ [ dissent2, adj.all:discordant^dissentious,+ verb.communication:dissent1,+ ] objection,@ noun.group:law,;c ((law) the difference of one judge's opinion from that of the majority; "he expressed his dissent in a contrary opinion") }
{ [ exception, verb.communication:except,+ ] objection,@ (grounds for adverse criticism; "his authority is beyond exception") }
{ [ caption2, adj.all:critical1^captious,+ ] exception,@ (taking exception; especially a quibble based on a captious argument; "a mere caption unworthy of a reply") }
{ exclamation2, complaint2,@ (a loud complaint or protest or reproach) }
{ [ gripe, verb.communication:gripe,+ ] [ kick, verb.communication:kick,+ ] [ beef, verb.communication:beef,+ ] [ bitch, adj.all:malicious^bitchy,+ verb.communication:bitch,+ ] [ squawk, verb.communication:squawk,+ ] objection,@ (informal terms for objecting; "I have a gripe about the service here") }
{ [ protest, verb.communication:protest1,+ verb.communication:protest,+ ] [ protestation1, verb.communication:protest1,+ ] objection,@ (a formal and solemn declaration of objection; "they finished the game under protest to the league president"; "the senator rose to register his protest"; "the many protestations did not stay the execution") }
{ [ protest1, verb.communication:protest,+ ] objection,@ (the act of making a strong public expression of disagreement and disapproval; "he shouted his protests at the umpire"; "a shower of protest was heard from the rear of the hall") }
{ grievance, complaint,@ (a complaint about a (real or imaginary) wrong that causes resentment and is grounds for action) }
{ [ growling, verb.communication:growl,+ ] utterance,@ (a gruff or angry utterance (suggestive of the growling of an animal)) }
{ [ grumble, verb.communication:grumble,+ verb.communication:grumble1,+ ] [ grumbling, verb.communication:grumble,+ ] [ murmur, verb.communication:murmur1,+ ] [ murmuring, verb.communication:murmur1,+ ] [ mutter, verb.communication:mutter,+ ] [ muttering, verb.communication:mutter,+ ] complaint,@ (a complaint uttered in a low and indistinct tone) }
{ jeremiad, complaint,@ (a long and mournful complaint; "a jeremiad against any form of government") }
{ kvetch, complaint,@ noun.communication:Yiddish,;c ((Yiddish) a nagging complaint) }
{ pet_peeve, complaint,@ (an opportunity for complaint that is seldom missed; "grammatical mistakes are his pet peeve") }
{ [ whimper, verb.body:whimper,+ ] [ whine, adj.all:complaining^whiny,+ adj.all:complaining^whiney,+ verb.communication:whine1,+ verb.communication:whine,+ ] complaint,@ (a complaint uttered in a plaintive whining way) }
{ [ lament2, verb.emotion:lament,+ ] [ lamentation, verb.emotion:lament,+ ] plaint, [ wail, verb.communication:wail,+ verb.body:wail,+ ] complaint2,@ (a cry of sorrow and grief; "their pitiful laments could be heard throughout the ward") }

{ [ informing, verb.communication:inform,+ ] making_known, speech_act,@ (a speech act that conveys information) }
{ [ telling, verb.communication:tell4,+ ] [ apprisal, verb.communication:apprise,+ ] [ notification, verb.communication:notify,+ ] informing,@ (informing by words) }
{ notice3, telling,@ (advance notification (usually written) of the intention to withdraw from an arrangement of contract; "we received a notice to vacate the premises"; "he gave notice two months before he moved") }
{ warning2, telling,@ (notification of something, usually in advance; "they gave little warning of their arrival"; "she had only had four days' warning before leaving Berlin") }
{ dismissal, dismission, pink_slip, notice3,@ (official notice that you have been fired from your job) }
{ [ revelation1, verb.perception:reveal4,+ ] divine_revelation, informing,@ (communication of knowledge to man by a divine or supernatural agency) }
{ [ disclosure, verb.communication:disclose,+ ] revelation2, [ revealing, verb.communication:reveal,+ ] speech_act,@ (the speech act of making something evident) }
{ display2, disclosure,@ (behavior that makes your feelings public; "a display of emotion") }
{ histrionics1, display2,@ (a deliberate display of emotion for effect) }
{ production1, display2,@ (a display that is exaggerated or unduly complicated; "she tends to make a big production out of nothing") }
{ sackcloth_and_ashes, display2,@ (a display of extreme remorse or repentance or grief) }
{ [ divulgence, verb.communication:divulge,+ ] [ divulgement, verb.communication:divulge,+ ] disclosure,@ (the act of disclosing something that was secret or private) }
{ [ discovery, verb.possession:discover,+ verb.perception:discover3,+ verb.perception:discover,+ verb.creation:discover,+ verb.communication:discover4,+ verb.cognition:discover1,+ verb.cognition:discover,+ ] disclosure,@ (something that is discovered) }
{ discovery1, disclosure,@ noun.group:law,;c ((law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case) }
{ [ giveaway, verb.communication:give_away,+ ] disclosure,@ (an unintentional disclosure) }
{ [ informing1, verb.communication:inform10,+ ] [ ratting, verb.communication:rat9,+ ] disclosure,@ (to furnish incriminating evidence to an officer of the law (usually in return for favors)) }
{ [ leak, adj.all:communicative^leaky,+ verb.communication:leak1,+ verb.communication:leak,+ ] news_leak, disclosure,@ (unauthorized (especially deliberate) disclosure of confidential information) }
{ [ exposure, verb.communication:expose1,+ ] disclosure,@ (the disclosure of something secret; "they feared exposure of their campaign plans") }
{ [ expose, verb.communication:expose1,+ verb.communication:expose,+ ] [ unmasking, verb.contact:unmask,+ verb.communication:unmask,+ ] exposure,@ (the exposure of an impostor or a fraud; "he published an expose of the graft and corruption in city government") }
{ [ muckraking, verb.communication:muckrake,+ ] exposure,@ (the exposure of scandal (especially about public figures)) }
{ [ admission, verb.communication:admit,+ ] acknowledgment,@ (an acknowledgment of the truth of something) }
{ [ confession, verb.communication:confess1,+ verb.communication:confess,+ ] admission,@ (an admission of misdeeds or faults) }
{ self-accusation, self-condemnation, confession,@ accusation,@ (an admission that you have failed to do or be something you know you should do or be) }
{ concession1, agreement,@ (a point conceded or yielded; "they won all the concessions they asked for") }
{ [ sop, verb.possession:sop,+ ] concession1,@ (a concession given to mollify or placate; "the offer was a sop to my feelings") }
{ stipulation1, judicial_admission, concession1,@ noun.group:law,;c ((law) an agreement or concession made by parties in a judicial proceeding (or by their attorneys) relating to the business before the court; must be in writing unless they are part of the court record; "a stipulation of fact was made in order to avoid delay") }
{ takeaway, concession1,@ (a concession made by a labor union to a company that is trying to lower its expenditures) }
{ wage_concession, concession1,@ (an agreement to raise wages) }
{ [ presentation2, verb.communication:present4,+ verb.communication:present1,+ ] [ introduction1, verb.communication:introduce,+ ] intro, informing,@ (formally making a person known to another or to the public) }
{ debut, presentation2,@ (the presentation of a debutante in society) }
{ [ reintroduction, verb.communication:reintroduce,+ ] presentation2,@ (an act of renewed introduction) }
{ [ briefing, verb.communication:brief,+ ] informing,@ noun.group:military,;c (detailed instructions, as for a military operation) }
{ [ report1, verb.communication:report13,+ verb.communication:report,+ ] account5, informing,@ (the act of informing by verbal report; "he heard reports that they were causing trouble"; "by all accounts they were a happy couple") }
{ megillah1, report1,@ Yiddish,;c ((Yiddish) a long boring tediously detailed account; "he insisted on giving us the whole megillah") }
{ [ report3, verb.communication:report4,+ verb.communication:report,+ ] study, written_report, document,@ (a written document describing the findings of some individual or group; "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale") }
{ skinny, information,@ (confidential information about a topic or person; "he wanted the inside skinny on the new partner") }
{ stuff1, information,@ (information in some unspecified form; "it was stuff I had heard before"; "there's good stuff in that book") }
{ assay, report3,@ (a written report of the results of an analysis of the composition of some substance) }
{ case_study, report3,@ noun.group:corporation,;c (a careful study of some social unit (as a corporation or division within a corporation) that attempts to determine what factors led to its success or failure) }
{ white_book, white_paper, report3,@ (a government report; bound in white) }
{ blue_book1, report3,@ (a report published by the British government; bound in blue) }
{ green_paper, report3,@ noun.location:Great_Britain1,;r (a preliminary report of government proposals that is published in order to stimulate discussion) }
{ progress_report, report3,@ (a report of work accomplished during a specified time period) }
{ position_paper, report3,@ (a report that explains or justifies or recommends some particular policy) }
{ medical_report, report3,@ (a report of the results of a medical examination of a patient) }
{ report_card, report4, information,@ (a written evaluation of a student's scholarship and deportment; "his father signed his report card") }
{ [ debriefing, verb.communication:debrief,+ ] report1,@ interrogation,@ (report of a mission or task) }
{ [ anecdote, adj.all:communicative^anecdotic,+ adj.pert:anecdotal,+ noun.person:anecdotist,+ adj.all:communicative^anecdotical,+ ] account5,@ (short account of an incident (especially a biographical one)) }
{ [ narration, verb.communication:narrate1,+ verb.communication:narrate,+ ] [ recital1, verb.communication:recite1,+ ] [ yarn, verb.communication:yarn,+ ] account5,@ (the act of giving an account describing incidents or a course of events; "his narration was hesitant") }
{ narrative, [ narration1, verb.communication:narrate1,+ verb.communication:narrate,+ ] story3, [ tale, verb.communication:tell,+ ] message,@ (a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program; "his narrative was interesting"; "Disney's stories entertain adults as well as children") }
{ Canterbury_Tales, narrative,@i (an uncompleted series of tales written after 1387 by Geoffrey Chaucer) }
{ [ recital4, verb.communication:recite1,+ ] account,@ (a detailed account or description of something; "he was forced to listen to a recital of his many shortcomings") }
{ tall_tale, narration1,@ (an improbable (unusual or incredible or fanciful) story) }
{ folktale, folk_tale, narration1,@ noun.cognition:folklore,#p (a tale circulated by word of mouth among the common folk) }
{ Arabian_Nights'_Entertainment, Arabian_Nights, Thousand_and_One_Nights, folktale,@i (a collection of folktales in Arabic dating from the 10th century) }
{ sob_story, sob_stuff, narration1,@ (a sentimental story (or drama) of personal distress; designed to arouse sympathy) }
{ fairytale, fairy_tale, fairy_story, narration1,@ (a story about fairies; told to amuse children) }
{ nursery_rhyme, narration1,@ (a tale in rhymed verse for children) }
{ [ relation1, verb.communication:relate,+ ] [ telling1, verb.communication:tell1,+ ] [ recounting, verb.communication:recount,+ ] narration,@ (an act of narration; "he was the hero according to his own relation"; "his endless recounting of the incident eventually became unbearable") }
{ earful1, gossip1,@ (an outpouring of gossip) }
{ [ gossip1, verb.communication:gossip,+ ] comment2, scuttlebutt, report1,@ (a report (often malicious) about the behavior of other people; "the divorce caused much gossip") }
{ [ rumor, verb.communication:rumor,+ ] [ rumour, verb.communication:rumour,+ ] hearsay, gossip1,@ (gossip (usually a mixture of truth and untruth) passed around by word of mouth) }
{ grapevine, pipeline, word_of_mouth, gossip1,@ (gossip spread by spoken communication; "the news of their affair was spread by word of mouth") }
{ [ scandal, verb.emotion:scandalize,+ verb.emotion:scandalise,+ ] dirt, malicious_gossip, gossip1,@ (disgraceful gossip about the private lives of other people) }
{ [ talk1, adj.all:voluble^talky,+ verb.communication:talk6,+ ] talk_of_the_town, gossip1,@ (idle gossip or rumor; "there has been talk about you lately") }
{ [ warning, verb.communication:warn,+ ] informing,@ (a message informing of danger; "a warning that still more bombs could explode") }
{ wake-up_call1, warning,@ (a warning to take action concerning something that was overlooked or neglected; "the bombing was a wake-up call to strengthen domestic security") }
{ [ alarmism, noun.person:alarmist,+ ] warning,@ (needless warnings) }
{ [ alert, verb.communication:alert,+ ] alerting, warning,@ (a warning serves to make you more alert to danger) }
{ Emergency_Alert_System, EAS, alert,@i (a federal warning system that is activated by FEMA; enables the President to take over the United States airwaves to warn the whole country of major catastrophic events) }
{ [ caution, adj.all:dissuasive^cautionary,+ verb.communication:caution,+ ] caveat1, warning,@ (a warning against certain acts; "a caveat against unfair practices") }
{ false_alarm, warning,@ (a warning that is given about something that fails to occur) }
{ [ forewarning, verb.communication:forewarn,+ ] premonition, warning,@ (an early warning about a future event) }
{ heads-up, warning,@ (a warning message; "he sent a heads-up to the District Attorney") }
{ strategic_warning, warning,@ noun.group:military,;c ((military) a warning prior to the start of a threatening act) }
{ tactical_warning, warning,@ noun.group:military,;c ((military) a warning after the initiation of a hostile act) }
{ threat, warning,@ (a warning that something unpleasant is imminent; "they were under threat of arrest") }
{ warning_of_attack, tactical_warning,@ noun.group:military,;c (a warning to national policy makers that an enemy intends to launch an attack in the near future) }
{ warning_of_war, strategic_warning,@ noun.group:military,;c (a warning to national policy makers that an enemy intends war or is preparing for war and is on a course that increases the risk of war) }

{ [ promise, verb.communication:promise1,+ verb.communication:promise,+ ] speech_act,@ commitment,@ (a verbal commitment by one person to another agreeing to do (or not to do) something in the future) }
{ oath2, promise,@ (a solemn promise, usually invoking a divine witness, regarding your future acts or behavior; "they took an oath of allegiance") }
{ bayat, oath2,@ Arabic,;c (an oath of allegiance to an emir) }
{ Hippocratic_oath, oath2,@i (an oath taken by physicians to observe medical ethics deriving from Hippocrates) }
{ parole, word1, word_of_honor, promise,@ (a promise; "he gave his word") }
{ [ assurance, verb.communication:assure1,+ ] statement,@ (a statement intended to inspire confidence; "the President's assurances were not respected") }
{ clean_bill_of_health, assurance,@ (an assurance that someone is healthy or something is in good condition; "the doctor gave him a clean bill of health") }
{ [ assurance1, verb.communication:assure2,+ ] [ pledge, verb.communication:pledge1,+ verb.communication:pledge,+ ] commitment,@ (a binding commitment to do or give or refrain from something; "an assurance of help when needed"; "signed a pledge never to reveal the secret") }
{ [ plight, verb.communication:plight,+ ] troth1, pledge,@ (a solemn pledge of fidelity) }
{ betrothal, troth2, [ engagement, verb.communication:engage,+ ] promise,@ (a mutual promise to marry) }
{ pinning, promise,@ (a mutual promise of a couple not to date anyone else; on college campuses it was once signaled by the giving of a fraternity pin) }
{ ringing, betrothal,@ (the giving of a ring as a token of engagement) }
{ rain_check1, promise,@ (a promise that an unaccepted offer will be renewed in the future) }
{ [ vow, verb.communication:vow1,+ verb.communication:vow,+ ] assurance1,@ (a solemn pledge (to oneself or to another or to a deity) to do something or to behave in a certain manner; "they took vows of poverty") }

{ thanks, acknowledgment,@ (an acknowledgment of appreciation) }
{ appreciation, thanks,@ (an expression of gratitude; "he expressed his appreciation in a short note") }
{ thank_you, thanks,@ (a conversational expression of gratitude) }
{ bow, curtain_call, thanks,@ (an appearance by actors or performers at the end of the concert or play in order to acknowledge the applause of the audience) }

{ [ boast, verb.communication:boast,+ ] boasting, self-praise, jactitation, speech_act,@ (speaking of yourself in superlatives) }
{ [ brag, adj.all:proud^braggy,+ verb.communication:brag,+ ] bragging, [ crow, verb.communication:crow,+ ] [ crowing, verb.communication:crow1,+ verb.communication:crow,+ ] vaporing, line-shooting, [ gasconade, verb.communication:gasconade,+ ] boast,@ (an instance of boastful talk; "his brag is worse than his fight"; "whenever he won we were exposed to his gasconade") }
{ braggadocio, [ bluster1, verb.communication:bluster,+ ] rodomontade, rhodomontade, boast,@ (vain and empty boasting) }
{ [ vaunt, verb.communication:vaunt,+ ] boast,@ (extravagant self-praise) }
{ self-assertion, boast,@ (the act of putting forth your own opinions in a boastful or inconsiderate manner that implies you feel superior to others) }

{ [ naming, verb.communication:name7,+ verb.communication:name4,+ verb.communication:name3,+ verb.communication:name2,+ verb.cognition:name1,+ ] speech_act,@ (the verbal act of naming; "the part he failed was the naming of state capitals") }
{ acrophony, naming,@ (naming a letter of the alphabet by using a word whose initial sound is the sound represented by that letter) }
{ [ numeration1, verb.cognition:numerate,+ ] naming,@ (naming numbers) }
{ [ indication1, verb.communication:indicate3,+ ] [ denotation, verb.communication:denote1,+ ] naming,@ (the act of indicating or pointing out by name) }
{ [ specification1, verb.cognition:specify5,+ ] naming,@ (naming explicitly) }

{ [ challenge, verb.communication:challenge,+ ] speech_act,@ (a call to engage in a contest or fight) }
{ [ dare, verb.social:dare1,+ verb.communication:dare,+ ] [ daring, verb.communication:dare,+ ] challenge,@ (a challenge to do something dangerous or foolhardy; "he could never refuse a dare") }
{ [ confrontation1, adj.pert:confrontational,+ verb.competition:confront,+ ] challenge,@ (a bold challenge) }
{ [ call-out, verb.communication:call_out12,+ ] challenge,@ (a challenge to a fight or duel) }
{ [ defiance, adj.all:defiant,+ verb.communication:defy,+ ] challenge,@ (a hostile challenge) }
{ calling_into_question, demand_for_explanation, challenge,@ (a challenge to defend what someone has said) }
{ demand_for_identification, challenge,@ (as by a sentry) }
{ gauntlet, gantlet, challenge,@ (to offer or accept a challenge; "threw down the gauntlet"; "took up the gauntlet") }

{ [ explanation1, verb.communication:explain2,+ verb.communication:explain,+ ] speech_act,@ (the act of explaining; making something plain or intelligible; "I heard his explanation of the accident") }
{ [ elucidation1, verb.communication:elucidate,+ verb.cognition:elucidate,+ ] explanation1,@ (an act of explaining that serves to clear up and cast light on) }
{ [ explication1, verb.communication:explicate,+ ] explanation1,@ (the act of making clear or removing obscurity from the meaning of a word or symbol or expression etc.) }

{ denunciation, [ denouncement, verb.social:denounce,+ verb.communication:denounce,+ ] speech_act,@ (a public act of denouncing) }
{ [ excoriation, verb.communication:excoriate,+ ] denunciation,@ (severe censure) }
{ [ fulmination, verb.communication:fulminate,+ ] diatribe, denunciation,@ (thunderous verbal attack) }
{ tirade, philippic, broadside1, denunciation,@ declamation,@ (a speech of violent denunciation) }
{ [ damnation, verb.communication:damn,+ ] denunciation,@ (the act of damning) }
{ [ execration, verb.communication:execrate,+ ] condemnation1, [ curse1, verb.communication:curse1,+ ] denunciation,@ (an appeal to some supernatural power to inflict evil on someone or some group) }
{ [ anathema, verb.communication:anathematize,+ ] execration,@ (a formal ecclesiastical curse accompanied by excommunication) }
{ [ imprecation, verb.communication:imprecate1,+ ] [ malediction, verb.communication:maledict,+ ] curse1,@ (the act of calling down a curse that invokes evil (and usually serves as an insult); "he suffered the imprecations of the mob") }
{ [ accusation, adj.pert:accusatorial,+ verb.communication:accuse,+ ] [ accusal, verb.communication:accuse1,+ verb.communication:accuse,+ ] charge,@ (a formal charge of wrongdoing brought against a person; the act of imputing blame or guilt) }
{ recrimination, accusation,@ (mutual accusations) }
{ recital, statement,@ (a detailed statement giving facts and figures; "his wife gave a recital of his infidelities") }
{ [ recitation, verb.creation:recite,+ verb.communication:recite2,+ ] [ recital2, noun.person:recitalist,+ verb.creation:recite,+ ] [ reading2, verb.cognition:read1,+ ] public_speaking,@ (a public instance of reciting or repeating (from memory) something prepared in advance; "the program included songs and recitations of well-loved poems") }
{ [ recitation1, verb.communication:recite,+ ] matter,@ (written matter that is recited from memory) }
{ [ indictment, verb.social:indict,+ ] bill_of_indictment, legal_document,@ (a formal document written for a prosecuting attorney charging a person with some offense) }
{ murder_charge, murder_indictment, indictment,@ (an indictment charging someone with murder) }
{ true_bill, indictment,@ (an indictment endorsed by a grand jury) }
{ [ impeachment, verb.communication:impeach1,+ ] legal_document,@ (a formal document charging a public official with misconduct in office) }
{ [ arraignment, verb.social:arraign,+ ] legal_document,@ (a legal document calling someone to court to answer an indictment) }
{ allegation, accusation,@ noun.group:law,;c ((law) a formal accusation against somebody (often in a court of law); "an allegation of malpractice") }
{ blame_game, accusation,@ (accusations exchanged among people who refuse to accept sole responsibility for some undesirable event) }
{ grievance1, allegation,@ (an allegation that something imposes an illegal obligation or denies some legal right or causes injustice) }
{ lodgment, [ lodgement, verb.communication:lodge,+ ] allegation,@ (bringing a charge or accusation against someone) }
{ plaint1, allegation,@ noun.location:United_Kingdom,;r ((United Kingdom) a written statement of the grounds of complaint made to court of law asking for the grievance to be redressed) }
{ imprecation1, accusation,@ (a slanderous accusation) }
{ [ imputation, verb.cognition:impute1,+ ] accusation,@ (a statement attributing something dishonest (especially a criminal offense); "he denied the imputation") }
{ finger-pointing, fingerpointing, imputation,@ (the imputation of blame; "they want all the finger-pointing about intelligence failures to stop") }
{ [ indictment1, verb.social:indict,+ ] accusation,@ (an accusation of wrongdoing; "the book is an indictment of modern philosophy") }
{ information2, accusation,@ (formal accusation of a crime) }
{ preferment, accusation,@ (the act of making accusations; "preferment of charges") }
{ [ incrimination, verb.stative:incriminate,+ verb.communication:incriminate,+ ] [ inculpation, verb.stative:inculpate,+ ] [ blame1, verb.communication:blame,+ verb.cognition:blame,+ ] accusation,@ (an accusation that you are responsible for some lapse or misdeed; "his incrimination was based on my testimony"; "the police laid the blame on the driver") }
{ [ implication, verb.stative:imply2,+ verb.stative:implicate1,+ ] accusation,@ (an accusation that brings into intimate and usually incriminating connection) }
{ unspoken_accusation, veiled_accusation, implication,@ (an accusation that is understood without needing to be spoken) }
{ [ insinuation, verb.communication:insinuate,+ ] innuendo, implication,@ (an indirect (and usually malicious) implication) }
{ self-incrimination, incrimination,@ (an accusation that incriminates yourself) }

{ [ address, verb.communication:address2,+ ] [ speech1, verb.communication:speak3,+ verb.communication:speechify,+ ] speech_act,@ (the act of delivering a formal spoken communication to an audience; "he listened to an address on minor Roman poets") }
{ allocution, address,@ noun.cognition:rhetoric,;c ((rhetoric) a formal or authoritative address that advises or exhorts) }
{ colloquium, address,@ (an address to an academic meeting or seminar) }
{ dithyramb1, address,@ writing,@ (a wildly enthusiastic speech or piece of writing) }
{ Gettysburg_Address, address,@i (a three-minute address by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg (November 19, 1863)) }
{ impromptu, address,@ (an extemporaneous speech or remark; "a witty impromptu must not sound premeditated") }
{ impromptu2, passage1,@ (a short musical passage that seems to have been made spontaneously without advance preparation) }
{ inaugural_address, inaugural, address,@ noun.act:inauguration,#p noun.location:US,;r (an address delivered at an inaugural ceremony (especially by a United States president)) }
{ [ keynote1, verb.communication:keynote,+ ] subject,@ keynote_address,#p (the principal theme in a speech or literary work) }
{ keynote_speech, keynote_address, oratory,@ (a speech setting forth the keynote) }
{ [ lecture, noun.act:lectureship,+ verb.communication:lecture1,+ ] public_lecture, [ talk2, verb.communication:talk5,+ ] address,@ (a speech that is open to the public; "he attended a lecture on telecommunications") }
{ litany1, address,@ (any long and tedious address or recital; "the patient recited a litany of complaints"; "a litany of failures") }
{ nominating_speech, nominating_address, [ nomination, verb.communication:nominate,+ ] oratory,@ noun.cognition:politics,;c (an address (usually at a political convention) proposing the name of a candidate to run for election; "the nomination was brief and to the point") }
{ [ oratory, adj.all:rhetorical^oratorical,+ ] address,@ (addressing an audience formally (usually a long and rhetorical address and often pompous); "he loved the sound of his own oratory") }
{ oration, oratory,@ (an instance of oratory; "he delivered an oration on the decline of family values") }
{ [ peroration1, verb.communication:perorate,+ ] oration,@ (a flowery and highly rhetorical oration) }
{ public_speaking, speechmaking, [ speaking, verb.communication:speak3,+ ] oral_presentation, address,@ (delivering an address to a public audience; "people came to see the candidates and hear the speechmaking") }
{ [ debate, verb.communication:debate,+ ] [ disputation, verb.communication:dispute1,+ ] public_debate, public_speaking,@ (the formal presentation of a stated proposition and the opposition to it (usually followed by a vote)) }
{ [ declamation, verb.communication:declaim2,+ ] oratory,@ (vehement oratory) }
{ [ declamation1, verb.communication:declaim,+ ] recitation,@ (recitation of a speech from memory with studied gestures and intonation as an exercise in elocution or rhetoric) }
{ epideictic_oratory, oratory,@ (a type of oratory used to eulogize or condemn a person or group of people; "Pericles' funeral oration for Athenians killed in the Peloponnesian War is a famous example of epideictic oratory") }
{ [ harangue, verb.communication:harangue,+ ] [ rant1, verb.communication:rant,+ ] [ ranting, verb.communication:rant,+ ] declamation,@ (a loud bombastic declamation expressed with strong emotion) }
{ screed2, harangue,@ (a long monotonous harangue) }
{ [ raving, verb.communication:rave1,+ ] declamation,@ (declaiming wildly; "the raving of maniacs") }
{ stump_speech, oratory,@ (political oratory) }
{ salutatory_address, salutatory_oration, salutatory, oratory,@ (an opening or welcoming statement (especially one delivered at graduation exercises)) }
{ valediction, valedictory_address, valedictory_oration, [ valedictory, adj.all:exaugural^valedictory,+ adj.pert:valedictory,+ ] oratory,@ (a farewell oration (especially one delivered during graduation exercises by an outstanding member of a graduating class)) }
{ [ sermon, verb.communication:sermonize,+ verb.communication:sermonise,+ ] discourse2, [ preaching, verb.communication:preach2,+ ] address,@ noun.act:church,;c (an address of a religious nature (usually delivered during a church service)) }
{ baccalaureate1, sermon,@ noun.event:commencement2,#p (a farewell sermon to a graduating class at their commencement ceremonies) }
{ kerygma, kerugma, sermon,@ (preaching the gospel of Christ in the manner of the early church) }
{ Sermon_on_the_Mount, sermon,@i (the first major discourse delivered by Jesus (Matthew 5-7 and Luke 6:20-49)) }
{ [ evangelism, noun.person:evangelist1,+ noun.person:evangelist,+ verb.communication:evangelize,+ verb.communication:evangelise,+ verb.change:evangelise,+ ] sermon,@ (zealous preaching and advocacy of the gospel) }
{ [ televangelism, noun.person:televangelist,+ ] evangelism,@ (evangelism at a distance by the use of television) }
{ [ homily, adj.pert:homiletic1,+ adj.pert:homiletic,+ adj.pert:homiletical1,+ ] [ preachment, verb.communication:preach2,+ ] sermon,@ (a sermon on a moral or religious topic) }

{ [ persuasion, verb.communication:persuade,+ dissuasion,! ] suasion, communication1,@ (the act of persuading (or attempting to persuade); communication intended to induce belief or action) }
{ arm-twisting, persuasion,@ (persuasion by the use of direct personal pressure; "some gentle arm-twisting produced the desired result"; "no amount of arm-twisting will get me to agree") }
{ [ dissuasion, verb.communication:dissuade,+ persuasion,! ] communication1,@ (persuading not to do or believe something; talking someone out of a belief or an intended course of action) }
{ [ electioneering, verb.social:electioneer,+ ] bell_ringing, canvassing, persuasion,@ (persuasion of voters in a political campaign) }
{ [ exhortation, verb.communication:exhort1,+ verb.communication:exhort,+ ] incitement, persuasion,@ (the act of exhorting; an earnest attempt at persuasion) }
{ pep_talk, exhortation,@ noun.communication:colloquialism,;u (a speech of exhortation attempting to instill enthusiasm and determination in a team or staff) }
{ proselytism, persuasion,@ (the practice of proselytizing) }
{ [ sloganeering, verb.creation:sloganeer,+ ] persuasion,@ (persuasion by means of empty slogans) }
{ [ suggestion1, verb.communication:suggest2,+ verb.communication:suggest,+ ] [ prompting, verb.communication:prompt,+ ] persuasion,@ (persuasion formulated as a suggestion) }
{ [ expostulation, verb.communication:expostulate,+ ] remonstrance, remonstration, [ objection1, verb.communication:object,+ ] communication1,@ (the act of expressing earnest opposition or protest) }
{ weapon, artillery, persuasion,@ (a means of persuading or arguing; "he used all his conversational weapons") }
{ [ promotion, verb.communication:promote,+ ] promo, publicity, promotional_material, packaging, message,@ noun.act:marketing2,#p (a message issued in behalf of some product or cause or idea or person or institution; "the packaging of new ideas") }
{ buildup, promotion,@ (highly favorable publicity and praise; "his letter of recommendation gave her a terrific buildup") }
{ [ sensationalism1, adj.all:sensational^sensationalistic,+ noun.person:sensationalist,+ ] message,@ (subject matter that is calculated to excite and please vulgar tastes) }
{ [ shocker, verb.emotion:shock,+ ] message,@ (a sensational message (in a film or play or novel)) }
{ public_relations, PR, promotion,@ (a promotion intended to create goodwill for a person or institution) }
{ [ endorsement1, verb.social:endorse2,+ verb.social:endorse,+ ] [ indorsement1, verb.social:indorse,+ ] blurb, promotion,@ (a promotional statement (as found on the dust jackets of books); "the author got all his friends to write blurbs for his book") }
{ book_jacket, dust_cover, dust_jacket, dust_wrapper, noun.artifact:jacket1,@ (a paper jacket for a book; a jacket on which promotional information is usually printed) }
{ [ ballyhoo, verb.communication:ballyhoo,+ ] hoopla, hype, [ plug, verb.communication:plug,+ ] promotion,@ (blatant or sensational promotion) }
{ sales_talk, sales_pitch, [ pitch, verb.possession:pitch,+ ] promotion,@ (promotion by means of an argument and demonstration) }
{ ad, [ advertisement, verb.communication:advertise,+ ] [ advertizement, verb.communication:advertize,+ ] [ advertising, verb.communication:advertise,+ ] advertizing, advert, promotion,@ (a public promotion of some product or service) }
{ advertorial, ad,@ (an advertisement that is written and presented in the style of an editorial or journalistic report) }
{ mailer, ad,@ (an advertisement that is sent by mail) }
{ newspaper_ad, newspaper_advertisement, ad,@ (a printed advertisement that is published in a newspaper) }
{ classified_ad, classified_advertisement, classified, newspaper_ad,@ (a short ad in a newspaper or magazine (usually in small print) and appearing along with other ads of the same type) }
{ sales_promotion, promotion,@ (promotion that supplements or coordinates advertising) }
{ want_ad, classified_ad,@ (a newspaper advertisement stating what is wanted) }
{ [ commercial, adj.all:commercial,+ ] commercial_message, ad,@ (a commercially sponsored ad on radio or television) }
{ infomercial, informercial, commercial,@ (a television commercial presented in the form of a short documentary) }
{ [ circular, verb.motion:circulate3,+ verb.social:circularize,+ verb.motion:circularize,+ verb.social:circularise,+ verb.motion:circularise,+ verb.communication:circularise,+ ] handbill, bill2, broadside, broadsheet, flier, flyer, throwaway1, ad,@ (an advertisement (usually printed on a page or in a leaflet) intended for wide distribution; "he mailed the circular to all subscribers") }
{ stuffer, circular,@ (an advertising circular that is enclosed with other material and (usually) sent by mail) }
{ teaser1, ad,@ (an advertisement that offers something free in order to arouse customers' interest) }
{ top_billing, ad,@ show_bill,#p (the advertisement of a star's name at the top of a theatrical poster) }
{ white_pages, phonebook,@ (a telephone directory or section of a directory (usually printed on white paper) where the names of people are listed alphabetically along with their telephone numbers) }
{ yellow_pages, phonebook,@ (a telephone directory or section of a directory (usually printed on yellow paper) where business products and services are listed alphabetically by field along with classified advertising) }

{ [ abetment, verb.social:abet,+ ] [ abettal, verb.social:abet,+ ] [ instigation, verb.communication:instigate1,+ ] encouragement1,@ (the verbal act of urging on) }
{ [ cheering, verb.emotion:cheer2,+ verb.communication:cheer2,+ verb.communication:cheer1,+ ] shouting, encouragement1,@ (encouragement in the form of cheers from spectators; "it's all over but the shouting") }
{ [ promotion1, verb.social:promote1,+ ] [ furtherance, verb.social:further1,+ verb.social:further,+ ] [ advancement, verb.social:advance,+ ] encouragement1,@ (encouragement of the progress or growth or acceptance of something) }
{ [ fostering, verb.social:foster,+ verb.communication:foster,+ ] [ fosterage, verb.social:foster,+ ] encouragement1,@ (encouragement; aiding the development of something) }
{ [ goad, verb.communication:goad1,+ verb.emotion:goad,+ verb.contact:goad,+ ] [ goading, verb.contact:goad,+ verb.communication:goad1,+ ] [ prod, verb.contact:prod,+ ] [ prodding, verb.contact:prod,+ ] [ urging, verb.communication:urge,+ ] [ spur, verb.emotion:spur,+ ] [ spurring, verb.social:spur,+ ] encouragement1,@ (a verbalization that encourages you to attempt something; "the ceaseless prodding got on his nerves") }
{ [ provocation, verb.communication:provoke,+ ] [ incitement1, verb.creation:incite,+ ] encouragement1,@ (needed encouragement; "the result was a provocation of vigorous investigation") }
{ [ subornation, verb.social:suborn,+ ] incitement1,@ (underhandedly or improperly inducing someone to do something improper or unlawful) }
{ subornation_of_perjury, subornation,@ noun.group:law,;c ((law) inducing someone to make a false oath as part of a judicial proceeding; "to prove subordination of perjury you must prove the perjury and also prove that the perjured statement was procured by the accused suborner who knew that it would be false") }
{ vote_of_confidence, encouragement1,@ (an expression of approval and encouragement; "they gave the chairman a vote of confidence") }
{ [ discouragement, encouragement1,!] disapproval,@ (the expression of opposition and disapproval) }
{ [ disheartenment, verb.emotion:dishearten,+ ] discouragement,@ (a communication that leaves you disheartened or daunted) }
{ [ dissuasion1, verb.communication:dissuade,+ ] discouragement,@ (a communication that dissuades you) }
{ [ determent, verb.communication:deter,+ ] [ deterrence, verb.communication:deter,+ ] [ intimidation, verb.emotion:intimidate1,+ verb.emotion:intimidate,+ ] discouragement,@ (a communication that makes you afraid to try something) }

{ [ resignation, verb.social:resign5,+ verb.social:resign,+ ] speech_act,@ (the act of giving up (a claim or office or possession etc.)) }
{ [ abdication, verb.social:abdicate,+ ] stepping_down, resignation,@ (a formal resignation and renunciation of powers) }
{ [ renunciation, verb.social:renounce1,+ verb.possession:renounce,+ ] [ renouncement, verb.social:renounce1,+ verb.communication:renounce,+ ] resignation,@ (an act (spoken or written) declaring that something is surrendered or disowned) }
{ [ relinquishment, verb.possession:relinquish1,+ ] [ relinquishing, verb.possession:relinquish,+ ] renunciation,@ (a verbal act of renouncing a claim or right or position etc.) }
{ giving_up, [ yielding1, verb.communication:yield,+ ] [ surrender, verb.competition:surrender,+ ] relinquishment,@ (a verbal act of admitting defeat) }

{ prohibition1, refusal1,@ (refusal to approve or assent to) }
{ [ interdiction1, verb.communication:interdict,+ ] prohibition1,@ (authoritative prohibition) }
{ [ ban1, verb.social:ban,+ verb.communication:ban,+ ] banning, [ forbiddance, verb.communication:forbid,+ ] [ forbidding, verb.communication:forbid,+ ] prohibition1,@ (an official prohibition or edict against something) }
{ test_ban, ban1,@ (a ban on the testing of nuclear weapons that is mutually agreed to by countries that possess nuclear weapons) }

{ psychic_communication, psychical_communication, anomalous_communication, noun.Tops:communication,@ (communication by paranormal means) }
{ [ telepathy, adj.all:extrasensory^telepathic,+ noun.person:telepathist1,+ noun.person:telepathist,+ verb.communication:telepathize,+ ] thought_transference, psychic_communication,@ (apparent communication from one mind to another without using sensory perceptions) }
{ [ telegnosis, adj.all:extrasensory^telegnostic,+ ] psychic_communication,@ (apparent knowledge of distant events without using sensory perceptions) }
{ psychic_phenomena, psychic_phenomenon, [ parapsychology, adj.all:paranormal^parapsychological,+ noun.person:parapsychologist,+ ] psychic_communication,@ (phenomena that appear to contradict physical laws and suggest the possibility of causation by mental processes) }
{ [ clairvoyance, adj.all:prophetic^clairvoyant,+ adj.all:extrasensory^clairvoyant,+ ] second_sight, extrasensory_perception, E.S.P., ESP, psychic_phenomena,@ (apparent power to perceive things that are not present to the senses) }
{ precognition, foreknowledge, clairvoyance,@ (knowledge of an event before it occurs) }
{ telekinesis, [ psychokinesis, adj.all:paranormal^psychokinetic,+ ] psychic_phenomena,@ (the power to move something by thinking about it without the application of physical force) }
{ table_rapping, table_tapping, spirit_rapping, psychic_phenomenon,@ noun.group:seance,#p (alleged form of communication with spirits of the dead) }
{ table_tipping, table_tilting, table_turning, table_lifting, psychic_phenomenon,@ noun.group:seance,#p (manipulation of a table during a seance; attributed to spirits) }
{ windsock, wind_sock, sock1, air_sock, air-sleeve, wind_sleeve, wind_cone, drogue2, visual_signal,@ (a truncated cloth cone mounted on a mast; used (e.g., at airports) to show the direction of the wind) }
{ post2, [ stake, verb.contact:stake1,+ verb.contact:stake,+ ] visual_signal,@ (a pole or stake set up to mark something (as the start or end of a race track); "a pair of posts marked the goal"; "the corner of the lot was indicated by a stake") }
{ starting_post, post2,@ (a post marking the starting point of a race (especially a horse race)) }
{ winning_post, post2,@ (the post at the end of a racecourse) }
{ reference_point, point_of_reference, reference6, indicator1,@ (an indicator that orients you generally; "it is used as a reference for comparing the heating and the electrical energy involved") }
{ [ reference7, verb.creation:reference,+ verb.communication:refer12,+ ] [ source1, verb.cognition:source,+ ] publication,@ (a publication (or a passage from a publication) that is referred to; "he carried an armful of references back to his desk"; "he spent hours looking for the source of that quotation") }
{ [ republication, verb.creation:republish,+ ] publication,@ noun.communication:literature,;c (something that has been published again; a fresh publication (as of a literary work)) }
{ benchmark2, bench_mark2, reference_point,@ (a surveyor's mark on a permanent object of predetermined position and elevation used as a reference point) }
{ landmark, reference_point,@ (a mark showing the boundary of a piece of land) }
{ merestone, meerestone, mearstone, landmark,@ (an old term for a landmark that consisted of a pile of stones surmounted by an upright slab) }
{ lubber's_line, lubber_line, lubber's_mark, lubber's_point, reference_point,@ (a fixed line on a ship's compass indicating its heading) }
{ rule1, linguistic_rule, noun.cognition:concept,@ noun.cognition:linguistics,;c ((linguistics) a rule describing (or prescribing) a linguistic practice) }
{ universal1, linguistic_universal, rule1,@ noun.cognition:linguistics,;c ((linguistics) a grammatical rule (or other linguistic feature) that is found in all languages) }
{ grammatical_rule, rule_of_grammar, rule1,@ (a linguistic rule for the syntax of grammatical utterances) }
{ transformation, grammatical_rule,@ (a rule describing the conversion of one syntactic structure into another related syntactic structure) }
{ morphological_rule, rule_of_morphology, rule1,@ (a linguistic rule for the formation of words) }
{ [ standard, verb.change:standardize,+ verb.change:standardise,+ ] [ criterion, adj.all:standard1^criterial,+ adj.all:standard1^criterional,+ ] measure3, touchstone, noun.quantity:system_of_measurement,@ (a basis for comparison; a reference point against which other things can be evaluated; "the schools comply with federal standards"; "they set the measure for all subsequent work") }
{ benchmark1, standard,@ (a standard by which something can be measured or judged; "his painting sets the benchmark of quality") }
{ earned_run_average, ERA, standard,@ noun.act:baseball,;c ((baseball) a measure of a pitcher's effectiveness; calculated as the average number of earned runs allowed by the pitcher for every nine innings pitched) }
{ grade_point_average, GPA, standard,@ (a measure of a student's academic achievement at a college or university; calculated by dividing the total number of grade points received by the total number attempted) }
{ procrustean_standard, procrustean_rule, procrustean_bed, standard,@ (a standard that is enforced uniformly without regard to individuality) }
{ yardstick, standard,@ (a measure or standard used for comparison; "on what kind of yardstick is he basing his judgment?") }
{ target, mark4, reference_point,@ (a reference point to shoot at; "his arrow hit the mark") }
{ clout, target,@ (a target used in archery) }
{ drogue3, target,@ (a funnel-shaped device towed as a target by an airplane) }
{ white_line, reference_point,@ (a white stripe in the middle of a road to mark traffic lanes) }
{ [ indicator1, verb.communication:indicate1,+ ] signal,@ (a signal for attracting attention) }
{ [ blinker, verb.perception:blink,+ ] turn_signal, turn_indicator, trafficator, visual_signal,@ noun.artifact:electrical_system,#p (a blinking light on a motor vehicle that indicates the direction in which the vehicle is about to turn) }
{ armband, visual_signal,@ (worn around arm as identification or to indicate mourning) }
{ rocket2, [ skyrocket, verb.motion:skyrocket,+ ] visual_signal,@ (propels bright light high in the sky, or used to propel a lifesaving line or harpoon) }
{ electronic_signal, signal,@ (a signal generated by electronic means) }
{ blip, pip1, radar_target, radar_echo,@ (a radar echo displayed so as to show the position of a reflecting surface) }
{ radar_echo, electronic_signal,@ (an electronic signal that has been reflected back to the radar antenna; contains information about the location and distance of the reflecting object) }
{ clutter, radar_echo,@ noun.event:noise1,@ (unwanted echoes that interfere with the observation of signals on a radar screen) }
{ radar_beacon, racon, electronic_signal,@ (a device that, on receiving radar signals, transmits coded signals in response to help navigators determine their position) } (signal?)
{ radio_beacon, signal,@ (a characteristic signal emitted by a transmitter used for navigation) }
{ [ beacon, verb.perception:beacon,+ ] beacon_fire, visual_signal,@ (a fire (usually on a hill or tower) that can be seen from a distance) }
{ star_shell, flare,@ (an artillery shell containing an illuminant) }
{ Bengal_light, flare,@ (a steady bright blue light; formerly used as a signal but now a firework) }
{ Very_light, Very-light, flare,@ (a colored flare fired from a Very pistol) }
{ signal_fire, signal_light, beacon,@ (a fire set as a signal) }
{ input_signal, input, signal,@ (signal going into an electronic system) }
{ output_signal, output2, signal,@ (signal that comes out of an electronic system) }
{ printout, output_signal,@ noun.artifact:computer,;c (the output of a computer in printed form) }
{ readout1, read-out1, output_signal,@ noun.artifact:computer,;c (the output of a computer in readable form) }
{ fire_alarm, alarm,@ (a shout or bell to warn that fire has broken out) }
{ foghorn, fogsignal, alarm,@ (a loud low warning signal that can be heard by fogbound ships) }
{ horn2, alarm,@ (a noise made by the driver of an automobile to give warning) }
{ red_flag, flag,@ alarm,@ (a flag that serves as a warning signal; "we didn't swim at the beach because the red flag was up") }
{ siren, alarm,@ (a warning signal that is a loud wailing sound) }
{ tocsin, alarm_bell, alarm,@ (the sound of an alarm (usually a bell)) }
{ stoplight1, brake_light, visual_signal,@ noun.artifact:brake_system,#p (a red light on the rear of a motor vehicle that signals when the brakes are applied to slow or stop) }
{ [ buoy, verb.motion:buoy,+ verb.communication:buoy,+ ] reference_point,@ (bright-colored; a float attached by rope to the seabed to mark channels in a harbor or underwater hazards) }
{ acoustic_buoy, buoy,@ (a buoy that can be heard (at night)) }
{ bell_buoy, gong_buoy, acoustic_buoy,@ (a buoy with a bell on it) }
{ whistle_buoy, whistling_buoy, acoustic_buoy,@ (a buoy that makes a whistling noise) }
{ can1, can_buoy, buoy,@ (a buoy with a round bottom and conical top) }
{ conical_buoy, nun, nun_buoy, buoy,@ (a buoy resembling a cone) }
{ spar_buoy, buoy,@ (a buoy resembling a vertical log) }
{ barber's_pole, visual_signal,@ (striped pole outside a barbershop) }
{ staff1, symbol,@ (a rod carried as a symbol) }
{ crosier, crozier, staff1,@ (a staff surmounted by a crook or cross carried by bishops as a symbol of pastoral office) }
{ mace, staff1,@ (a ceremonial staff carried as a symbol of office or authority) }
{ scepter, sceptre, verge, wand1, staff1,@ (a ceremonial or emblematic staff) }
{ bauble, scepter,@ (a mock scepter carried by a court jester) }
{ tipstaff, staff1,@ (staff with a metal tip carried as a sign of office by e.g. a bailiff or constable) }
{ cordon1, insignia,@ (cord or ribbon worn as an insignia of honor or rank) }
{ wings, insignia,@ (stylized bird wings worn as an insignia by qualified pilots or air crew members) }
{ black_belt, badge,@ (a black sash worn to show expert standards in the martial arts (judo or karate)) }
{ blue_ribbon, cordon_bleu, badge,@ (an honor or award gained for excellence) }
{ button, badge,@ (a round flat badge displaying information and suitable for pinning onto a garment; "they passed out campaign buttons for their candidate") }
{ Emmy, award,@ (an annual award by the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences for outstanding achievements in television) }
{ [ Nobel_prize, noun.person:nobelist,+ ] award,@ (an annual award for outstanding contributions to chemistry or physics or physiology and medicine or literature or economics or peace) }
{ Academy_Award, Oscar, award,@ (an annual award by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for achievements in motion picture production and performance) }
{ Prix_de_Rome, award,@ (an annual prize awarded by the French government in a competition of painters and artists and sculptors and musicians and architects; the winner in each category receives support for a period of study in Rome) }
{ Prix_Goncourt, award,@ (an award given annually for contributions to French literature) }
{ chevron, stripe, stripes, grade_insignia, badge,@ noun.group:military,;c (V-shaped sleeve badge indicating military rank and service; "they earned their stripes in Kuwait") }
{ stripe1, badge,@ noun.group:military,;c (a piece of braid, usually on the sleeve, indicating military rank or length of service) }
{ [ icon, adj.pert:iconic,+ ] symbol,@ graphical_user_interface,#p noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) a graphic symbol (usually a simple picture) that denotes a program or a command or a data file or a concept in a graphical user interface) }
{ [ marker, verb.cognition:mark9,+ ] [ marking, verb.contact:mark9,+ ] [ mark2, verb.cognition:mark9,+ verb.change:mark,+ ] symbol,@ (a distinguishing symbol; "the owner's mark was on all the sheep") }
{ identifier, symbol,@ (a symbol that establishes the identity of the one bearing it) }
{ [ postmark, verb.contact:postmark,+ ] marker,@ (a cancellation mark stamped on mail by postal officials; indicates the post office and date of mailing) }
{ watermark, marker,@ (a distinguishing mark impressed on paper during manufacture; visible when paper is held up to the light) }
{ broad_arrow1, marker,@ (an arrowhead mark identifying British government property) }
{ milestone1, milepost, marker,@ (stone post at side of a road to show distances) }
{ variable, symbol,@ (a symbol (like x or y) that is used in mathematical or logical expressions to represent a variable quantity) }
{ placeholder, variable,@ (a symbol in a logical or mathematical expression that can be replaced by the name of any member of specified set) }
{ [ unknown, adj.all:unknown,+ ] unknown_quantity, variable,@ (a variable whose values are solutions of an equation) }
{ [ peg4, verb.contact:peg1,+ ] pin5, marker,@ (small markers inserted into a surface to mark scores or define locations etc.) }
{ spot2, pip, marker,@ noun.artifact:playing_card,#p (a mark on a die or on a playing card (shape depending on the suit)) }
{ logo, logotype, trademark,@ (a company emblem or device) }
{ [ label, verb.communication:label1,+ verb.contact:label,+ verb.communication:label,+ ] marker,@ (an identifying or descriptive marker that is attached to an object) }
{ bookplate, ex_libris, gummed_label,@ (a label identifying the owner of a book in which it is pasted) }
{ gummed_label, [ sticker, verb.contact:stick,+ ] [ paster, verb.contact:paste1,+ ] label,@ (an adhesive label) }
{ dog_tag1, tag,@ (metal plate on a dog collar bearing its registration number) }
{ dog_tag2, tag,@ (military identification tag worn on a chain around the neck) }
{ name_tag, tag,@ (a tag showing the name of the person who wears it) }
{ price_tag, tag,@ (a tag showing the price of the article it is attached to) }
{ [ tag, verb.contact:tag,+ ] ticket3, label,@ (a label written or printed on paper, cardboard, or plastic that is attached to something to indicate its owner, nature, price, etc.) }
{ tag1, label,@ (a label associated with something for the purpose of identification; "semantic tags were attached in order to identify different meanings of the word") }
{ title_bar, label,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) a horizontal label at the top of a window, bearing the name of the currently active document) }
{ cairn, marker,@ (a mound of stones piled up as a memorial or to mark a boundary or path) }

{ [ shrug, verb.body:shrug,+ ] gesture,@ (a gesture involving the shoulders) }
{ [ wave1, verb.communication:wave,+ ] [ waving, verb.communication:wave,+ ] wafture, gesture,@ (the act of signaling by a movement of the hand) }
{ V_sign, gesture,@ (a sign (for victory); making a V with the index and middle fingers) }
{ [ nod1, verb.communication:nod1,+ ] gesture,@ (a sign of assent or salutation or command) }
{ [ bow1, verb.motion:bow1,+ verb.motion:bow,+ verb.communication:bow,+ ] bowing, obeisance, noun.act:reverence,@ gesture,@ (bending the head or body or knee as a sign of reverence or submission or shame or greeting) }
{ sign_of_the_cross, gesture,@ (a gesture with the right hand moving to form a cross; used by Catholics as a profession of faith) }
{ [ curtsy, verb.communication:curtsy,+ verb.motion:curtsy,+ ] [ curtsey, verb.motion:curtsey,+ ] noun.act:reverence,@ gesture,@ (bending the knees; a gesture of respect made by women) }
{ [ genuflection, verb.motion:genuflect1,+ verb.motion:genuflect,+ ] [ genuflexion, verb.motion:genuflect1,+ verb.motion:genuflect,+ ] bow1,@ (the act of bending the knees in worship or reverence) }
{ [ kowtow, verb.communication:kowtow,+ verb.motion:kowtow,+ ] [ kotow, verb.communication:kotow,+ ] bow1,@ (a former Chinese custom of touching the ground with the forehead as a sign of respect or submission) }
{ [ scrape, verb.motion:scrape,+ ] [ scraping, verb.motion:scrape,+ ] bow1,@ (a deep bow with the foot drawn backwards (indicating excessive humility); "all that bowing and scraping did not impress him") }
{ [ salaam, verb.communication:salaam,+ ] bow1,@ (a deep bow; a Muslim form of salutation) }
{ ground_rule, rule2,@ noun.act:baseball,;c ((baseball) a special rule (as in baseball) dealing with situations that arise due to the nature of the playing grounds) }
{ sign6, language_unit,@ noun.cognition:linguistics,;c (a fundamental linguistic unit linking a signifier to that which is signified; "The bond between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary"--de Saussure) }
{ system_command, direction2,@ (a computer user's instruction (not part of a program) that calls for action by the computer's executive program) }
{ walking_papers, marching_orders1, dismissal,@ ((informal) a notice of dismissal or discharge) }
{ wanted_notice, wanted_poster, announcement,@ (a public announcement by a law enforcement agency that they desire to question or arrest some person) }
{ International_Wanted_Notice, Red_Notice, wanted_notice,@ (an Interpol notice describing a wanted person and asking that he or she be arrested with a view to extradition; a wanted notice that is issued by Interpol at the request of an Interpol member country and distributed to all member countries; "an Interpol Red Notice is the closest instrument to an international arrest warrant in use today") }
{ [ plagiarism, adj.all:derived^plagiaristic,+ noun.person:plagiarist,+ verb.possession:plagiarize,+ verb.possession:plagiarise,+ ] writing,@ (a piece of writing that has been copied from someone else and is presented as being your own work) }
{ transcript1, writing,@ (something that has been transcribed; a written record (usually typewritten) of dictated or recorded speech; "he read a transcript of the interrogation"; "you can obtain a transcript of this radio program by sending a self-addressed envelope to the station") }
{ voice3, noun.Tops:communication,@ (something suggestive of speech in being a medium of expression; "the wee small voice of conscience"; "the voice of experience"; "he said his voices told him to do it") }

{ Bach, music,@ (the music of Bach; "he played Bach on the organ") }
{ [ Beethoven, adj.pert:beethovenian,+ ] music,@ (the music of Beethoven; "he enjoyed Beethoven most of all") }
{ Brahms, music,@ (the music of Brahms; "Brahms was included in the program") }
{ Chopin, music,@ (the music of Chopin; "he practiced Chopin day and night") }
{ Gilbert_and_Sullivan, music,@ (the music of Gilbert and Sullivan; "he could sing all of Gilbert and Sullivan") }
{ Handel, music,@ (the music of Handel) }
{ Haydn, music,@ (the music of Haydn) }
{ [ Mozart, adj.pert:mozartean,+ ] music,@ (the music of Mozart; "the concert was mostly Mozart") }
{ [ Stravinsky, adj.pert:stravinskyan,+ ] music,@ (the music of Stravinsky; "Stravinsky no longer causes riots in the streets") }
{ Wagner, music,@ (the music of Wagner; "they say that Hitler listened only to Wagner") }
{ language_system, noun.group:system,@ (a system of linguistic units or elements used in a particular language) }
{ contact1, touch2, communication1,@ (a communicative interaction; "the pilot made contact with the base"; "he got in touch with his colleagues") }
{ traffic, communication1,@ (the amount of activity over a communication system during a given period of time; "heavy traffic overloaded the trunk lines"; "traffic on the internet is lightest during the night") }
{ [ order4, verb.communication:order,+ ] request,@ (a request for something to be made, supplied, or served; "I gave the waiter my order"; "the company's products were in such demand that they got more orders than their call center could handle") }
{ short_order, order4,@ (an order for food that can be prepared quickly) }
{ [ recall2, verb.social:recall,+ verb.possession:recall,+ ] [ callback, verb.possession:call_back,+ ] request,@ (a request by the manufacturer of a defective product to return the product (as for replacement or repair)) }
{ uplink, transmission,@ (a transmission from Earth to a spacecraft or the path of such a transmission) }
{ capriccio, musical_composition,@ (an instrumental composition that doesn't adhere to rules for any specific musical form and is played with improvisation) }
{ [ interrogation3, verb.communication:interrogate9,+ ] transmission,@ (a transmission that will trigger an answering transmission from a transponder) }
{ motet, musical_composition,@ (an unaccompanied choral composition with sacred lyrics; intended to be sung as part of a church service; originated in the 13th century) }
{ [ negation1, verb.communication:negate,+ ] statement,@ (a negative statement; a statement that is a refusal or denial of some other statement) }
{ packet, message1,@ noun.cognition:computer_science,;c ((computer science) a message or message fragment) }
{ program_music, programme_music, musical_composition,@ (musical compositions intended to evoke images or remind the listener of events) }
{ incidental_music, musical_composition,@ (music composed to accompany the action of a drama or to fill intervals between scenes) }
{ slanguage, language,@ (language characterized by excessive use of slang or cant) }
{ Ta'ziyeh, music,@ noun.cognition:Islam,;c ((Islam) a form of Iranian musical pageant that is the theatrical expression of religious passion; based on the Battle of Kerbala and performed annually (in Farsi)) } 
{ sprechgesang, sprechstimme, voice,@ (a style of dramatic vocalization between singing and speaking) } 
{ vocal_music, vocal, music,@ (music intended to be performed by one or more singers, usually with instrumental accompaniment) }
{ voice_over, voice,@ (the voice on an unseen commentator in a film of television program) }
{ walk-through, explanation,@ (a thorough explanation (usually accompanied by a demonstration) of each step in a procedure or process; "she gave me a walk-through of my new duties") }
{ yearbook1, book,@ (a book published annually by the graduating class of a high school or college usually containing photographs of faculty and graduating students) }
{ zinger, remark,@ (a striking or amusing or caustic remark; "he always greeted me with a new zinger"; "she tried to think of some killer of an argument, a real zinger that would disarm all opposition") }
{ Das_Kapital, Capital1, book,@i (a book written by Karl Marx (1867) describing his economic theories) }
{ Erewhon, book,@i (a satirical novel written by Samuel Butler (1872) describing a fictitious land) }
{ [ Utopia, adj.pert:utopian,+ ] book,@i (a book written by Sir Thomas More (1516) describing the perfect society on an imaginary island) }